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A5^

TWO OF THE

SAXON CHRONICLES

PARALLEL.

Uontron

MACMILLAN AND CO.

PUBLISHERS TO THE UNIVERSITY OF

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TWO OF THE

SAXON CHRONICLES

PARALLEL

r/r/T SUPPLEMENrART
EXTRACTS FROM THE OTHERS

EDITED
WITH INTRODUCTION NOTES AND A GLOSSARIAL INDEX

BY

JOHN EARLE M.A.

Somdin^ FtUum and Tutor of Oriel Colkge and Professor i\f Anj/lo-Saxvft
BKCTOS OF 8WA58WICK

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
MDCCCLXV

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^

INTEODUCTION

C/HRONICLES are the simplest form of History ; and earlj^ OenenaPitw
attempts at History have generally taken the form of Chro* mM^ksSitiw
nicies. When we use the word History in the fullness of its structure of
meaning, we understand by it the study of human events in cies.
the complexity of their mutual relations and bearings on each
other. A Chronicle (as the name implies) is only a narrative
of events in the order of time — ^and we hardly call it History
until these facts" have undergone a new arrangement^ having
been re-examined^ criticised, distributed and grouped.

Out of this difference between History and Chronicle there
follows another. A History, when once cast into its form, is
impatient of after modifications ; the Chronicle admits altera-
tions indefinitely. History is like a web of cloth ; you cannot
add to it or take from it without destroying its integrity. The
Chronicle is like a set of tesserse arranged on a recurring
mathematical plan that can be continued ad infinitum in any
directipn, and can accommodate insertions in any part.

There are places in the Saxon Chronicles where the narra-
tive exhibits a touch of genius and approaches to the dignity
of history ; nor is there anything in the chronicle-form which
absolutely excludes the exercise of a higher talent, though it
provides only an imperfect arena for it. But without any
special gift a man might make a suflicient Chronicler, as his
oflSce was merely to write a statement of fact, or to copy an
extract from an author and insert it under the right date.
Thefe was no need of observing proportion — a great event
might be told briefly, and yet no reason why a minor event
should not be told with local prolixity. Nothing more was
required than that the records should be truly ' arranged in
order of time.

b

ii INTEODUCTION

With all this simplicity and elasticity and capacity of de-
Telopment, the Chronicle was particularly calculated to be the
vehicle of history in early times, when literary facilities were
scanty, and when the work of history had to be done in fra-
ternities by a succession of very unequal hands. We do not
look for shape or symmetry in any Chronicle, more especially
in Chronicles which have grown without a plan, by the work
of many hands labouring without concert. After a period of
accumulation, the compiler enters, and then for the first
time the whole collection is rendered subject to the law of one
mind. But his operation turns chiefly on selection or rejection,
and the new Chronicle shews where modern interests have
ejected the more ancient.

For about four centuries the whole of our contemporary
history (excepting Beda) is contained in vernacular Chronicles,
and this literature survived a century after the fashion of it had
been superseded by Latin chroniclers. The main features of the
anonymous and many-handed Chronicle may be seen in a high
state of preservation in the Saxon Chronicles. They represent
various stages of literary progress, and they exhibit the taste
and historical demands of many different generations. Towards
their close we have historical composition of considerable
maturity, but in their most primitive parts we have almost the
rudest conceivable attempts at history. It is in this wide
range of variety and diversity, and the illustration it affords
of the early national progress, that the worth of the Saxon
Chronicles (considered as a literary monument) must be dis-
covered ; and they must not be judged, as some writers have
inconsiderately judged .them, by the literary standards of the
nineteenth century.

The diversity of language and of style which exists in these
Chronicles is in some places so palpable that a short ex-
amination would enable the student to trace it, and mark off
a series of distinct sections. But as the distinguishing features
are not everywhere equally plain, and as the investigation is
sometimes embarrassed by the circumstance that new com-
pilers imparted something (however little) of their own to the
old materials ; and further, from the fact that the most
primitive work i& not to be found (where it might perhaps
be looked for) at the earliest date, or even near it ; it may

INTRODUCTION iii

be useful to set before the student a somewhat minute analysis,
so as to enable him to resolve the composite work into its
elementary parts, at least with some approach to verity. This
dissecting process will fall chiefly upon two of the Chronicles,
^ and E, the two which are printed entire in this Edition.
And that will be the case^ not by an arbitrary selection^ but
by natural incidence. For these two are, in different senses,
the most prominent, and challenge the largest amount of
notice ; the one because it is the highest source^ the other
because it presents the latest and largest development, and
the most composite structure of the whole set.

But before we enter upon this analysis^ it is desirable to Bwiiert
form a right notion of the first rude uses of chronicling, what?
Originally a Chronicle was not a device for arranging a store
of events, and for reducing the accumulations of history to
literary order. It was not (what it at length became) a
method^ a system of registration, whereby each event was
put into its chronological place as soon as it reached the
bureau. The chronicle-form had a more primitive use. This
was to characterise the receding series of years, each by
a mark and sign of its own, so that the years might not be
confused in the retrospect of those who had lived and acted
in them. The same thing is done in our day when a man
in middle age begins to experience that the hurry of life
engenders confusion in the memory, and the bygone years
grow less and less dbtinguishable. In such a case he probably
creates for himself a little ten or twenty years' chronicle-
very brief, each entry only a single notice.

Such a Chronicle as this is not a depository of the accu-
mulations of past events, but a chart of time for preserving
chronological order among the stores of the memory. This
is naturally the first kind of Chronicle which men require.
Perhaps the following may represent the chronological outline
as inscribed in some cotemporary memories : —
1807. Abolition of the Slave Trade.
1815. The year of the Peace.

1829. Catholic Emancipation.

1830. Death of George IV — Accession of William IV.
1832. The Reform Bill passed.

1837. The Accession of Queen Victoria.

b 2

iv INTRODUCTION

1848. Year of Reyoluiions.

1851. The Great Exhibition. — Anticipations of Universal

Peace.
1854. The English and French landed in the Crimea —
The Battle of Ahna.
The Definition of the Immaculate Conception.

1857. The Indian Mutiny.

1858. The grand Comet, and the drought so great that

in some midland parts the green corn was cut-
to feed the cows.

1859. Magenta and Solferino. — The last of the dry

summers. .
i860. The severe winter.

1 86 1. April. Fort Sumter.

December. The Prince Consort died.

1862. The International Exhibition.

In early times the particulars of past eyents were much
more trusted to the memory than they are now ; and only
the chronological scaffolding was committed to parchment.

We are informed in Professor Wilson's Prehistoric Man
that the Peruvians had a memoria technica, made of knots
upon diversely-coloured strings. A Peruvian woman shewed
a bundle of knotted strings, and sidd her whole life W(m there.
Each knot was the index to a story, and all the stories were
preserved in her memory.

Our own early Chronicles are something like this series
of knots; for in their laconic annals much was implied and
little expressed, and therefore they are a set of knot^ of
which the solution died out with their authors. To posterity
they present merely a name or two — as of a battle-field and
a victor— but to the men of the day they suggested a thousand
particulars, which they in their comrade-life were in the habit
of recollecting and putting together. That which to us seems
a lean and barren sentence, was to them the text for a winter
evening's entertainment.

Their unfagged memory was richly stored with the events
of their own day, and the legends of their ancestors. What
one had forgotten another remembered, and where memory
failed, imagination came to aid. So far were they from
needing books as depositories of events, they were overwhelmed

INTRODUCTION v

with the treasures of their own memory, and only needed
some guarantee of order amidst the riches of which they
were in possession. Tradition and experience furnished them
with more facts than they had the capacity to accommodate.
Where memory failed, fancy promptly entered, as into a
forfeited domain. The wild and frolic fancy was ever ready,
in the absence of any controlling system of order, to promote
dislocation by an arbitrary reconstruction, to foment confusion
and reyel in it, and to conjure up out of the chaos new and
grotesque combinations. Therefore they wanted — not History,
but Chronology.

When men had felt the necessity of guarding themselves
against mytho-poesy, they found their first guarantee for
the security of historical truth in tables of chronology. As
long as past events were regarded only as material for
an evening's entertainment, no one cared to preserve them
from confusion and embellishment; but when a desire of
certainty about the past began to be felt, and unadorned
facts came to be valued, even above the more specious legend,
then it is interesting to watch the steps by which they arrived
at what they wanted. The Saxon Chronicles exhibit this
process more than any (perhaps) in existence.

A numerical list of years was prepared, with a blank space, Hechuucai
generally only a single line, opposite each number. The chronicles,
smallness of the space shews that nothing great was de-
signed, but only a year-mark to know and distinguish the
year by. As many of these blanks were filled in as the
compiler had matter ready for, and the rest were left open
for supplementary insertions. Capgrave in the Dedication of
his Chronicle of England (to be spoken of below) thus ex-
plains the utility of such blank spaces : If othir studious
men, that have more red than /, or canfynde that I fond
not, or have elde bokes whech make more expression of thoo
stories that fel fro the creadon of Adam onto the general
Flod than I have, the velim lith bare, save the noumbir, redi
to receyve that thei tville set in. Many of them remained
blank to the last, and in the older Chronicles they are seen as
blank lines ; but in the later the figures have been copied con-
tinuously, as if they formed part of the text. Out of this
mechanical process of construction grew the fashion of begin-

vi INTRODUCTION

ning the annals with an adyerb not of time but of place, UER^
in this pUtce, af this paint of the series. The blanks which
were left wore not without their use; they served to give a
quick and almost pictorial measure of the intervals between
the entries.

A tabular system of this sort was appropriately designated
by a word which w; find in the Latin chroniclers, Chronogra-^
phia^, a sketch or chart of time, a time-table. And this is but
an amplification of the more general term Chronican, a Chro-
nicle, a Time-book, a book of years; D^'^H "nai. How

1 . .y ..... ^

long the historical mind continued to stand at this incipient
stage, and by what steps it came to require history of a
maturer sort, may in some measure be seen by the analyus of
these Chronicles. And as they range through a space of many
centuries, we must try to fix that point or epoch of time, at
which they originated and from which they have grown in
two directions, backward and forward. It will be a main
object of our analysis to form some clear opinion on this point.
Dr. Pauli has concurred in the opinion '' that the Anglo-Saxon
Chronicles were first commenced under Alfred,*" That the
reign of Alfred is an important epoch in the history of these
Annals, and that in some sense it was a starting-point, is pliun
from the great uniformity of all the several members of the
. series up to a dat^ in Alfred'^s reign, as compared with their
divergencies after that date. But the difficulties of imagining
that such a collection of annals (meagre as it often is), covering
a period of 437 years, could have been made in 892 if Chro-
nicles had not been kept before, are insuperable. Had there
been a series of authors like Bede, offering to the collector what-
ever he chose to select, it would be different. But even during
the period for which Bede is available, we find Annals purely
domestic, and derivable neither from Bede nor from any
source that is known to us. I propose then to analyze the
prae-iEIfredic Chronicle, not with the expectation of arriving
at an incontestable natural dissection, but in the hope of ex-
hibiting as well the heterogeneousness of the materials that
enter into the compilation, as also the diversities and tran-

* " ChronographU pangenda est," Ordericus Vitalis, vi. 1. *' Marianus dirono-
graphus/' Flor. 1052.

INTRODUCTION vii

sitions of plan and purpose which mark it as a compilation
made from earlier Chronicles.

The seven Chronicles are designated by the seven first letters
of the Alphabet : ff, B, C, D, E, F, G. And first of

A Saxon Chronide earUaining Annctls/rom b.o. 6o to a.d. 1070.
This is a manuscript in the library of Corpus Christi Col- The win-

cheater

lege, Cambridge. (MS. C.C.C.C. cLxxm.) That Society ac- chronicle
quired it by the gift of Archbishop Parker. It is described
by Wanley, p. 130, and by Mr. T. Duffus Hardy, vol. i. p. 651.
It has every title to rank first in the list of Saxon Chronicles.
Its original handwriting stops at 891, and the summary of
Wessex Kings with which the book is prefaced ends with
Alfred. These features indicate a Chronicle which was
composed in Alfred's reign, or a copy of such a Chronicle.
Whether it is really a manuscript of the last decade of the
ninth century I hesitate to judge.

The penmanship is almost too mature for so early a date.
The style certainly exhibits archaisms fitting the reign of
Alfred, but from the irregular way in which they are scat-
tered up and down, they appear like exceptional instances
in which the copier lapsed into the manner of his original.
There are, however, a few ancient forms in the first hand-
writing which are so constant as to give this MS. an appear-
ance of the highest originality. Such are a for ea, as in a/,
Walaa; some archaic uses of the rare diphthong «e, as in
hiera, Miercna; and the form cuom for com. These have
been sometimes called Mercian, and have been supposed to
indicate a Mercian nativity for the early parts of the Chronicle.
But it should be remembered that the vernacular was first
cultivated in Northumbria, and that the Wessex orthography
must at first have been more or lees borrowed from the north.

At the Reformation this book belonged to the monastery of
Christ Church, Canterbury, as we learn from some notes of
Joscelin's, preserved in a volume of the Cotton Library*. But

* ViteUins D. tu.— 8ee below, in the detcriptton of mannicript B, where
JoeoeUn's note will be quoted in fall.

viii INTRODUCTION

its association with Canterbury is almost wholly of the ex-
ternal kind ; the internal characteristics connect it rather
with Winchester. It ^ill appear from the analysis of the
contents that this book or its original was a native of Win-
chester^ and was compiled there in Alfredo's reign. If not
an original, we may suppose that when in process of time this
Chronicle had become famous and venerable, a careful tran-
script of it was ordered for the Library of Christ Church,
Canterbury. — (See below on § ii.)
But to proceed to our analysis.
7C§i. § I. The prefatory Hst of the Wessex kings from Cerdic
was originally like a Table of Contents to the Chronicle^
and developed with it pari passu. It seems to have at
one time stopped at Beorhtric, and then again at ^thel-
wulf, and lastly to have been brought down to Alfred'*s
accession, at some time during his reign. It closes with the
mention of his age at the time of his accession, and computes
the years from the foundation of the dynasty to the same
point. To Alfred's reign we must assign all the Annals
down to 449, and many inserted Annals down to 731. The
former were derived entirely from Latin authors, and chiefly
from Bede. They are often a bold verbal translation of
the Chronological Epitome appended to the Historia EC"
clesiastica: e.g. Anno 47. Her Claudius o)>er Komana cy-
ninga Bretene lend gesohte, &c. is a verbal rendering of
Bede's '^ Claudius secundus Romanorum Britannias adiens.'**
But the Annals between 449 and 731 are mixed; and here
we have only to do with those which are borrowed from
Bede. These are — 449, 538, 544, 547 {to onwoc), 565, 601,
603, 604, 606, 616, 625, 626, 627, 633, 640, 642, 644,
650, 651, 653, 654, part of 655, 660, 664, 668, 670, parts^
of 573 and 675, the last clause in 676, 678, 679, 680, a line
and half in 685, 688 (the genealogy excepted), half of 690,
704, 705, the last clause of 709, parts of 716, 725 (part),
728 (part), 729, 731 (part).

Of this whole section, only the preface is original ; the rest
is a work of collection, translation, and bookmaking. It
belonged to the editorial task of throwing the book into
shape, and giving it the required completeness as a Chronicle
embracing the Christian era generally. It was probably done

INTRODUCTION ix

about the year 887. The reasons for this opinion will appear
when we come to that date.

§ 2. The annals from 455 to 634 which have not been 5C§2.
classed in the former section. This represents the gleanings and
reconstruction of the half-lost early history of Wessex, at the
time of the first compilation (855). Embodying antiquities of
a high type, it is not the oldest composition preserved in this
Chronicle. It is such history as could still be made out of
oral traditions, and it probably represents the collected in-
formation of the bardic memory aided by the runic stones, and
the roll of kings. Its character is betrayed by an artificial
chronology, in which the numbers 8 and 4 are prevalent fac-
tors. We find for example the following series: 457, 465,
473^ 477. 485- Again, 552, 556, 560, (565 belongs to the
previous section) 568. Certain statements appear to be
only fanciful, the offspring of rude etymological speculations.
Among such may with probability be reckoned the names of
file's sons in 47 7> Cymen, and Wlencing, and Cissa, which
correspond with a suspicious resemblance to three Sussex
townships, Shoreham (see note on 477), Lancing, and Chi-
chester. No doubt the first adventurers did often call places
after their own names, and therefore it cannot be denied that
the above may be historical.

But no critic will admit the personality of Port, who is
said to have arrived in 501 in the place called (of course, after
himself) Portsmouth. Clearly the existence of such a hero as
Fort was a presumption that arose out of a mistaken notion
of the name Portsmouth, a name which embodies the Latin
word partus, a harbour.

In 508, a local name, Neatanleah (now Netley), which proba-
bly meant a pasture for oxen, is ambitiously associated with
one of the most famous of British dynastic names. (See the
note on 508.)

That the hero Wihtgar (514, 534, 544) is a fiction, and
his name merely an eponym for Wihtgarsesburh (530) or
Wihtgaraburh (544), is beyond doubt; whether we suppose
-garads- or -gara- to be another form of -wara- (= inhabitants),
as in Cantwaraburh ; or whether we take this " gar " to be
caer or car (the form usual in Cornwall), the British word for
a castle or stronghold.

X INTRODUCTION

No general assertion can be made concerning the historical
quality of this section: each clause must be estimated and
valued for itself. Some parts are pure dream-work, while
others have a historical and trustworthy appearance. These
prevail more and more towards the close of the period, as
if indicating the existence of better documents, which it is
natural to suppose would have been kept with more or less
care from the reception of- Christianity* And therefore
the date 634 has been fixed on as the close of this Section,
although there is no. appearance of a division, the traditional
being intermingled with the earliest traces of documentary
annals.
:\'§8. §3. The annals from 635 to 682. except those which are
disposed of in § i. This period, which covers a long genera-
tion of men, contains the first documentary annals of this
Chronicle, and indeed of the whole series of Saxon Chronicles.
In order to understand the nature of this Section, we must
carefully exclude adventitious matter. The insertions from
Bede have already been collected under § 1 . Here and there
may be seen an annal, expressed in riper language, which
(though not found in the Chronological Epitome of Bede)
must be marked as the interpolation of a later Editor. Such
a one is 650. Further, we must eliminate occasional amplifica-
tions, also by a later Editor. Two such may be found on
page 269 in the annals 643 and 648, which have both been
continued by a later hand. The continuation is betrayed in
both instances by the employment of the demonstrative S£ in
a peculiar manner. In 643, the original annal, the part which
alone belongs strictly to this Section, ends at " wint." A later.
Editor added : '' Aiid this Cenwalh bade build the church in
Winchester.** Similar continuations are found also in the
previous Section, e.g. 597, 611. The probable author of
these will be pointed out by and bye. When all these accre-
tions are struck off, there remains a set of very simple and
sober annals, quite free from the romancing air which dis-
covers itself in the foregoing Section, and without any of that
attempt at detail which learning afterwards demanded. These
annals are mere land-marks of time, points fixed here and
there to save memory from chaos, a Chronologia rather than
a Chronicon,

INTRODUCTION xi

The note appended to 643 abotit the foundation of Win-
chester Cathedral is a guiding one for us in this dissection.
It gives the d)uu^aA<^9 of which we are in search^ the central
and germinating point of the Chronicle. The Chronicle which
was begun at Winchester in CenwalVs churchtown, supplied
the base of all after collections and accretions, and to this we
trace back the course of English History.

We can hardly suppose that these annals are all strictly
contemporary. Their irregularity forbids the notion. They
were from time to time, perhaps not oftenor than once in a
generation^ posted up to the current date. Consequently we
may expect to find here and there some tokens of approach
to the actual time of writing. Such an indication may per-
haps be tracfed in the annal 682^ which I have fixed on for
the close of this Section. It is the first instance in which we
find ''On )?issum geare — " instead of HER. This feature
recurs 889 ; and the greater certainty of contemporary writing
in that place may be reflected back on this.

§ 4. The next trace of an ancient cessation is at the word S'§4.
•Cumbran' in the annal 755. Between 682 and 755 there
were probably one or more intermediate terminations, and the
marks of such may perhaps be discovered, with more or less
distinctness. A likely spot is between 718 and 725^ where
the annals are strongly archaic, relate almost exclusively to
Wessex, and are comparatively circumstantial. But at the
date of 755 we find the conditions of a break more completely
satisfied. The entries of the Bishops of Winchester, which
are given with great regularity from Birinus in 634 down to
the accession of Cyneheard in 754, are henceforth omitted, and
are never again entered except in the most fitful and accidental
manner. This seems to indicate a change of some significance.
Hitherto their accession is recorded as regularly as that of the
kings, and even (as in 676) taking precedence of the king :
but now they are dropped altogether. It is clear that in the
year 755 the State of Wessex fell into disorder, and that there
was a political schism if not a civil war. The prolongation of
the annal of 755 from '* and se Cynewulf ftc.*" has been ap-^
pended by a later collector. This Section is almost purely
composed of royal and ecclesiastical Fasti : not domestic
m.erely, but also Kentish, Northumbrian, and Mercian.

c 2

xii INTRODUCTION

a:§6. § 5. The next break was probably at the close of 822. In
the beginning of this Section (758 sqq.) we have mere chrono-
graphy — ^an ineffectual attempt to fill out the tale of years
with corresponding events. The annal 784 seems to shew that
the prolongation of 755 had not yet got into the Chronicle.

The annal 800 though not very long is very circumstantial^
and it relates the death of Beorhtric, of whom at the mention
of his accession in 784 it is said, "and Jiis ryht faadren cyn
gseip to Cerdice •/' being the last instance of this archaic for-
mula. Of Beorhtrio it is used in the prefatory list of Saxon
Kings, and with him it ceases there^ as well as here in the
body of the Chronicle*. These marks seem to indicate a
pause somewhere in the reign of Ecgbryht, and it is fixed at
822 because there the prevalent characteristic of this Section
suddenly ceases. For this Section is highly ecclesiastical, not
only by notices of English bishops and synods, but also it
venerates Rome more than any section previous to the twelfth
century. Nor may we suppose that this is due to later in-
sertions ; because the matter is suited to these times, because it
would be hard to say to what other epoch it should be assigned,
and because we can trace the same disposition on for a few
years after 800, wliich we fix as the first cotemporary pause
of this chronographer. The same hand may be recognized
down to the close of 822, where there appears to be a sudden
change in the character of the entries. No more about Popes
and Synods ; all is military and political.

To this hand I should attribute the insertion of that interest-
ing observation on the death of Abp. Theodore in 690 : jEr
wcerun Romanisce biscepas. si^^fan wcerun Englisce.

7r§«. § 6. At the year 855 the Termination of an ancient Chro-
nicle is plainly seen, like the lines of some ancient sea-coast
high up in the mainland. At the close of iEJ^elwuIf 's reign
we find a grand genealogical demonstration, in a style that
implies the utmost heraldic effort of which the times were
capable. In the Preface also we find iEJ>elwulf distinguished
by a pedigree attached to his name, running back to Cerdic.
But in the Termination of 855 the line of Wessex progenitors

* The length of the reign of Ecgbryht is not proleptically told at his acces-
sion, as Bcorhtric's is in 784.

INTRODUCTION xiii

is continued through Cerdic back to Woden, and through
Woden back into the mists of high mythology, whence the
line of Scripture patriarchs is laid hold of^ and so up to Adam,
whose name is then spiritualized into Christ. Whether this
represents merely the iapilogue of that ancient royal Stemma,
of which we have had instalments from time to time, or whether
it was composed expressly for this place, it is observable that
from this point forward we have no more of the old pedigrees
which in the former part are so frequent. Either supposition
lends itself readily to the probability that here we are nearing
contemporary history again. For if it was merely a Stemma
that was incorporated into the Chronicle, the termination with
^thelwulf seems to imply that he was at the time of its in-
corporation the king last deceased.

There is an appearance of recent interest about the reign
of JBthelwulf. The Capitals at his accession, and in the year
851, strengthen the significance which we might be inclined
to attach to the triumphal and solemn air of his Pedigree,
with its final Amen. At one time I thought this Section
might with fair probability be brought home to SwiShun who
was Bishop of Winchester when JBthelwulf died. There is
something about the second paragraph of 853 and the whole
of 855 that seems to prompt such an idea. The expression
pa was damne Leo pap ^c. would very naturally proceed
from one who had accompanied Alfred to Rome. Leo died
the same year as ^thelwulf. The first clause in 855 is pro-
bably there by error instead of under 851, as may be seen by
a comparison of Asser. Putting that clause aside, the re-
mainder of 855 is very germane to such a character as
SwiiShun. The devotion of one-tenth of his land to religious
uses is told with pious satisfaction ; and the troubles, domestic
and civil, which were averted by ^thelwulf s return from the
continent, with a discreet reticence not expressed but only
glanced at in the phrase, and his people were fain of fits
return. But such an idea seems untenable, if only for the
following reason. The continuation of 855 and the annal of
860 appears like a later appendix by the same hand, and as
the duration of the reign of Ethelbryht is given under 860,
this could not have been written earlier than 865 — whereas
SwiiShun died in 862.

liv INTRODUCTION

I

Any how, we have here an Editor whose work we can
define and whose hand we can trace even through the mazes
of this composite Chronicle. To him must be assigned^ not the
Chronicle as it now stands from the beginning, but from 455
(Hengist and Horsa) to 855, making the necessary exceptions
for later insertions, chiefly those already indicated in §1.
The Chronicle of Swi^hun then, (for so I may surely be per-
mitted to call it, honoris causd, as it is at least probable that
it was first wound up during his episcopate and at his See^]
consisted of the Sections § 2 — § 6. In this Edition the old
genealogical Preface which had been closed with Beorhtric,
was carried down to " Cerdicing'' (p. 4). To this Editor must
be assigned all those amplifications of annals, in which the
connection is effected by a somewhat marked use of the De-
monstrative SE with a Proper Name, a use which was not
continued in the sequel of the language (as it was in Greek, 6
^(aKpirrjs &c.)> but which seems to have had its crisis about
this time. Instances are 597, 611, 643, 648, 660, 670, 674
(without Proper Kame), 685, 688, 694, 709 (without Proper
Name), 728, 731, 755, 827, 836, 855, 860. The "se EJ^el-
bryht" of 860 is (I think) the last instance of this peculiar
usage, which is rendered in F by "*Ses iE^elbyrht/' The

repeated " se Carl se Carl" of 885 is a different thing.

Here there is a centra-distinction, like that expressed by the
Greek 6 yAv . . , ohi.

Another little trait may be noticed as marking this Editor.
He has here and there put a Latin title, dux, 837 and 851,
domne Leo pap, 853 ; which is a thing that merits notice only
because of its extreme rarity in these times! On this ac-
count we may almost venture to fix on the annal 792 as an
insertion by this Editor, on account of its " uEJ^elbryhte rex,"
in which it is not followed by any of the more recent editions
B C D E F. The prefix domne to the Pope'*s name had more
favour, it is kept by B C. In G it is Saxonised thus, " J>a wies
^onne Leo papa on Rome.'^

Another interesting feature in this Section is the mention
(for the first time) of the present day, and the appearance
of the grammatical First Person ; ^' and these made the
greatest carnage on heathen marauders that we have heard
tell of up to the present day" (851). This expression might

INTRODUCTION xv

be used in a contemporary annal^ but I am inclined to think it
a later insertion ; and partly because B C D E have a different
order of the paragraphs here.

§ 7. The next division is marked by the change of hand- ?^§7.
writing in 891. Whatever uncertainty may beset the previous
analysis^ there is no doubt that here we have a natural Section.
It covers a period of 37 years, and every year has its annal;
a circumstance which (occurring here for the first time) is
in itself a ground of distinction. Some of the annals are
full and circumstantial, chiefly 867, 871, 878, and 885; others
are so in a less degree : while those which are brief, as 869,
87a, 873, 879, 880, 886, contain well-selected matter, even
where the scene is altogether beyond seas, as in 881, 883, 884.
But these characters change very remarkably at the close of
887. Here we have a singular transition to trivial notices; and
one annal, that of 889, consists of a twofold observation, half
negative and ha,\{ positive ; one if not both of which would
soon have perished from memory, had it not been quickly
committed to writing. What makes it more remarkable, these
small matters which from their very insignificance indicate a
contemporary pen, are ecclesiastical, whereas the general
character of the Section is by no means so. Moreover, it
is to be observed that the annal 889 opens, not with the
customary HER, but with On ^issum geare ; a feature which
has already been noticed in § 3, where the use I made of
it might seem questionable, but for this confirmatory example.
Here then it appears to me that we are actually on co-
temporary ground, and I differ from Mr. Wright {Biographia
Lit, — Aaser)^ who thinks that this part of the Chronicle " was
most probably not in existence till long after Alfred's death.''
A contrary view of the case would have dispelled one of
his perplexities, and he would have been at no loss to account
for the discontinuance of the contribution from the Saxon
Chronicle at the year 887, in a work which purports to be
composed in 893. No doubt there were copies made of a
Chronicle which ended with 887, and one of these was in
the hands of the composer of the Asserian Biography. The
last clause of 887 and thence to the close of the first hand
at *'gefor" in 891, is largely the work of a man of peace,
whereas the Section as a whole sounds of war. Rare inser-

xvi INTRODUCTION

tions in keeping with this appendix appear at 874, 878, 885.
In this Section we have some of the most archaic Saxon in
the whole Chronicle, and this may appear strange to those
who are not familiar with the intricacies of its structure. The
annal of 876 is one of the best preserved and least altered
pieces of pristine Englisc^ and its antiquated style has baffled
the interpreters. Except the story under 755 there is hardly
anything to match it. And this is only a strong instance
of what is felt at many parts of this Section ; it is very
stiff and primitive. The obvious inference is, that the older
parts have undergone a process of modernisation, to which this
has not been subjected. But there are certain archaic forms
which are found both in this and the previous Sections^ which
we here take leave of. After this Section we have no more
cuom, ctwmon, but com^ comon; no more hiera, but hiora
and hira ; no more instances of wasrun or other plural prse-
terites in -un. It appears doubtful what is the exact position
of the remsunder of 891 (after the change of handwriting)
down to the close of 893. It does not claim to belong to
the next Section^ and it is contained in manuscripts (£ F)
which omit the next Section. The expression at the opening
of 893, *'se micla here )>e we gefyrn ymbe sprsecon,'^ t.6. the
great host which we before spoke aboiU, seems to claim for
this isolated portion identity of authorship with the annals
immediately preceding, and therefore we will consider it as an
Appendix of this Section.
X §8* § 8. Here we have the hand of one who is something more
than an ordinary Continuator, in the author who furnishes
the six and half pages which follow. This is the most remark-
able piece of writing in the whole series of Chronicles. It is
a warm^ vigorous^ earnest narrative, free from the rigidity of
the other annals^ full of life and originality. Compared with
this passage, every other piece of prose, not in these Chronicles
merely, but throughout the whole range of extant Saxon
literature, must assume a secondary rank. There is some
fine diction in C and D, there is fluent and rhetorical language
in ^Ifric, but the present passage is to these what Thucydides
is to Xenophon.

Here the reader may feel the personal presence of the
narrator more sensibly than anywhere else. It is not merely

INTRODUCTION xvii

that he speaks in the first person (sv?a ic sdv smde, p. 92) ; this
we may find elsewhere, as in E 1086, which is also a passage
of mach freshness. But this piece of 7? is so full of native
force, that its life seems always fresh in it^ and it reads more
like a narrative of our own times than of Alfred's.

The writer closes liis annual periods with a colophon like
Thucydides^ who sums up as each (to9 r^ irokifjix^ h^Xeira
rc^dc ip ®ovKvb(bri^ (vv4ypaylr€v. So this writer :

§ and )?fl8t W8BS ymb twelf mona^ )?8B8 )?e hie aer hider ofer
88B comon.

§ J^set wses ymb twa ger J^ses ^e hie hider ofer sbb comon.

§ J>»t wses ymb )?reo ger ^aens )?e hie on Limenemu'San
comon hider ofer sse.

As to the date of this Continuation it is almost superfluous
to enter into detail^ when once the vigour and earnestness of
the narrative are appreciated. Dr. Pauli in his Life of Alfred
isays, that this was written ''in the following century." As
the end of the century was so near, this may be literally true ;
it may have been written as late as the spring of 901. I
should however prefer to believe that it was composed in the
winter following the campaign of 897, and there is a style
about the paragraph at the foot of page 94 which invites
such a conjecture. It flags aftcfr 897, and I doubt not it was
on parchment before Alfred's death in 901. That the Section
belongs to that group of Anglo-Saxon literature with which
the name of Alfred has been justly associated, is manifest in
every part of it^ as might be illustrated by several particulars.
E.g. the unusual expression which puzzled Wheloc, ^^buton
swi]?e gewaldenum daele'' (p, 91)=" €xcq)t a very considerable
division" This we meet with again in Orosius iv. 9, '^ mid
gewealdenan fultume'^ — ^and I have not noticed it elsewhere.
(Adverbially gewealden occurs in the fragment of Zosimas, p.
110. I. 20. Appendix to my SwiiShun.)

But while the annals 894-897 form a complete episode in
themselves^ I cannot distinguish them in anything except their
fullness and exuberance and warmth, from the annals which
follow down to 924 fin. These two parts appear like the
work of one mind in different moods. The piece 894—897
exhibits greater intensity of feelings and so far keeps true to
the drama of history. That the latter items of 897, and

d

I

xviii INTRODUCTION

especially the paragraph about the death of the king's horse-
thane> as also (though less manifestly) the annal of 898, are
contemporaneous entries — desultory and incidental jottings in
a dormant interval of the Chronicle — seems, under all the
circumstances, presumably certain. The death of Alfred and
the sedition of iE^elwold do not appear to have been inserted
till after the latter had run its course in 905, or rather perhaps
until five years later, 910. The two sections of ^EiSelwoWs
escapade, under 901 and 910, have not the force of the piece
at the head of the Section, but they bespeak the same hand.
The ten years 901—910 are however but scantily furnished,
and in a chronographic manner. The notices of ecclesi-
astics may partly be due to personal distinction, as in tlie
cases of Grimbald and Asser; but as they are isolated and
exceptional, forming part of no sequence (the line of Win-
chester bishops, for example, having been neglected since 754) ,
we must regard them partly as an eking out of the chrono-#
graphy. From the middle of 910 to the close of 924 we
have a steady, regular, well-written narrative, homogeneous
and unmixed in matter, like the head-piece of this Section,
and unlike all the rest of the Chronicle. It is all sieges and
battles, and fortifications and garrisons, and surrenders and
armed pacifications. Not a word of home affairs whether of
Church or State. It is a model of uniformity both in matter
and manner.

One might be prompted to find a break at 920 where ff
first parts company with BCD, after they have gone thus far
together from the beginning. But this indication, standing
alone, is no evidence of a break in the continuity of 7i, — it
concerns only the literary history of BCD. As in the last
Section, so in this, the Termination coincides with a change
in the handwriting ; and it may not be amiss to record the
fact, that this transition of penmanship has only made our
division to be put at the close of 924 instead of 925, at which,
from internal evidence (before I noticed the change of hand),
I had long ago placed it.
s§9. § 9, The annals 925-975. This Section is so conspicuously
contrasted with the preceding, so clearly defined at its close,
and so strongly characterized in every respect, that I speak
with less diffidence in pronouncing it a natural division. In

INTRODUCTION xix

the first place it is wonderfully meagre, a charge which is
often unreasonably alleged against these Chronicles in the
most undiscriminating manner, but which may be justified here
by a comparison with the historical literature of two earlier
generations. When a critic opens the Saxon Chronicle, in the
seventh century, and cries " How meagre !" — we wonder what
standard of comparison he is thinking of, and we should like
to be informed where he has found a nobler vernacular work
produced by any nation at a like stage of its history ! But
here we are in the Tenth Century, and we have behind us
a period of 59 years^ during which scarcely a year but has
been chronicled. The earlier chronography or year-marking-
calendar has gradually expanded^ and a genial interest in
detail has been unfolding itself — when by a transition from
hot to cold we suddenly find ourselves again in a bare chrono-
graphy such as we took leave of as far back as 822, the last
year of § 5.

In the next place it is devoid of all uniformity — there is no
appearance of a plan. What served instead of a plan, was a
taste for collecting and preserving the national songs. This
Section is as irregular as the last was uniform. The first
twelve years are disposed of in less than as many lines; the
first six having only one entry, viz. the demise of the crovm.
Here we find bishops again, the long*neglected succession of
bishops — a mere expedient to fill out the vacant years. This
poverty is however disguised^ and not inadequately redeemed
by the insertion of those poetical pieces which constitute the
singular merit and ornament of this Section. There are four
pieces : The Battle of Brunanburh, 937 ; the Annexation of
Mercia, 942 ; The Coronation of Edgar at Bath, 973 ; The
Death of Edgar with attendant circumstances, 975. There is
a very observable diflference between the first three of these
pieces and the last of them. The first three are concerned
each with a single and momentary event ; the last is a narra-
tive poem and covers a considerable space of time. To say
the least, it enters upon a second year. The first three have
the semblance of popular songs which the collector of 975
merely enshrined in the Chronicle ; but the closing poem of
the Section appears to liave been composed for the place in
which we find it. It would seem to be the work of the collector

da

XX

INTRODUCTION

himself, who had a taste for poetry and was himself a poet
and an admirer of poets. The matters contained in the poem
of 975 are not heroic or otherwise proper to poetry (as those
in 937* 942 ^^^ 973 are), they are simply historical and would
mske excellent prose. Nothing but that loye for versifioation
which at a later date produced a special form of rhyming
literature^ can account for the poetic dress of this annal. But
this singularity on the one hand corresponds strikingly with
the composition of this Section on the other — a Section whose
chief merit lies in the old songs it has provided a setting for.
It appears to me we can get at one little particular in the
biography of this Collector and Poet. He was a friend and
admirer of Cyneweard, whom he has contrived in the course
of his brief contribution to mention twice ; once in prose 964,
as Abbot of Middelton, and once in verse 975, as Bishop.
We cannot say that Cyneweard's name would have literally
perished but for these two notices, because his name was
enrolled among the Bishops of Wells, and there is a Charter
extant with his signature (Cod. Dipl. 589). But name and
oflSce are hardly enough to quicken the memory of a man;
and this Collector it is who has given Bishop Cyneweard a
niche in history. Not the public importance of the man, but
the personal affection of the chronicler^ dictated the language
of this commemoration :

And him tirfiest hseled tyn nihtum aer-
of Brytene gewat* bisceop se goda

)>urh gecyndne crseft* dam wsbs Cyneweard nama.
And/orth away the/ar-famed hero, ten nights be/ore [Edgar's death]
Jrom BrUain had depoHed, the bishop who was good •

by inherited crafi ; whose name was Cyneweard,

The expression ** from Britain departed " has been inter-
preted to signify his death. If this is the meaning, it is a great
solecism, and must be supposed to convey the great loss his
native land had sustained. But the phrase which tells us
most about Cyneweard is '^se goda )>urh gecyndne craeft,^
the meaning of which has (I suspect) been overlooked. CrsDft
is scientia; thus the astronomers are called in this same piece
crSBft gleawe men, scientiae periti homines ; and Cyne-
weard is said to have been '* good by inherited craft," bonus
per patriam indolem, artem, scicntiam ; TrarpcjJar riyyr^v (Soph.

INTEODUCTION xxi

El. 1500). And what craft is it likely to have been that
endeai*ed Gyneweard to our Collector — what but the minstrel's
craft? I venture to suggest that Cyneweard Bishop of Wells
was the Poet LaurecOe of his day, and that he is really the
author of the three pieces in this Section, which are so nobly
and truly poetic, and so unlike the rhythmic labours at its
dose. But can we make out anything more about this Cyne-
weard ? If the above exposition is admitted, Cyneweard was
a poet, and the son of a poet. Now we have in Anglo-
Saxon Literature a poet of a kindred name, of whom we would
gladly know more than we do. The poet of the ^ Elene "
has conveyed his name to posterity in Runes, which he has
woven into his poem, and hence we know that his name was
Cynewulf. Grimm seeks to connect this Cynewulf with Ald-
belm, early in the eighth century. To dissent from an opinion
of Jacob Grimm is like disputing parental authority — but in
regard to the date of the " Elene '* I cannot follow him. To
my eyes it is palpably a work of the tenth century, and I
know that I am not swayed to this view by the present
exigency, because I find observations to this effect which I
had long ago forgotten, and which were made when I had
no theory to serve in the matter. Indeed the diction of the
'' Elene'*" is so like that of these three minor poems, that it
must be pronounced certainly to belong to the same period. I
venture then to imagine that Cyneweard the Bishop of Wells
may have been a son of Cynewulf the poet of the ^^ Elene.''
It is well known that in Anglo-Saxon families the first part
of the name was held in common by many members of the
family, while the second was changed. Thus four of the sons
of iEiSelwulf had names beginning with ^'Sel — viz. .^ISelstan,
^^Iwald, JBISelbribt, and M9e]red, At another time we find
the word Ead continued from generation to generation in the
the Royal Family: Eadweard, Eadmund, Ead red, Ead wig,
Ead gar, Ead weard. And now as to the ' departure " of
Cyneweard, which is expressed in these well-marked words,

*' him of Brytene gew&t " — it seems to be suited to

a setting forth to go to a foreign land, and unsuited to signify
death. It appears to be the just opposite of that on p. 1 15 :

ofer bi*adbrimu Brytene sohtan
over the broad sea, canie to Britain,

xxii INTRODUCTION

As far as this text is concerned^ we should not be authorised
to fix the death of Cyneweard in 975, but rather his quitting
the country whether into exile or otherwise. His successor
Sigar dates from 975, which would not prove the death of
his predecessor, but would provide a sufficient account for
Cyneweard'^s death being entered in the Chronicles under
975 ; which entry would cause an unguarded interpretation '
of this poetical notice about his departure. In the tenth
century the natural country for an exiled ecclesiastic to retire
to was Italy ; and it is from Italy that we have obtained the
only known original of the ^^Elene/' as well as the other
poems of the Codex Vercellensis. These fragments of t)ur
tenth century literature^ which the desolations of the eleventh
century caused to perish at home, come back to us (like the
Paris Psalter) from the lands to which they were carried by
exiled Englishmen. May not Cyneweard have carried into
Italy the poems of Cynewulf*?

31: §10. § 10. The annals 978-ioox. At the close of looi.the
handwriting again changes, and it is up to that point that a
later MS. (G) is copied from this. Also the matter changes;
so that we have no doubt of a natural Section here. But it is
hardly worthy of the name of a Section at all ; it shows the
neglect of an age when the vernacular literature could not
keep its ground against the now much-cultivated Latin. There
is this point of interest about it, that the whole Section is
peculiar to ^ (G). The only annal which merits particular
notice is the last, that of icx)i. This annal has all the
appearance of contemporaneous writing, and most of the others
were perhaps a mere chronography to connect this with the
Chronicle. Also^ this annal^ and indeed the whole Section,
bears the local impress of Winchester, thus offering a contrast
to the subsequent entries.

3rjn. § II. The annals icx)5-i070. Eleven scattered entries
covering a period of 69 years, and consisting of matters
interesting at Christ Church, Canterbury. The succession of
the Archbishops of Canterbury, and the accession of one or

* It is not impossible tliat Cynewulf and Cyneweard may be the same pemrn.
Examples are not wanting in which the first part of the name remaining con-
stant, the second part varies: c. g. Wig)>cn (833) is Wigfer'S in E.

INTRODUCTION xxiii

two kings, among whom Cnut the benefactor of Christ Church.
Uis gift of the harbour of Sandwich is commemorated in 1031,
a mutilated annal. The annal of most importance is that of
1070, the year of Lanfranc's arrival in England. This annal
is the earliest record of the dispute for precedence between
the Sees of Canterbury and York. It is significant, that this
Chronicle should cease its yernacular entries at the arrival
of Lanfranc, that distinguished patron of literature. Such a
phenomenon as that of a Saxon Chronicle stopping at such
an epoch, may have been among the causes which led to the
belief that William the Conqueror had entertained the design
of extinguishing the native language. If, however, we examine
the evidence of this Chronicle more closely, we shall be rather
disposed to conclude that Lanfranc may have been the in-
strument of bringing this Chronicle to Canterbury, and lodging
it in the place which kept it till the days of the Reformation.
For the whole of this Section agrees in diction with its last
entry — was therefore all written at Canterbury and after Lan-
franc's accession; but the latest previous entry (looi) is con-
spicuously localised at Winchester— 4he MS. was then probably
fetched from Winchester about Lanfranc'^s coming when the
monks of Christ Church were collecting books, for their own
Library had been consumed in the recent fire. It was then
brought down (in a way) to 1070 in Canterbury matters and
in Canterbury Saxon, and it was never taken in hand again
until the influence of the continental professor had made the
learned society of Christ Church look down on their mother
tongue. This took place about five years after Lanfranc's
death, and then a summary was appended in Latin^ which
carried the history down to the consecration of Anselm*.

This Latin continuation represents the transition, which
(after long vacillation) was at length effected from vernacular
Saxon to Latin as the language of English history. How-
ever, the latest work done on this manuscript has yet to be
noticed, and it is in Saxon. This is by an interpolator
and reviser of the twelfth century, whose entries are in this
Edition printed in small italics. I have sometimes indicated
him by the sign a^ as on p. 18 n. Many of his entries are on

* In the present Edition this is given in the Appendix, p. 271.

xxiv INTRODUCTION

erasures which he has made of ancient matter uninteresting
to himself and therefore condemned — such are especially the
old pagan pe<figrees. Then in his insertions, he discovers
himself to have a local affection for Kent (e. g. 784), and
this, with the likeness of penmanship, makes strongly for his
identity with the compiler of F.

The next three manuscripts have so much in common that
they may be considered as forming a group

B, C, D.

The great features which these have in common are as
follows: — I. Their relationship to S is very similar though
not identical^ that is^ they are rather cousins to each other
than sisters. 2. They all belong to a central period, the
period when the Saxon Literature culminated^ and 3. they
are central in the sense that they are free from provincialisms
of language^ and 4. their local characteristics are frequently,
though not always, in common — e.g. the chronicle of Mercia,
902-91*1. 5. These three, and no others after S, possess the
great passage 894-901 ; and indeed this agreement stretches
further (while E F are alm'ost silent) to the end of 918.

With those great features in common, they have also their
several characteristics, which shall next be considered.

B

A Saaon Chronidefrom the Inca/mation to a. d. 977.

TheChroni- This is One of the Cotton Manuscripts in the British Museum
Augortine's. (MS. Cott. TiboT. A. vi. ff. 1-34). It is described by Wanley,
**^* p. 224 ; and by Mr. T. Duffus Hardy, vol. i. p. 655.

This Manuscript had originally a genealogical Frontispice
like that of 'R ; but carried down to Edward the son of Edgar,
who was the reigning monarch at the final date of this book.
This piece is now wanting to the MS., and our knowledge of
it is derived from notes in the handwriting of Joscelin, and
from a transcript in the Bodleian, made in the i6th or 17th
century, before B had lost its * Geneidogia.' Joscelin'snote
is preserved in a volume of the Cotton Library (Vitellius D.
vii.), entitled Joh. Joscelini Collectanea, This is a volume

INTRODUCTION

XXV

of disjointed papers, and on No. 138 Joscelin has copied the
genealogical Preface^ and at its conclusion he notes :

Hie desinit hiatoria Saxonica . . . [burnt] . . . CfhrH Cant :
guam habet Doct> Wutton. Tradit jam hiatoria Saxon ....
Ocmt : quam habet Joan' Twyne, Cant, selfred heold o^ran . . .

. . . lies ^ 30 wintra. %a feng eadweard to selfred ^ he for%

ferd ^ feng se^elstan to his ^a feng eadmond

^r to 3 heold 9 gear -} 6 wucan. ^ feng eadwig eadmundes sunu
to rice. 3 heold 3 gear 3 36 wucena buton 2 dagum. ^ he for^ferd
& feng eadgar to his broker 3 heold 16 gear 3 8 wucan 3 a niht

he for^ferd ^ feng eadweard to eadgares sunu 3 heold

Hie dleamW] historia Saxonica monasterii Augustim Ccmt.

We know from other notes by the same scholar, that his
Hiatoria Saxonica Monaaterii AtAgvstini Cant, is our MS. B :
and therefore we have Joscelin's evidence as well as that of
the Bodleian Transcript^ to prove that B had a genealogical
frontispice which terminated in the same reign as the annal-
istic portion.

There is a single leaf in a volume of the Cottonian Library
(Tiber. A. iii. f. 175.) which has been identified both by
Wanley (p. 199) and Hardy (p. 576) with the missing frontis-
pice of B. It 'contains a genealogy almost entirely corres-
ponding with what we have of Joscelin's copy from B, even
to the circumstance of breaking off abruptly at and heold — .
The variations are these : Tiber. ^. iii. has eadmund {eadmond,
Joscelin) and, )>a feng eadwig to eadmundes sunu cinges {^a
feng eadwig eadmtmdea aunu to rice^ Joscelin). Insignificant
as these variations are, they are perhaps enough to make us
doubt the identity of the said leaf with that which has disap-
peared from B. If it is not the identical leaf, the coincidence
of its fitting our MS. is all the more curious. Dr. Pauli (Life
of Alfred) thinks it has come from some lost MS. If so, that MS.
must have been nearly related to our B, for it is plain their
historical area was coincident, and the penmanship is so like
that of B, that it requires close scrutiny to distinguish the one
from the other. Upon careful examination it does however
appear that the writing of this odd leaf is firmer and more
vigorous than that of B, and therefore I am inclined to agree
with Dr. Pauli that it is a fragment from a MS. unknown to
us, but probably one made at the same time and even the

xxvi INTRODUCTION

same place. A Facsimile of this leaf is given in Mr. Thorpe*s
Edition of the Chronicles.

The date indicated by the close of this Preface corresponds
perfectly with the date of 977 at which the annals terminate :
and eyerything tends to render it probable that this was the
tme date of this Compilation. As a slight confirmation may
be noticed the insertion of a single word in the annal for 643.
It is in B that ^' the church at Winchester" is first altered to
'' the old church at Winchester'' — ^and this emendation would
naturally occur to a copier in 977^ when Bishop iB^el wold's
new church was in building. But it does not appear probable
that B itself is the identical Chronicle that was made in 977.
It is in the same hand throughout, which though not conclu-
siye agidnst its originaUty, is injurious to such a pretension.
For the autograph itself would haye been usually written by a
scribe down to the close of the Chronicle which served as a
copy, and after that the Annalist would commence his work
in his own handwritmg. And the appearance of B suggests
the idea that it is in fact a scribe's copy of this kind prepared
for a stock to graft further annals upon, which intention w^
never carried out. It is a nice question for the Saxon expert
to decide, what is the true date of our manuscript B. Mr.
Duffus Hardy has in fact decided the que^on differently in
two places of his Catalogue. When speaking of the odd leaf
he has attributed it to the eleventh century, and when speak-
ing of the Chronicle itself he has assigned it to the twelfth.
Tet he holds that these two are only parts of one whole.
Verum operi hngo fas est ohrepere somnum. There is an
oversight here^ and I take Mr. Hardy to mean the eleventh
century in both cases. First, for the penmanship is decidedly
bolder and rounder than that of our known examples of the
twelfth century, such as E, F; and "a" the interpolator
of 7^. These are specimens of twelfth century handwritingi
and they ahready betray a tendency to that pinched angular
and cursive hand which after the twelfth century changed
the aspect of MSS. Secondly, the language in so far as
it has a distinct character^ claims kindred with ?C § ii^
of which the date is plainly 1070 or thereabout. In both
there is a great proneness to the termination in -an, instead
of -on (plural of verbs) and instead of -um (dative). This

INTEODUCTION xxvii

18 a YariatioQ from which hardlj apy Anj^o-Saxon writing
is free, but it is found in B in such uncommon abundance
as to constitute a feature of the text: e. g. gefuhtan 881,
wurdan, weran, eodan 88a, naman 886, forhergodan 8S7 &c.,
gecyrdan 867, where all the others have -on, and waes cimian
(instead of the participal termination -en) p, 178 1., b more
marked.

This manoscript is one of the least valuable of the extant Few peouu-
Chronicles. It has fewer special characteristics than any one
of the others, and contains yery little historical matter which
is peculiar to itself. Consequently, there is no otie of the
set which could be spared with less detriment to Saxon
literature. Eren those which stand much lower in the scale
of excellence, such as F and 6, are more historically important, '
because they haye peculiarities to recommend them.

Rarely, it offers a variation which is interesting ; there is
one such at 709, where ?C C D £ F all say that Aldhelm was
bishop on the w^tem side of the wood (se wees be westan
wuda biseop) — B has ^ Selwood,' (be westan Selewuda,) to the
west of Selwood. A peculiarity in 755, utan ymbeodan, where
the others have the simple 60-, is not without its use in illus-
trating the prefix be*. Where 7f (p. 95 m) with C and D
faaxe " sume h»fdon LX ara *' B has the weak form of the
genitiYe plural, areilA. But most of its peculiarities are of a
feeble and indistinct kind. Bryten-walda 827, where C D E
have -wealda, may be called a faint archaism. A singularly
strange form occurs at 891, betull — ^which B has with C;
where betueoh ff , betueoh D G, betwix E, betwyx F.

B has a marked affinity for the next Ghronide 0 ; beyond
that of a common relationship to S. They have modifications
of ?C, and additions to S, and one peculiarity of arrange-
ment in common with each other, and in contradistinction
from the later D £. For example: Anno 643 B C agree
in the addition ealdan which is not in S, and most likely
was not in D (now mutilated in this part), as far as we may
judge of the hiatus from its imitator E. Under 855, in the
close of the genealogy, B and C have Ha^ra Hwalamg.
Hwala Bedwiging. Bedwig Si^afi/ng. id est filiu8 Noe,
whwe D reads Hdpra. Hwala Beoumng. Beoun Bceqfing. id
eat filius Noe ; thus exhibiting B and C united in a strong

e 2

xxviii INTRODUCTION

divergence (we should have said a eorruption — but Eemble
accepted the form Bedwig) from D, where all three are
yet more widely at variance with S. A decisive instance of
the agreement of B and C against Dand E occurs under 877
^— where B and C coincide in an omission that mutilates the
grammar, while D and E present complete transcripts of TS^,
thus demonstrating that they derived through a channel inde-
pendent of B C. The words omitted are, '* and 'pa mette hie
mycel yat on ^." A second time in the same annal, B and C
have an omission in common, as compared vrith S, where D
and E give the full text of S. The words are, " cer hie on
}fam fceaiene tvceron peer him mon to ne mikte** Again, the
Mercian Chronicle of ^thelflsed, which is printed in the Ap-
pendix (p. 269) has been embodied by B, C, D. But in B
and C it figures as an indigesta moles after the year 915,
whereas in D it is chronologized and distributed among the
other materials.

From the above considerations I regard B as an eleventh
century copy (made probably at St. Augustine's) of a Chronicle
which was compiled about 977, upon the basis (not indeed
of S itself but) of one of that family of transcripts of which
S is the extant representative. All the evidence favours the
supposition that its existence is due to some local stimulus
which was imparted to literary pursuits in the first half of
the eleventh century ; and of which 6 (A) is another relic.

A Saxon Chronicle from the Invasion ofJvZius Cassa/r to A.D. 1066.

The Abing- This is ouo of the Cotton manuscripts in the British Museum ;

ii?cle. Cott. Tiberius, B. i. It is described by Wanley, p. 219; by

Hardy, p. 656. The first handwriting stops at 1046. It
is preceded by two poetical compositions, with which it is
written consecutively, and which look as if they had been
meant to stand as a sort of prelude to the Chronicle. The
one is a description of the months and marked days of the
year, a sort of versified Calendar ; the second is a string of
proverbs. Joscelin has set his Title Chronicle of Abingdon at
the head of both of these pieces. Their intimate association
with the Chronicle seems to call for their insertion here;

INTRODUCTION

XXIX

and they illustrate the condition of some branches of know-
ledge and culture which are cognate to the study of history.
The first poem may be considered as the text to a Runic
Club-Almanack. The native month-names are preserved in
it, while the Roman are put forward more prominently : and
under the Christian modifications we may perhaps discern
some traces of the old heathen Calendar. Thus in the month
of February, after fixing the 7th as the day on which winter
ends and spring begins^ it seems the ancient Tear-Rime went
on to tell how the warrior then began to bestir himself^ " and
se wigend jfA . . /^ The sentence thus begun is diverted from its
original course^ and the warrior melts away into S. Matthias,
whose Festival is seventeen days later.

Cronica Saxonica AbbingdonicB ad mrmwia 1066.
* Crist wees acennyd cyninga wuldor

on midne winter maere )>eoden

ece selmihtig on |>y eahteot$an dseg

hselend gehaten heofon rices weard.

Swa )» syUJEui tiid side herigeas

folc unmffite habbaV fore weard gear.

for Yj se kaJLendoM cyme^ ge|>iucged

on }f%xti ylcan dsege us to tune

forma monc^ hine folc mycel
jamuay ianuarius gemm heton.

And ysBB embe fif niht |>8et te fulwiht tiid

eces drihtnes to us cyme^

))«ne twelfta dseg tireadige

hsele^ heaSurofe hata% on brjrtene

in foldan her.

Swylce emb feower wucan

)>8ette solmonc^ sige^ to tune

butan twa nihtum swa hit getealdon geo
FOmarp fcbruarius fser frode gesi)>as

ealde segleawe. And )»es embe ane niht

f we Marian miessan healda%

cyninges modor for ))an heo Crist on \Sl diege

beam wealdendes brohte to temple.

D»nne ]>8bs emb fif niht f afered b]^

* These Poems have been pablished by Hickes in his Thesaurui (1705)^ toL i.
p. 303, with a Latin translation : and again in a separate form by the Rev. Samuel
Fox with an English translation; Menologium $€u Cdlendarium Poeticum, etc*

('83a)

XXX

INTEOIMJCTION

winter of wioom and se wigend |ya

»fber seofentyntt swylc ]nrowade

nihtgerimeB nergendes }»egen

Hatbias nuere mine ge £r«ege
^"^ [laa pe leucten on tun geliden hseide
March werom to wicum.

Swylce eac is wide

cu% jmb iii. and twa )>eodum gewelhwssr

his cyme Ealeud ceorlum and eorlom

(butan ))senfl bisea geboden weoi^

feoi^San geare |>sefi be fiu^r cyme%

ufor anre nibt us to tune)

brime gebyrsted bagolscurd fni^

geond middangeard Martins re^

hfyeki bealic. Benne se balga

ye&a emb zi nibt 8B|>ele soynde

Gregorius in Gk>deB wwre

breme in Brytene. Swyloe Benedictus

embe nigon nibt |«bb nergend sobte

heard and bigestzsang fmut faeriaV wel

in gewritnm wise wealdendes

)>eowrincas regolfiaeste swyloe eac rimcneftige

on |>a ylcan tiid em nibt bealdaV

foHSan wealdend Qod worbte let fzyn^

on pj sylfan dsege sunnan and monan.
Hw»t ymb feower nibt finder onsende

yesB pe emnibte eorhn healdaV

beahengel bis* se bele ahead
^■^ Marian myde f beo meotod soeolde
AprpU cennan k3minga betst swa bit gecy^Sed weai^

geond middangeard w«es f mere wyrd

folcQ gefrsege.

Swyloe emb feower and >reo

nibtgeriimes f te nyi^nd sent

Aprelis mona^* on j^am oftust cjmC

seo mere tiid mannU to frofre

dribtnes eriat ]>»& dream gerist

wel wide gebwnr swa se witega sang.'^

"pis is se deg )>8ene dribten us .

wisfsest worbte wera cneorissfl

* Psalm czTui. 14. The rhythmical vernon here quoted is that of the Parte
Psalter (Oxonii, 1835. Ed. Thorpe)— where it is (according to the Latin Psalter)
Ps. cxrii. 92.

INTRODUCTION

eallum eorVwarum eadigti to bHsBe.*'

ne magon we )» tide be getale hei^cbn

dagena rimeB* ne drihtnes stige

on heofenas up for {An he hwearfii^ a a

wiflra gewyrdd* ac sceal wintntm frod

on cvrcule cmfte findan

halige dagas. Soolan we hwae^re- gyt

martira gemynd ma areeean

wrecan wordum foT% wiase gesingan

f embe nihgon tjne niht

|mb8 )>e Basl&rmonM to us cynn^

p«t man reliquiaa r»ran on ginned

halige gehynte* f is healie dceg
krjmjlee bentiid bremu.
Ma^ Swylce in burh n^ smioore on gearwum

wnda and wyrta cyrne^ wlitig seriiSan

l^rymlice on tun ]>earfe bringe^

Mains mide geond menigeo gehwnr.

Swa )n ylcan d»ge se^le geferan

Fhilippus and Jacob feorh age&n

modige mago)«gnaa for meotndes InfiuL

And ^SBB embe twa niht fte-tfdhte Gk>d

Elenan eadigre »|>elaBt beama

on )iam |nrowode jieoden engla

for manna lu&n meotnd on galgan

be fiader leafo. Swyloe ymb fyrst wncan-

butan anre niht fte yldum bringV

sigelbeorhte dagas Sumor to tone

wearme gewydera {mfi wangas hnA$e

blostmtl blowa^S swylce blis astihV

geond middangeard manigra hada

cwicera cynna. cyninge lof secga^

nuenifealdlice * mseme bremaV

sehnihtigne. para emb eahta and nigon

dogera rimes f te drihten nam

in o^r leoht Agnstinns

bli^ne on breosttl* |mb8 ]>e he on Brytene her

ea^mode him eorlas funde

to Qodes willan- swa him se gleawa behead

Oregorius. ne hyrde ic gnman awym**

• 8le MS. A correction has been indicated by Grein (Gh8$ar. r./ym), who
winild, as I undentaad him, read gumma fym.

XXXll

INTRODUCTION

anigne mr sefre bringan

ofer sealtne mere Belran lare

bic(ceop bremran. nu on Brjtene rest

on Cantwarom cyne stole neah

mjnstre nuera.
li-Sft psenne mona% bringV

]J^^ ymb twa and |>reo tuda lange

ofrra /i5a us to tune

Junius on geard* on ]mI gim astihtt

on heofenas up hyhst on geare

tungla torhtust* and of tille'*' agrynt

to sete sigeS. wyle syt^tSan leng

grund behealdan and gangan lator

ofer foldan wang £»gerust lohta

woruld ge sceafta. )>se£i wuldres |>egn

ymb )yreotyne |>eodne8 dyrling

lohannes in geardagan wear5 acenned

tyn nihtum eac* we |>a tiid healdal$

on midne sumor mjQcles on 8e)«lum.

Wide is geweortSod swa f wel gerist

haligra tid geond hseletSa beam

Petrus and Paulus. hwset ]>a apostolas

|)eodenholde |>rowedon on Rome

ofer midne sumor miccle gewisse

furiSor fif nihtfl folcbealo ^^reslic

maeme martyrdom, hsefdon msenige ser

wundra geworhte geond w8Br|>eoda*

Swylce by iBfter)«m unrim fremedon

Bwutelra and gesynra |mrb sunu meotudes

ealdor ]»^;nas. psenne sedre cymt$

emb twa nibt ^kb tidliceus
juUut lulius monaS on ]^ lacobus

ymb feower niht feorh ge sealde

on twentigQ trum in breostum

frod and festrsed folca lareow

Zebedes afera. And ]}es symle scri)>

ymb seofon niht )?8es sumere gebrihted

toeodtnona^ on tun* wel hwset bringeS
At^fwtut Augustus yrmen)>eodum

. * TiUe — A rare and interesting word, rum. til : which Ethmttller (Lex. p. 519)
identifies with the German )ie(, goal, aim, butt. The son having iscended to his
highest elevation, then from hii goal descends to the ground.

INTRODUCTION xxxiii

blafmaessan daeg* swa ^asa hserfest cymS
ymbe oSer swylc butan anre wanan
wlitig waestmtl hladen * wela hjt geywed
fegere on foldan. |)iBfi for% gewat
ymb |>reo niht )>fld8 |>eodne getrywe
)>urh martyrdom mnre diacon
LaureDtins. hsef^ nu llf wi% ]mui
mid wuldor fiseder weorca to leane.
Swylce jMfiB ymb fif niht £»geru8t msegVa
wifa wuldor sohte weroda Gkni
for suna aibbe sigefiaestne bam
neorxna wange * bsefde Nergend |)a
fsegere fostorlean fsemnan for golden
ece to ealdre. Jioefl calling by%
ymb tyn niht ]>ib8 tiid geweor^ad
Bartholomeus in Brytene her
wyr^ wel |>ungen. swylce eac wide by^
eorltl geypped 8e)>elinge8 dea%
ymb feower niht se ^e fssgere iu
mid wsetere oferwearp wuldres cynebeam
wiga weortlice^ be him Wealdend cwae^
f nan mserra man geond middangeard
be tux wife and were wurde acenned.
Ond yasa ymbe ]yreo niht geond )>eoda feala
f te haUgmoM hele|>fl ge)>inged
fere% to folce swa hit foregleawe
ealde u)>witan seror fundan.
September Septembres fser* and |>y seofojmn dseg
f acenned wearS cwena selost
drihtnes modor. )>8eii dagena worn
ymbe |>reotyne |>egn unforcu^
godspelles gleaw gast onsende
Matheus his to metodsceaflbe
in ecne gefean. ytdH calling cym¥
ymb |>reo niht ^tes |>eodii wide
emnihtes dseg ylda bearnum.

Hwset we weor^ia^ wide geond eor^an
heahengles tiid on hserfeste
Michaheles swa f menigo wat
fif nihtum nfor ]>8bs |)e folctl by%
eorla geywed emnihtes daeg.
And )«9S embe twa niht f se teo^ mon%

f

XX XIV

INTRODUCTION

Winter

flUe«

October

November

alibi

Julmona'S

December

on folc fere% frode ge]>eahte

October ou tun us to genihte

winter fylU^ swa Line wide cig^

igbuende Engle and Seaxe

weras mid wifum. swylce wigena tiid

ymb twentig J^ses twegra healdaV

and fif nihtum samod setgsedere

on anne deeg we |>a sej^elingas

fyrn gefrunan f by foremsere

Simon and Judas sjmble wseron

drihtne dyre* for|>on hi dom hlutan

eadigne upw^. and ))8e8 ofstum brings

embe feower niht folce genihtsum

blotmonc^ on tun beomum to wiste

Novembris ni¥a beamCl

eadignesse swa nan otSer na de%

mona% maran miltse dribtnes.

And |>y ylcan dsege ealra we healda^

Sancta symbel |>ara )>e si^ a^S6e aer

worhtan in worulde willan dribtnes.

Sy)?j)an wintres d«g wide ganjfe^

on syx nihtu sigelbeortne genim%

hserfest mid berige hrimes and snawes

forste gefeterad be frean bsese

f us wunian ne mot wangas grene

foldan frfletuwe. )?8e8 ymb feower niht

fte Martin' msere geleorde

wer wommaleas wealdend sohte

upengla Weard. |>8enne embe eahta niht

and feowerum fie fangode

besenctun on ssegrund sigefsestne wer

on brime haran )»e iu beorna felda

Clementes oft clypia^ to |)ettrfe.

and ]78es embe seofon niht sige drihtne lof

8e]>ele Andreas up on roderum

his gast ageaf on Godes wsere

fiis on for^weg. j)«n folcii brings

morgen to mannum mona% to tune

Decembris drihta beamu

(erra jtUa. swylce emb eahta and twelf

niht ge rimes |>8ette nergend sylf

)?ri8thydigQ Thomase forgeaf

INTRODUCTION ^ xxxv

wi^ earfe^um ece rice
bealdom beornwigan bletsunga his.
|>8enne emb feower Dibt l^sette feeder engla
his sunu sende on |>as sidan gesceaft
folcam to frofre. nu ge findan magon
haligra tiid )7e man healdan sceal '
swa bebuge^ ge bod geond Bryten ricu
Sexna kyninges on }>as sylfan tiid.

CYNING SCEAL RICE HEALDAN

ceastra beo% feorran gesjne

or^nc enta geweorc (}>a))e on J^ysse eor^an sjndon)

wraetlic weallstana geweorc. wind by^ on lyfte swiftust.

))unar by% Jyragu hludast. I^rymmas sjndan Cristes mjccle.

wyrd by^ swi^ost • winter by^ cealdost *

lencten hrimigost* he by% lengest ceald*

fiumorsun wlitegost* swegel bj% hatost'

hsBrfest hre^eadegost hsele^um bringe^

geres westmas y&pe him god sendet$.

so% bi% swicolost * * sine by% deorost

gold gumena gehwam* and gomol snoterost

fymgearQ frod se |>e mr feala gebide^.

wea bi^ wundrum clibbor*t wolcnu scri^^.

geongne se]7eling sceolan gode gesi^as

bjldan ta beaduwe and to beah gife -

ellen sceal on eorle * ecg sceal wi% hellme

hilde gebidan * hafiic sceal on glofe

wilde gewunian* wulf sceal on bearowe**

earn anhaga* eofor sceal on holte

to^msegenes trum; til sceal on e^Ie

domes wyrcean* daro% sceal on handa

gar golde fah' gim sceal on hringe

standan steap and geap' stream sceal on y^um

mecgan mere fiode * msest sceal on ceole

segel gyrd seomian * sweord sceal on bearme

driht lie isem * draca sceal on hisewe

frod frsetwum wlanc * fisc sceal on wfetere

cynren cennan* cyning sceal on healle

* This maxim, TrtUh is most misleading, has a strange Machiavellian look —
3at the Tirtuoas rendering of Hickes, Verus faciUimi decipiiur, can by no means
t>e admitted.

t *ctibbor,* adj. adhesive. Woe is wonderfuUy clinging, Cf. Halliwel), v. OUbhy.

fa

Kxvi INTRODUCTION

beagas dselan - bera sceal on bee^

eald and eges full * ea of dune soeal

flod gneg feran* fyrd sceal letsomne

tirfsestra getrum* treow sceal on eorle

wisdom on were' wudu sceal on foldan

blsedum blowan * beorh sceal on eorjian

grene standan* God sceal on heofenfl

dseda demend * duru sceal on healle

rum recedes mu^* rand sceal on scylde

fsest fingra gebeorb* fugel uppe sceal

lacan on lyfte* leax sceal on weele

mid sceote scri^San * scur sceal on beofenii

winde geblanden in |>as woruld cuman*

l>eof sceal gangau ]>y8trum wederum •

]>yrs sceal on fenne ge]7unian*

ana innan lande * ides sceal dyme crsefte

fienme bire freond ge secean gif beo nelle on folce ge ]»eon

f bi man beagQ gebicge * brim sceal sealte weallan

lyfbbelm and laguflod ymb ealra landa gebwylc

flowan firgen streamas ' feob sceal on eor^an

tjdran and tyman ' tungol sceal on beofenum

beorbte scinan swa bim be bead Meotud *

god sceal wi^ yfele' geogo% sceal wi^ yldo*

lif sceal wi% dea)>e' leobt sceal ]>i% {^Tstrum*

fyrd wi^ fyrde* feond wi^ oVrum

la% wi% la)>e 3rmb land sacan

sjnne stselan. a sceal snotor ycgean

ymb ]>ysse worulde ge winn wearb bangian

fsBgere on gildan f be ser facen dyde

manna cynne. Meotod anawat

bwyder seo sawul sceal sy^S^San bweorfen*

and ealle )»a gastas |>e for Gode bweorfaS

left* dea% d»ge ' domes bida%

on fsederfse^me* is seo foi^gesceaft

digol and dyme. Dribten ana wat

nergende fseder. nseni eft cyme6

bider under brofas ]>6 f ber

for soV manlium secge bwylc sy Meotodes gesceaft

sige folca ge setu * |i8er be sylfa wunaiS ;

JER CRISTES GEFLiEscnesse &c. &c.
* gewuniaa (Hickes) weakens the feme, and destroys the alliteoration.

INTRODUCTION xxxvii

The Abingdon nativity of C rests mainly on the note of
Joscelin, but it may be corroborated, though not abundantly
yet in some measure^ by internal evidence. Both C and D
(as compared with the previous Chronicles) tend to enlarge
our view on the north of the Thames towards the west^ in the
line from Abingdon to Hereford. These two are evidently
works of nearly the same date; they are one in language^
style, and general complexion.

Their general similarity gives special value to the contrasts
discoverable between them : an interesting illustration of their
substantial agreement with verbal differences is to be seen
under 1040. Some of the independent entries of C counten-
ance its Abingdon origin. For instance, D is silent where C
relates in 1044, the promotion of Si ward Abbot of Abingdon
to be Archbishop of Canterbury, and the election of church-
warden ESelstan to fill the vacant Abbacy : — 1047, the death
of Abbot E'Selstan: — 1048 Siward^s return from Canterbury
to Abingdon. When we find such entries as these, not appear-
ing in the intimately related D, occurring in C just before and
after the date (1046) at which the first handwriting stops, we
can hardly hesitate to conclude that the book was written at
Abingdon in the midst of these events. To the same effect is
the evidence of the language, which is of the most ripe and
polished kind, marking the culmination of Saxon Literature.

Towards the close of the first hand, we find a series of terse
and spirited annals, offering some of the finest extant samples
of the highly developed Saxon of the eleventh century. The
annal of 1040 may be cited as a fine piece of history in small.
It is full of fact and full of feeling — brief and clear — and leaves
no doubt as to the sentiments and judgments of the writer.
No one could have written that annal who had not a vivid
remembrance of the occurrences. The like may be said of
others on p. 166 sqq.

There are some vigorous annals in the Continuation between
1046 and 1056, after which the narrative is suspended until
1065. The death of Edward the Confessor is then narrated
with extraordmary solemnity, and the accession of Harold is
noticed in terms which imply that the catastrophe of his reign
was already known. Yet his story is pursued only so far as
success attended him. Halfway through the drama of 1066

xxxviii INTRODUCTION

our anonymous author conducts us^ to the point where he
leaves Harold victorious at Stamford Bridge. This Abingdon
historian seems to have enjoyed some peculiar opportunity of
information concerning the two great northern fights of Wednes-
day, Sept. ao, 1066, and the following Sunday; — possibly some
Northumbrian was visiting Abingdon in his travels, and re-
paying their hospitality by a contribution to their historical
collection.
A Northum- Ono might go on to surmise, that at last he took the pen
graph at the ill his owu hand and added the incident which closes the book.

close of C. ,

The dialect of this paragraph is not well defined, but the
more salient and constant features appear to be northern.
That old and strong Northumbrian feature of CT where the
Anglo-Saxon spelling is HT, and which is so familiar to the
readers of Beda's Church History, who never writes Beorht
or Berht but Berct^ e. g. Bercta, Berctfrid, Berctgils, Berct-
ham, Berctred, iEdilberct, Cudberct, Erconberct, &c., as also
Drycthelm, Wictgils, Wictred, Wictuarii, and many more
such, — this feature is found twice in the strange addition to
C, without a single case of HT. There is micte for mihte,
and nactea for nahtes. The (so early) examples of CH as
gerechen, chinge, michel ; the forms seitey yurustang, and, not
least, the Norsk word brunie, seem all to indicate a northern
penman.

There are a few marginal annotations in C, in a hand-
writing of the sixteenth century, chiefly in the way of identi-
fying localities. They are the work of a hand whom it would
be interesting to discover. The first of the series occurs at
457, and the note on that annal will indicate where the
others are to be found.

In 976 there is an isolated little annal, of a great famine,
unnoticed in any other Saxon Chronicle : but not overlooked
by Florence. Another annal peculiar to C is that dated 1039
(p. 166 of this Edition), where the Welsh part of the entry
seems to answer to what we read in Annates Cambrice under
jthe same date.

The relations between C and D are sometimes so intimate,
as almost to suggest that the one may have been actually on
the table at which the other was written. Such a solecism as
that in 992, where three verbs stand in unbroken series, would

INTRODUCTION xxxix

not survive many transcriptiona. Both C and D have ** sceol-
don cunnian meahton hV'=: should try wliether they could &c.
—but E (who gives the passage almost word for word with C
and D) varies at this place and writes " gif hi muhton/'

There is no apparent reason for assigning to C a priority
over D — except the undecisive circumstance^ that it closes
thirteen years earlier. The body of C and D is identical,
being the Chronicle which is represented in the Latin Annals
of Florence of Worcester. At the same time, together with
this central agreement, there is a divergence in the accretions
of each. C embodies extracts from K and B, which do not
appear in D. On the other hand the latter amplified his
history by the incorporation of northern affairs, and became
the parent of a strain of Chronicfes of which E represents the
fullest development.

While therefore it is doubtful whether the serial position of CJondusion
C between B and D is chronologically true, it is convenient as origin ore.
an expression of the relation which C bears to B on the one
hand and to D on the other. I suppose then that in or about
the year 1045, the community at Abingdon borrowed books
from Canterbury (B) and from Worcester (D) and composed
from them the present Chronicle : making use of the briefer
Canterbury records for the earlier period. That this part
was copied from a Canterbury book like B^ is suggested by an
omission of an essential clause in 877 init. which C imitates,
but which is not followed by D. Another argument for the
close relations between B and C is found in 902^ where a
premature entry of the death of Ealhswi-S^ which must have
originated in a blunder, appears in B and C only.

D

A Saxon Chronicle from the Incarnation to a.d. 1079.
This is one of the Cotton Manuscripts in the British Museum : The Wor-

. . T • 1 •! 1 1 iir 1 1 cesterChro-

Cot. Tiber. B. iv. It is described by Wanley, p. aao; by nicie.
Hardy, p. 657. It is written in the same hand to a. d. 1016,
after which it exhibits varieties of penmanship, which are but
faintly distinguishable.

This manuscript was called by Josselin Chronicon Wigornice :

xl INTRODUCTION

and there is internal eyidence to confirm this designation.
Many of its marks of locality are common to it with C — and
accordingly much that might belong here has been anticipated.

It remains to fix our attention on that which signalizes this
Chronicle and distinguishes it from the others which have
been described^ but more especially from C. Here, for the
first time, we find a descriptive Preface taking the place of
the old genealogical one. But the chief distinction of this
Chronicle arises from the introduction of additional materials,
enlarging the field of history by digesting the Mercian and
Northumbrian Annals in their relative chronological position.
This amounts, as Mr. Hardy has already hinted, to the incor-
poration of a distinct Chronicle, or more than one, unless we
suppose it to have been of a composite nature.

This element may be discerned forming a part or the whole
of the annals 737, 744, 75a*, 759, 760, 761, 762, 765*,
766* 768* 774, 776* 777, 778* 779, 780* 78a* 785 (the
legatine embassy from Rome is likewise found first in D),
788* 789* 790, 791* 792, 793* 794, 795* 79<5i 797. 798*.
800, 80a (both these are eclipses of the moon, which appear
to rest upon the northern authority), 803, 806*, at which point
this source seems to stop. Here there is a large influx of
material, which appears for the first time in D. The annals
marked with an asterisk are entirely composed of new (north-
ern) material. All this mass of particulars now flows into the
series of our Chronicles for the first time, and through Florence
it became the heritage of all the historians. Mr. Stubbs has
supposed {ArchcRological Journal^ N®. 75, p. 236 note) that
this collection may owe its origin to the distinguished bishop
of Worcester, Wereforth, who sate from 873 to 915. He was
one of the chief literary friends and allies of Ring Alfred, and
Asser ascribes to him the Saxon Translation of Gregory's
Dialogues. The part of the Chronicles which would be spe-
cially attributable to hun, are the Mercian and Northumbrian
materials of the eighth centiu-y, which we can trace back to
Worcester and no further, and of which Wereferth may very
well have been the collector and curator. It b quite in accord-
ance with the position of Worcester as a bishopstdl of Mercia,
that the preservation of these pieces of history should be due
to that monastery.

INTRODUCTION xli

That D obtained the early or Winchester annals, direct
from Winchester, and not through Canterbury or Abingdon^
appears by a place in 877 where B and C both omit a clause
which is necessary to the sense, and where D has the passage
complete.

In the year 915, while keeping otherwise to his copy, he
inserts four words [wses Wasrincwic getimbrod and] which tell
the foundation of Warwick.

In the tenth century it has the annals 925, 926, 947^ 948^
peculiar to itself. And in 959 it is D that first exhibits the
Rime of the Reign of Edgar. At this part D begins to break
away from its old companionship with 2!C B C and to strike into
a new line, in which it is followed by £ F. Thus we have the
trio D E F on such salient passages as 959, 973 and 979. At
983 C joins this group, and C D E go on together till about
1030, F sometimes falling in and sometimes falling out. In
this combination we must look upon D as the leader.

It is worthy of observation, that certain entries (956, 1023)
in which the archbishop of York is styled simply ''Arch-
bishop,^^ are traceable to D, and may have resulted from the
intimacy which existed in the tenth century between the Sees
of York and Worcester. There is an interesting mark of con-
temporaneity in 1012. It is there said that mighty works were
done at the tomb of S. Alphege in London, and eleven years
later (1123) we have the narrative of his translation to Canter-
bury. This is told with an interest and warmth peculiar to
D, and I attribute the entry of 1012 to D rather than to C,
who shares it. No Chronicle except D has an entry to the
year 1026.

But the part in which D assumes a strong and distinct
character of its own is after 1043, and the annal 1052(1)
which relates the outlawry of Godwine is the most brilliant
passage of this Chronicle. In this part it has several local par-
ticulars of Western Mercia, (1049, an earthquake was felt at
Worcester, Wic(?), and Derby,) and of the Welsh wars, which
are peculiar to itself. More especially to be noticed in this
respect are the annals 1057-1063. In one of these (1059) is
the consecration of a tower at Peterborough which is omitted
by £, doubtiess because that tower had been destroyed in
the fire of 11 16. More unaccountable is the omission in E of

g

xlii INTRODUCTION

a fact in D, 1060, viz. that Archbishop Kinsde was buried
at Peterborough. Was the site of his grave lost in tlie fire?
When we come to the year 1066^ we find D taking a distinct
line from C^ in that while the latter is entirely engaged with
the events in the norths D is briefer about the two great fights
there, and goes on to tell the Battle of Hastings, in which this
Chronicle is singular, no one of the others giving any account
of this decisive battle. The narrative is remarkable for its
Saxon spirit, deploring the catastrophe as a judgment from
heaven for national sin. In the thirteen years during which
this Chronicle is continued below the Conquest, the matter is
entirely new, that is, absent from previous Chronicles, and it
has been only partially transferred to the pages of E.

Like C, this book ends with a memorandum by a strange
hand in a strange dialect — only here the historical position
of the event recorded is a« problematical as the person of the
recording historian. In this Edition it is printed in a distinct
type, p. 216.
Aiiinteini] The gap of time between the close of this Chronicle and
irchronf-^ the commencement of that which comes next is over forty
^'*** years, taken at its minimum. The latest entry of D is 1079,

and the compilation of E took place, as will be shewn, in 1122.
But the difference in character is far greater than this space
of time would account for. The local difference must be taken
into account, D being a western and E an eastern book. The
compilers of E have written almost, if not entirely, in the cur-
rent phraseology of their day, and their diction is quite that
of the twelfth century ; whereas in D, though the most im-
portant part of it was written in the eleventh century, we find
little to distinguish it from the language of the tenth century,
and we feel that we have to do with the preserved and culti-
vated diction of a cloister. But at the same time the matter
of the history is not so much infected with the spirit of the
cloister in the earlier group as in the latter.
Tiieeariier The Chrouicles which have hitherto been described are
"'so remarkably free from local colouring, that they barely
afford sufficient internal evidence as to their native locality.
It is more by external than by internal evidence that they
are assigned to this or that monastery. At a later date, viz.
in the thirteenth century, the Latin Annals acquired a strongly

not

INTRODUCTION xliii

monastic character, and this has led to a confused way of
treating all the early Chronicles, as if there were no difference
between thenr. When it is said, that the monkish annals
ignore matters of public concern, and that their attention is
confined to the interests of the house or of the order — such
criticism has no place in regard to X, B, C, D. If we except a
late entry in 2!C (1031), we shall hardly find a sentence in which
local partiality has led the record off from the high road of
national history. (Thus it has been obserTcd by Mr. Hardy
that E has more notices of Abingdon than D has.) But in
the Chronicles of the twelfth century the narrowing influence
of the cloister begins to be felt, though they do not become
monastic in the full sense in which that term is emphatically
^plied to the Annals of the thirteenth century«

E

A Saxon Chronicle from the Inca/mation to a.d. i 154.

This is one of the Laud manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, The Peter-
Bodl. Laud 636 (formerly, E. 80). It is described by Wanley, chro^ie,
p. 64; by Hardy, p. 657. In many respects this is the most
important of the whole series of Chronicles. It gives 75 years*
history beyond any of the others ; and the variety of styles
renders it one of the chief luminaries of the English language
before the Conquest. It is in one hand to the end of 11 21.
It is a book of the Abbey of Peterborough, and affords copious
proof of its own origin. Its existence is probably due to a dis-
astrous fire that occurred at Peterborough, on Friday, August
3, 1 1 16, in which the Minster was entirely consumed and all
the buildings around except the Chapter House and Dormi-
tory; most of the town was biu-nt also. Probably they lost
their books^ and it may have been in consequence of this
loss that we find a new Chronicle started in 1 lai. The work
may have been brought down to that date under superin-
tendence, and then have passed from the scribe into the hand
of the principal, who carried the record down to the close of
J 131. The work being thus divided into an Old Part and a
New Part^ each must have a separate examination.

§ I. Down to the close of 892 the Old Part embodies the £. §1.

xliv INTRODUCTION

contents of X § i to § 7 (except the Preface, in which E follows
D), besides some additional materials. These additions are,
I. The Anglican Chronicle of the eighth century, which has
been already traced in D, where it appeared for the first
time ; 2. A small Chronicle of Prankish kings in Latin, e.g.
769, 778, 800, 810, 812, besides a few Li^in entries of
English history, e.g. 890, 892; 3. Large entries (docu-
mentary or quasi-documentary) on the foundation, endow-
ment, privileges, &c., of Peterborough Abbey : e. g. 654, 656,
675, 686, 777, 85a. Some of these are not only in the
diction but also plainly are conceived in the spirit of a
much later age than their date purports; as in 675 (p. 38)
the extravagant pretence that the Abbot of Peterborough was
to be papal legate for all England.

In these inserted pieces we find a confirmation of the
date of E^s compilation. A comparison of these with the
language of the continuation after 1121 places it beyond
doubt that the work was compiled at the date where the
first hand stops. At the same time the diction of the in-
sertions cannot be said to be identical with that after 1 121 ;
for the insertions have a slovenliness all their own. I surmise
that the drawing up of these instruments was committed to
a separate person, who had perhaps special qualifications in
that respect, and that the scribe copied his whimsical or-
thography with scrupulous fidelity, as it was legal documents.
In the rest of the text, though the orthography is modified, it
is not brought to a uniformity with the insertions^ and we mostly
find the phraseology of the older books preserved in a mechani-
cal sort of a way. But now and then an alteration seems to
be forced upon the compiler, where the old phrase was too
obsolete to be endured : e. g. in 688, 7C has and sepapa Mne
heht Petrtis, B and C only change the archaic spelling of
lieht to liet^ but E transforms the expression into and he
him scop Petrum to name. The contents of these insertions
are worthy of their date. Under the year 656, an exemption
for the Abbey from episcopal superintendence is pretended
(p. 31), confirmed by pope Vitalianus (p- 33 )> and under 675^
confirmed by pope Agatho, whose bull is recited. This, of
course, is pure fiction, and a transplantation of the monkish
ambition of the twelfth centiu-y back into the seventh.

INTRODUCTION xlv

§ 2. Between 892 and 99 c is a very meagre centarr. i:e.§s.
Sometimes a few brief annals barely redeem the blank, where
the older books are richest. Together with some scraps from
the fuller sources is found also some additional matter^ es-
pecially touching northern affairs ; e. g. 921, 927, 928 (Latin),
933» 94«» 949» 95^» 9^3- ^ f®^ larger pieces, e.g. The
Rimes of Edgar 959 and 975, and the Elegy on king Edward
979, complete this meagre century. Into the midst of these
is inserted in the diction of 1121^ the restoration of Peter-
borough Abbey under Bp. Athelwold, 963. The fine history
of Edward the Elder, and his Tictorious career, is utterly
ignored.

§ 3. With 991 (the year marked by the famous name of b.ss.
Brihtno-8) begins a series of comparatively unbroken con-
tinuity, if we overlook the gap at 1026, 1027, ^^^ that at 1035,
where are faults running through all the Chronicles. But
here we observe traces of a literary motive which has not
appeared in the earljer Chronicles. The compiler is not so
much collecting a history as practising the art of book-making.
Having a good store of records before him, he culls from
this source and from that source such items as are interesting
to himself, or where he has no preference he seems to take
for each year quantum snfficiet. He had such a Chronicle
as C, and such a Chronicle as D^ for sometimes he is in verbal
agreement with the one and sometimes with the other. He
agrees with C in 1042, 1043^ copying in the latter year a
fact of merely local interest at Abingdon. And C. appears
to receive his first attention, the harmony between D and E
being often through the medium of C. But that D was also
present appears from such a case as 1020, where E has
copied from D matter not found in C. In addition to C
and D, however, our compiler had here the help of a chronicle
which is otherwise unknown to us. From such a chronicle
must that clause in 1041 have been copied, where king Ed-
ward is prayed for in terms which could only proceed from
a contemporary. Healde \a hwile ^e him Ood unne : May
he hold it as long as God permits — ^a formula like Ood
save the King. Other independent annals about the same
date, e.g. 1031, 1032, 1043, argue the presence of such a
source. The author of this unknown Chronicle must be con^

xlvi INTRODUCTION

sidered as the speaker in the spirited record of 1048^ where
he feels warmly on the subject of the Dover quarrel^ and
is on the side of Godwine. While on the one hand E brings
in new matter from sources unknown to us^ and thus swells
the total of the historical collection, yet on the other hand
he appears as an abbreyiator or excerptor of history wherever
we can compare his originals. In fact we have here the
earliest example of a Flares Historiarum. We see large and
interesting matters rejected^ which we are confident met the
compiler's eye — e.g. the deposition of Stigand, 1042. The
passages relating to Burh (Peterborough) are original and
earnest, e.g. 1066, 1069; and especially the account of the
ravaging of the Abbey by Hereward and his gang in 1070.
This Section closes perhaps with 1075.
ES4. § 4* "^his is a Section of peculiar interest. Passing over

some annals which are mere collectanea and filling up, we
enter with 1083 upon the work of a vigorous and sympathetic
annalist, somewhat despondent and lugubrious, and prone
to the gloomy view ; but one whose diction has a certain
gush, and whose whole work has the unity of a genuine and
original outpouring. I cannot confidently trace his hand
beyond the close of 1090. His language is pathetic, some-
times even passionate. The writer was certainly an old man«
Frequent are such words as reowlicy 1086; and on p. 220
it occurs four times. It appears already in 1083. '^^^ inter-
jection Eala too, 1086; and twice on p. 220. This Section
corresponds partially with that portion of the Chronicles
which has been assigned^ to Wulfstan, the famous Bishop
of Worcester. I so far agree with that view as to feel con-
fident that the Section is dated from Worcester, but I do
not believe Wulfstan to have been the author. The way in
which Wulfstan is mentioned in 1087 (p. 224 1) seems pre-
sumptive against his authorship, while it indicates some one
who was conversant with him. It says : The revered bUhop
Wulfstan seeing these things was greatly disturbed in his
mind : for he it was who had the charge of holding the
castle.

* Dean Hook {ArcKaclogieal Journal, March 1863) accepts this authorship
on the representation of the work entitled A Regtdar Dissection qf the Saxon
Chronicle, 1830.

INTRODUCTION xlvii

The writer uses the first person (plural) several times
(p. 223 1; 1089, 1090), and in one oft-quoted place dwells
on his qualification to describe the person of the Conqueror,
so as we apprehended him, who looked on him and formerly
resided at his court (p. 221 h).

In accordance With the experience claimed by this author is
the extension of the horizon of observation which may here
be noted ; e. g. 1086^ he notices Spanish affairs.

In this Section we first fall in with the modern Definite
Article the: e.g. to J>e cynerice, 1076; J>e Arceb', 1085; )?e
o-Ser man — J>o b"'stol on Lundene, 1086. This feature de-
manded a passing remark ; but the progress of the language
as exhibited in these Chronicles is far too large a matter
to be entered upon here.

Neither can we here find room to attempt so intricate and
vext a subject as the Chronology of the Chronicles ; but we
may just note in passing that this Section seems to contain
some indications of the year beginning with Lady Day.
At this period the year mostly begins at Christmas, and
C 1053 has been pointed out [in M. H. B. p. 118, note (3)]
as a late example of beginning on March 25. But here we
have in 1083 a notice of something that happened '^the same
year after midwinter ;"'* and in 1085 the annal begins with the
Kaster Court. Of this Section let it suffice to add that it
must ever reckon among the loci classici of history, and that
it must be read in the original to be appreciated.

§5. The Section 1091-1121 (at the close of which the e.ss.
first hand comes to an end) may be distinguished from the
last by its frequent use of the prepositional phrase Onmang;
e.g. onmang )^am ; onmang )>isum, p. 227 ; onmang J^ison,
p. 232. Though differing from the former Section in its
tokens of authorship, it appears to be indebted to the same
source^ at least in the first half of the Section, and to re-
present Worcester at second-hand. Through all the modifica-
tions which it receives in passing through the hand of the
Peterborough compiler, it still preserves much of the splendid
Wigornian eloquence which is known to us at first-hand in
Chronicle D. The compiler of E had before him a Wor-
cester chronicle which had been carried down to 1107, ^^^
this was his chief resource while it lasted, though he had

xlviii INTRODUCTION

others by the side of it. By comparing Florence in this part
we find verbal resemblances, and where these fail^ we still
find identity of sequence in the paragraphs. By such tokens
it plainly appears^ that while Florence and E have each in-
dependent materials, yet that there is still a common element
Sometimes an original paragraph was in^rted, written at
Peterborough, and then we have an opportunity of seeing
the contrast between EngUsh of Worcester modified at Peter-
borough, and the genuine English of Peterborough. The
readiest illustrations of this are in 1107 and 1114^ where
the paragraphs about Ernulf declare their own origin, and
exhibit a strong contrast of language. The closing paragraphs
in 1098 and iio:% are also examples. In the former of these
two the writer feels for the tilth on marsh lands as became a
resident in the fens. The same may be said of the notice in
1099 ^^ damage caused by a high flood-tide. The bulletin^
of seasons, crops, &c., is quite a new feature in this Section,
coming in as they do with a formal regularity at or towards
the close of most of the annals. Perhaps a succesaon of bad
seasons had compelled attention to the subject. These are
altogether domestic Peterborough work, on which Worcester
has ho claim— they are not in Florence. In 1 102 we detect
an omission by E, where Florence gives a list of the
Abbots who were deposed, and among them Godric, Abbot
of Burh. These paragraphs are of nearly the same style as
the large insertions above noticed concerning the Abbey of
Peterborough. If not so identical as to indicate the same
hand, they have enough general hkeness to be of the ssane
time and place. The annal 11 14 helps to confirm the prima
facie date of the compilation of E down to 11 21. It enda
with an ejaculation for the welfare of Ernulf as living : —
and he died in 1 124. In 1 106 there is a complication of dates.
The account of a strange star appears to have been put on
record at the time of its appearance, and then in 1122 when
that memorandum was inserted in the Chronicle, a further
comment was added : Divers persons said that they in these
times saw more strange stars^ but we wrote it not more par^
ticularly (openlicor), because we did not see it ourselves.

It is a strong feature of this Section, that as a rule each
annal begins with a notice of the King's Christmas Court,

INTRODUCTION xlix

those of Easter and Whitsuntide being sometimes added.
It is worthy of notice that there are three expressions for
Christmas^ and that the preposition which goes with them
is always ''to."" Thus: to mide wintra^-to Cristesms&ssan —
to Natiuite^. There is no doubt here at what season the
year begins. At the same time however that the year
begins at Christmas, we find (1096) January i, after the old
Roman Calendar, spoken of as gearea dceg^ i. e. Year's Day,
Jour de VAn. None of these Curial Fasti are in Florence.

§ 6. Comprising 1122-1131. This is probably the con- e.§6.
tinuation of the Peterborough interpolator or of his coU
laborateur. At any rate, this appears to be ten years of
genuine Peterborough chronicling. Here therefore we con-
sider that £ is for the first time standing on its own ground.
The date 11 22 seems to have been recognised at Peterborough
as the beginning of a new local era. The Chranicon Petro-
burgense (printed by the Camden Society, Ed. Stapleton)
begins at 1122; though the main business of that book^ viz.
the administration of Abbot Robert de London, dates from

1274.

With this Section that provincial diction and orthogra-
phy which has appeared hitherto only at intervals, becomes s
prevalent. The king^s name is generally spelt Heanri ;
and many other words shew ea contrary to the usual or-
thography. Examples : weaa, wearen, forbeamde, hwear,
iear, secigan, Glecutingbyrig, geainene, heafde, beteahte^
heqfdon, iioi. Such forms are rarely found in the earlier
parts : e. g. streang^, heafde. Other novelties in spelling
are Norhtunc, Narhthamtune, burch 1 122, Burch 1 124. That
this would have been considered negligent English by many
even at that time we may see by the hand of a corrector
that has been at work in one or two places. Thus on p. 252
he has corrected hefininge to the literary form hefinunge^
and he has supplied a was, indicating that wetia or even
VHE8 was not according to approved orthography. There
are in this Section three allusions to portions of the Liturgy
(ii22j 1127, 1^3^)' of which the opening words are cited.
Notices of the physical condition of the people grow more
explicit, and towards the close of the Section ejaculations
thicken. There is every appearance that the writing of these

h

1 INTRODUCTION

annals followed close upon the events. For example, the
closing words of 1127 indicate that the ejection of Abbot
Henri, which took place in 1132, was at the date of writing
yet future.
B.57. § 7. The last Continuation, 1132-1154, is also undoubtedly

a domestic composition of Peterborough. Written twenty-five
years later, it measures the decadence of the language at the
self-same spot, and shews what it had become after transmission
to a succeeding generation, the latest that ever wrote history
in Englisc.

In this Section, among other modernisms^ we may note that
th is common, as a substitute for the old iS or the older ]?.
Some letters have changed their forms, especially r, which
is no longer written p, but with a nearer approach to our
modem r, and becoming withal so like y, the character used
in Saxon writing for s, that it misled Gibson to edit rachenteges
as sachenteges^ of which word he notes, Qt^e ^7 hujua vocabuli
significatio videant alii.

The manuscript of this Chronicle (E) has been described by
Mr. Hardy as ending in a mutilated state ; and Wanley seems
to convey the same idea by saying abrupti desinit Codex,
Certidnly the manuscript gives this impression at first sight;
indeed it requires a minute and patient examination to dis-
cover the fact that there is no mutilation. The last page
appears to have been long exposed to accidents without a
cover, and it has been so rubbed that its contents are but
partially and faintly legible. Dr. Ingram went far astray in
reading it, and his interpretation of the closing annal was
one of the most fanciful things that the study of these Chroni-
cles has ever engendered. But it will be seen by the text
here presented that it has been nearly all made out, and that
the last clause was a pious commendation of the new Abbot,
and that it terminates formally with a triangular punctuation.
The italics are not conjectures, but copied from the MS. with
much difficulty, and consequently same uncertainty. But I
believe I have not printed (without brackets) a single letter
which I have not seen. When in doubt, I tested my reading
by referring to my ever-ready friend, the Rev. Henry Octavius
Coxe, now Bodleian Librarian. Those only are conjectures
which are enclosed in brackets.

INTRODUCTION li

This Chronicle appropriately ends with a local record, as
with a keynote. The pervading spirit of the work is local,
as that of the former four is national. The old chronicles are
made use of chiefly as a setting for the Annals of Peterborough,
and it is sensibly felt throughout that the reader is rapidly
approaching the time when their cloister was to be all the
world to the English monks. Political news is entered merely
as matter of curiosity, and as a contribution to domestic en-
tertainment. The generous forward and onward movement
which enlivens the first group is here replaced by a backward
and retrospective lingering, animated by no stronger passion
than the desire to save a few scraps out of the general wreck.
Both £ and F are scrap-books of History, and they belong
to that class of compositions which attained its full develop-
ment in the Latin Flares Histariarum.

Our present manuscript was probably one of the very last
vernacular histories written in England, and almost certainly
the last ever compiled in Peterborough Abbey. From this
time they adopted the Latin, and produced many chronicles
in that language. The collection in Sparke^s folio HistaricB
Angl%can€B Scriptares are mostly works of Peterborough ex-
traction, and give Peterborough a prominent place. Hugo
Candidus appears to have made use of this Chronicle (E), from
which he took the past history and rights of the Abbey,
amplifying it rather in treatment than in substance. In his
first sentence he declares that he wrote nothing de mo pro-
prio, but that he had found it all in old Histories.

The Laud MS. has a considerable number of blunders in
it which all Editors have uniformly corrected. But over and
above these there are a certain number of cases in which it
may be doubtful whether we have an error or a provincial
peculiarity. My rule has been in doubtful cases to keep to
the reading of the MS. A very common instance is d for i$,
and reversely. I believe I have retained the reading of the
MS. in such cases more frequently than any other editor;
and if I had the text to print again, with eight years more
experience, I should probably change still less.

The two Chronicles which remain to be noticed need not
occupy us long. They are both of Canterbury, and both of
minor value, but in other respects very dissimilar.

ha

Hi INTRODUCTION

A Saxon and Latin Chronicle from the Incarnation to A.D. 1058.

A biiinnua This is one of the Cotton manuscripts in the British Museum;

OanterbuiT. Cott. Domitian A. yiii. It is described by Wanlej, p. aoo ;
by Hardy, p. 660. This is the " Cod. Cotton " of Gibson. It
is in one hand throughout, and that a feeble shambling one^
not unlike the late interpolator (a) in 7f . A good place for
identifying these two litterateurs is 943, where the text of
F fits in exactly to supply a mutilation in a. It must be
ascribed to the twelfth century; its abrupt ending at ioj8
affords no token of date. It marks by its bilingual arrange-
ment the transition period from the use of the vernacular
to the use of the Latin in English history. There is no
external tradition informing us to what home it belonged,
but the internal evidence assigns it to Christ Church, Canter-
bury.

The matter which is peculiar to it belongs to Kentish eccle-
siastical history, and the first piece is a narrative of the Council
of Baccancelde at which Wihtred king of Kent presided, in
694. In 784 his Latin gives a curious double interpretation
of the HER with which the Saxon Annals begin: 784 Hie
tunc temporis fuit in Cantia rex Eaihmundus. In 1006, it
shews a very characterizing lection, prutne here and uneargne,
where C D E have rancne here and uncarhne. This is probably
the oldest example of the French Prvd used in our modern
sense of Proud : and it seems to imply an advanced decade of
the twelfth century. Some of the entries are only in Latin.
One of these is Cnut's grant of the port-dues of Sandwich to
Christ Church, of which K^s account (1031) is mutilated. This
whole Chronicle bears a literary affinity to §11 of S, which
we have traced to the Cathedral Minster at Canterbury, and
we have yet to notice another book which issued (but earlier
than F) from the same Scriptorium.

INTRODUCTION liii

G

A Saxon Chronicle from Julius Caaar to a.d. iooi.

This is one of the Cotton manuscripts in the Britbh Museum^ a oanter-
marked Otho, B. xi. It is noticed in Wanley, p. 219; andortheWin-
described by Mr. Hardy^ p. 654. This volume was supposed ohronide.
to have entirely perished in the fire of 1731 that destroyed
much of the Cottonian Library then at Westminster. But
three leaves, including annals from 837 to 871, have been re-
covered, and a facsimile of one of them] is given in the i/onu*
mentaHistoricaBritannica. The handwriting is of the eleventh
century and is most like that of Chronicle B. It also resem-
bles that of the manuscript of Beowulf. In matter, it is simply
a copy (without extra insertions) of § i — § 10 of Chronicle S,
and made probably before 7^ contained any subsequent addi-
tions. Happily, this manuscript had been printed by WheloCi
whose edition is now our authority for most of this text, No
other copy could have been spared with less damage, because
no other had been edited without intermixture of texts.
Among Usher's Collections in Dublin, there is a transcript by
Larabard, " apparently,'' says Mr. Hardy, " of this MS.''

Seeing the close resemblance of this manuscript to 7^, and
the fact that its antiquity is not clearly inferior to that of any
manuscript except S, I was dissatisfied with the notation G,
and I have sometimes designated it as A, a more modern form
of 7C. The sign 6 wrongs this copy in point of date in placing
it at the end of the series — while on the other hand it fails to
represent the fact that it now rests on an Edition and not on
manuscript authority. The sign A as being a shadow of ?C,
or the sign W, the initial of Wheloc, which Mr. Thorpe has
adopted, expresses this better. There is this objection to Mr.
Thorpe's notation, that we lose the means of indicating the
manuscript independently of the edition.

This edition is really a servile reproduction of ?C, with
nothing original but its spelling. It seems to have been
made from K in the eleventh century at Christ Church (Can-
terbury) at the time they received 7C from Winchester, and
before they had made any of the later or Kentish additions
to S. Had we not possessed K itself, this copy would have

I

Uv

INTRODUCTION

been highly esteemed.

The following are some oi

rits^

tions in spelling :

S

G(A)

Creoding. Creoda

Cryding. Cryda

626

|>eode

fiode 627

huerf

hwerf 633

Eadwig

Eadwic

cjning

cyninc

|M>nces

Hoju^eB

belocen haefdon

belogene wseron

755

Beorhtric

Byrhtric 784

Wiferf

WiverJ)

sige

syge 800

scire

scyre 851

ridon hie Jjider

rydon hy tJyder

hieran

hyran 897

hierdon

hyrdon

gehierdun

gebyrdun

Sigulf

Siwulf 905

hira )
hiera )

rheora
( hiora

It prefers the "S to the J?, the y to the i (also for eo) — ^but
its chief novelties are in the gutturals : e. g. Wicganbeorche
851, doctor (=dohtor) 853.

One thing that distinctly classes G (A) with the elder group
!¥BCDy and distinguishes it from the younger group EFa,
is its keeping the old genealogies.

The handwriting exhibits that peculiar y which is a pro-
minent feature in the calligraphy of 7f, and which may be
seen in the facsimiles. See Manumenta Histarica Britannica
for a specimen from the earlier annals, and Mr. Thorpe's edition
for an extract from the tenth century.
BuppoMd The known copies of Saxon Chronicles having now been
SS!?^(m described, it remains to consider what likelihood there is that
^^'**'°°**^*^ more copies' may yet be discovered, or whether there are any
traces or notices in literature which justify such an expecta-
tion. For there have been surmisings of the kind in more
quarters than one. Dr. Ingram supposed that the ^^ EUst.
Petrob.*" referred to as the authority of certain collations in D,
indicated a Chronicle which we do not now possess. But a

INTRODUCTION Iv

comparison of these readings with the text of E will demon-
strate that no other book is meant, but £ itself, which has so
just a title to be called a Peterborough History. A more
promising trace seemed to be indicated in the Manumenta
Historica Britannica (Pref. p. 77 note), where, as a hint to
future enquirers, is quoted a note of Dr. Brett's citing Dom
Ruinart's Life of Pope Urban for the fact that there was in
his time a manuscript Saxon Chronicle in the Abbey of S.
Germains des Pr&. During the French Revolution, tlie manu-
scripts of the Abbey of S. Germains that had not already been
stolen were removed into the Bibliotheque Imperiale, and my
valued friend M. le Yicomte de la Villemarque made, at my
request, the most careful search and enquiry to see if any such
a Saxon Chronicle could there be found. He identified the
passage in Dom Ruinart, which is as follows; '^Nusquam
legitur quot vel qui episcopi ei [synodo] interfuerint, nisi quod
in veteri chronico Saxonico quod M". habemus, dicatur Henri-
cus in ea Synodo h ducentis fere patribus communione ecclesi-
astica privatus fuisse." What manner of book was indicated
by this vague expression, whether vernacular or Latin, insular
or continental, was uncertain, and the doubt would still have
existed to tantalize the enquirer, had not my indefatigable
friend a second time renewed the search, and succeeded in
identifying the volume in the Manuscript Department of the
Bibliotheque Imperiale. It is marked S. G. P. [S. Germains
des Pres] N®. 440, and is entitled Chronicon Sdxonicon^ but
its second title and that which indicates its real character, is
Chronicon M<igdeburgense ab anno Dni 741 ad annum 11 39.
It is in Latin, and has been published in the Collections of Dom
Bouquet and of Pertz.

We proceed next to trace the course of Saxon history as QnAxuX
emanating from these Chronicles, anch embodied by the earHest saxon
Latin Annalists, and then to observe how it gradually fell into
neglect, until the Revival of Literature again drew attention
to the originals, and a reconstruction of our early history has
been the consequence.

The Biography of Alfred which is attributed rightly or
wrongly to Asser, has embodied the whole contents of the
Chronicle from 851 to 887, with other matter; and it is no
easy problem to solve in what relation these Latin annals

Ivi INTRODUCTION

stand to our Saxon text. In some parts the Latin is the more
ample (e. g. 853), and one might incline to think the Saxon
a vernacular abridgment of the Latin original. Reyersely in
^55> ^^^ Latin wears the aspect of a translation many re-
moves apart from the original Saxon, the sense of which is
at once amplified and corrupted. But the whole question is
surrounded with difficulties^ and it does not appear to me
to find a solution in Mr. T. Wright^s rejection of the authen-
ticity. No theory of the authorship and date of the work
has ever been proposed which on the whole meets the facts of
the case better than that set forth in the book itself^ that
it was written in 893. And I consider the fact of the coinci-
dence with 7C ending so early as 887, at a place where we
have independent reasons for declaring a natural break (see
above, S § 7) in the Saxon Chronicle^ is strongly in favour
of the truthfulness of the professed date.
The Latin But the first Comprehensive Latin work founded on the
Ktheiweard. Saxon Chronicles is that which bears the magnificent name of
FatrioiuB Consul Fabius QusBstor Ethelwerdus.
The best judges'^ seem to agree in identifying the chroni-
cler ktheiweard, with that ' Ealdorman Etbelwerd ' to whom
^Ifrio addressed certain of his works, and likewise with
^iSelward ealdorman who was sent in 994 to Anlaf at
Southampton. Possibly he is also the same with the * iEthel-
werd Dux' who signs charters 976-998.

^thelweard's Chronicle closes with the last year of Eadgar's
reign. That it is in the main a translation of vernacular
Chronicles cannot be doubted. The close resemblance which
it bears to some which we now possess, especially (as Mr.
Stevenson says) to 7^, leaves no room for speculation as to
whence iEthelweard obtained the main body of his material.
The only uncertainty ia regard to his work is^ how much
of tliat which is peculiar to his Chronicle was found in the
Saxon Chronicle which he used — in other words, how far we
may assume the existence at the close of the tenth century
of a Saxon Chronicle or Chronicles like the Latin Chro-
nicle of iBthelweard. It is quite conceivable that with his

* So Mr. Hardy and Mr. RUej ; tbe latter in the OenUlemaiCB Magazmt,
July, 1857— Hm article to which I am under obligations in thii Section.

INTRODUCTION Ivii

noble connections and high public offices he might have
had access to occasional gleanings of new information^ and
thus he may possibly have been not merely a translator —
'the most monstrously absurd of all pedantic translators — but
in some little measure an original chronicler and an enricher
of the stores of history. Provoking and irritating as this
writer^s manner is, we cannot but prize highly the possession
of his work. He is the only Liatin Chronicler that breaks
the vast blank from Asser to Florence, a space of two cen-
turies— his faults illustrate while they caricature the culture
of his time — and his mistakes afford the best light to
shew us what originals he was working from. It is specially
in this aspect that he cUdms attention here^ and therefore a
few particulars shall be giyen of the information which is
peculiar to him, and also of the passages in which he discovers
an acquaintance with our Saxon Chronicles.

Describing the Saxon people somewhat after the manner of
E 449, ^® ^^^ • Porro Anglia Vetus sita est inter Saxones
et Giotos^ habens oppidum capitale, quod sermone Saxonico
Slesuuic nuncupatur, secundum vero Danos^ Haitheby. Ideoque
Britannia nunc Anglia appellatur, assumens nomen victorum.

500. Sexto etiam anno adventus eorum (i. e. of Cerdic and
Gynric) occidentalem circumierunt Britannia partem,
quse nunc Uuest-Sexe nuncupatur.

519. The battle of Gerdicesford, where Cerdic and Cynric
conquered the Britains and from which dates the rise
of the kingdom of Wessex^ is described as being " in
fiuvio Avene " — which Mr. Riley considers decisive for
Gharford on the Avon^ Hants.

658-661. Here are two errors which might hardly be worthy
of more notice than that bestowed by the Editors of
M H B, " Hallucinatus est Ethel werdus;'' he was clearly
half asleep when he translated "»t Peonnura/' i.e.
at Pen, into Latin by the words **et Pionna," — ^thus
''Genmeath et Pionna reges, &c.,'^ thus transform-
ing Pen from a battlefield into a king. The other
case is also that of mere inattention^ where he has
rendered the two words ''gehergeade Wulfhere*' as
if Wulfhere were the object instead of the subject of ^

Iviii INTRODUCTION

the verb. But we have this interesting result, that
by finding the cause of his errors in our extant Saxon
text we obtain a demonstration of the fact that -ffithel-
weard was translating Saxon Chronicles, and those so
far identical with our own.

710. Here the translator makes the Cornish king Cerent to
be called " Uuthgirete/' because his Saxon said that
Ine and Nun fought " wi? Gerent/' i.e. against Cerent;
he blending the preposition with the name, says,
'' Nunna et Ine reges helium gesserunt contra Uuth-
girete."

787. The passage about the first arrival of the Danes is quoted
in the Notes to this date.

823. Of the slain at Ellendun: "et Hun ibi occiditur dux
provincisB SumorssBton ; requiescitque nunc in urbe
Uuintana.*"

855. After ^)>elwulf s pedigree (in which BsBldaeg is called
Balder) J he gives a peculiar legend of Scef : " Ipse
Scef cum uno dromone advectas est in insula oceani qu»
dicitur Scani, armis circundatus, eratque valde recens
puer, et ab incolis illius terrsB ignotus ; attamen ab eis
suscipitur, et ut familiarem diligenti animo eum custo-
dierunt, et post in regem eligunt; de cujus prbsapia
ordinem trahit Athulf rex.'^

867. 'Mn eodem anno migravit Eanulf dux provincise Sumer-
setun,^' .... (and presently his burial) . . . . " ducis
quippe supradicti in coenobio quod Glastingabyrig nun-
cupatur.**'

870. The burial of Edmund king of E. Anglia at Bury St.

Edmunds : " cujus corpus jacet mausoleatum in loco
qui Beadoricesuuyrthe nuncupatur."

871. He tells a strange story of JEj^elwulf aldorman, who fell

at Reading : " Corpus quippe supradicti ducis abstra-
hitur furtim, adduciturqne in Merciorum provinciam, in
locum qui Northworthige nuncupatur, juxta autera
Danaam linguam Deoraby." But wo cannot credit
extraordinary tales in a writer who is capable of such
a blunder as that which follows.

INTRODUCTION lix

876. Et in ipsius anni decursu, exercitus qui in Grantanbricge
fuerat, oonjooit statum communem oum 00-
cidentali exeroitu, quod ante non usi sunt,

juxta oppidum quod Vuerham nuDCupatur^ depopulata-
que est ab eis pars major proyincisB illius. Quinetiam
rex pactum cum eis pacis confirmat, simulque po-
OUniam dandO. Unlike as this is to the present
Saxon texts, it is plain that iEthelweard had our Saxon
text before him. The clauses peculiar to him are here
printed in thick type, and indeed they are most peculiar
^d extraordinary. He makes the army at Cambridge
to join in common quarters (statum communem) with
the ^t}e8tem army, a thing which has no existence
at all. Yet this community of encampment and that
visionary western army are both extracted out of the
genuine Saxon text. He manifestly understood '^be-
stsel ^' in the sense of ^' installing ;^ making the same
mistake (inversely) as that which has been made about
the word " staBlwyr'Se,'' (p. 94, and see note). Hence
his ''conjecit statum communem I ^ Then the western
army — " cum occidentali exercitu/ — ^is a substitution
for the opposite party, viz. ilie West-Saxon militia^
** Wessexena fierde ! " After this, we need hardly
trouble ourselves to search for the original of his next
special piece of information — that Alfred bought and
paid for the treaty! A thing so incongruous to the
whole tenor of events must come through better hands
than ^thelweard's before we need concern ourselves
about it.

But the Annalist who was the most vigorous of ail the Latin Theutin
compilers, and who more than any other embodied the Saxon Piorence of

Chronicles into his work, was Florence of Worcester.
He died in 11 18, four years before the compilation of E, and
his last annal is 11 17. But the first Continuator who carries
his Chronicle on to 1141 goes over the ground occupied by
those subsequent annals which are the special property of E.
The narrative of Florence may often be identified with the
Saxon Chronicle, more especially with D (for the early part),
whose words are sometimes rendered into strange forms of

i 2

Ix INTRODUCTION

Florence of Latin, as Iq 1052 (1051) where the micel unrad of D is
Latinized into moffnum insilium. The intimacy between
Florence and D is another proof of the Worcester nativity
of the latter. For the period after 1079, where our D ceases,
Florence must certainly have had by him a continuation of
that same Chronicle (now lost), which continuation was excerpted
from by the compiler of E. There seems no other way of ex-
plaining the result of a comparison between Florence and the
only Saxon Chronicle (E) which here remains to be compared.
Florence appears to give the whole Chronicle of which £
presents selections. Thus the death of Wulfstan, 'which is
told in Florence with the utmost pomp, is omitted in E. On
the other hand the great passage of E (1085 sqq.) which
has been called " The Annals of Wulfstan " are not found in
Florence — b, thing quite unlikely had they really been Wulf-
stan^s. After the date of 1107 the affinity with Florence
disappears. Subsequent historians followed Florence, and the
narrative of E from 1107 to 1154 remained unknown to
history until modern times.

A good illustration of the wide interval between the early
Saxon Chronicles and Florence is supplied in 901, the account
of the death of Alfred. There is in the original all the
simplicity of a contemporary bulletin^ but in Florence is seen
the magnifying effect of two centuries of posthumous fame.
It is for the sake of this contrast that the parallel passage
of Florence is given opposite to S 901 (p. 97).

There is often an amplification of language in the Latin
annalists which might seem at first sight to point to a fuller
record than these Saxon originals, when it is really no more
than a rhetorical expansion. The following parallel furnishes
only an ordinary example : —

D 827.
and Be Ecgbryht Isedde fyrde to
Dore wi^ Nor^hymbre • and hi
him ))8Br eadmedo budon and
ge]>W8ernys8e ' and hi on )>am
to bwurfon.

Florence 827.
Deinde suam movit expeditl-
onem ultra Humbrse flumen;
cui Northymbrenses, in loco qui
Dore vocatur, occurrentes pa-
cified, ei concordiam humilem-
que subjectionem obtulere ; et
sic ab invicem divisi sunt mag-
na mentis alacritate.

INTRODUCTION Ixi

- There are, however, important additions in Florence, both nprenceof
such as might be expected from his seeing Chronicles lost to
us, and also observations and reflections such as contemporary
writers were not in a position to make. Thus in 1007, where
all the Saxon Chronicles merely notice in the fewest words
the appointment of Eadric a^ ealdorman of Mercia, Florence
draws his character and giyes enough of his pedigree to ex^
hibit the degree of kin in which Earl Godwine stood to him.

Where, howeyer^ the Saxon is unintelligible, and we expect
light from early Latin translators, there it is rare to get
it. They seem to have felt the same difficulties as we do.
Thus in the next annal to that last noticed^ viz. in 1008, where
there is much obscurity^ we find in Florence nothing but a bald
verbal translation^ and we only learn from it that he had the
same Saxon before him as we have, and could make no more
of it than we can.

Simeon of Durham need only be noticed here with
reference to the first of the two Chronicles that go by his
name. Into this composition the Saxon Chronicles do not
largely enter — but he produces between 735 and 802 materials
from some Northern chronicles or registers that we have
no other trace of.

Henry of Huntingdon was wanting in some of the chief JJjJ^^q,
qualities which make a historian^ but he was richly endowed g^^ ^
with those of secondary rank. He was a bad chrojiographer, ^^^
and not jealous of inaccuracy ; but he delighted in graphic
narration and he had a poetical love for antiquity. He was
an amateur and an antiquarian. To him we owe the earliest
mention of Stonehenge. He had a great fondness for the
old Saxon Chronicles^ which in his day were already some-
thing curious and out of date, although his Annals close at the
same date as £^ viz. 1 154. He does not decline to notice the
old genealogies^ leading up to Woden or higher, and which
the enlightened of his day affected to despise. Nay, it is in
that twilight of history, where the Saxon Chronicle is of most
dubious authenticity^ that he has poured out the wealth of his
historical rhetoric^ imitated from Orosius and perhaps some
historians of the classic age. Thus in 508 he has expanded
two lines into a circumstantial battle-field occupying a consider-
able paragraph. In 514 we have another example of fictitious

Ixii INTRODUCTION

Hen^of ornament^ only here he draws not upon his classic studies^ but

dcm. upon his memories of old native poetry, which are far more

entertaining. On the whole it may be said that not one of

the early Chroniclers shews so much of the Englishman, and

none grounded his work so entirely on Saxon Chronicles.

He is the only one who has. attempted a Latin version of
the old Saxon ballads. His translation has been quoted on
page 113 opposite to the old Song of the Battle of Brunanburh^
and it may readily be seen how the old poetic Englisc puzzled
him. He was forty or fifty years junior to Florence, and in
the twelfth century this interval made a great difference in
the transition of the language. Florence rendered the short
annal of 671 H(kt w<jd% \^t micle fuglaw€Bl thus, Avium
strages fczcta est permaxima, but Henry of Huntingdon by
Maxima pugna volucrum in Anglia : and he goes on to con-
firm the credibility of such an event by averring that a battle
of the birds had happened at Rouen in his own day, that
thousands were slain, and that the foreign birds took to flight.
It cannot be said that the word wad excludes this interpreta-
tion ; it is in fact just as dubious as Florence's Latin strages,
who seems to have exercised a sort of economy in adopting
this exact verbal rendering. Roger of Wendover took the
Battle of the Birds for his Flares Historiarum, using the
phraseology of Henry of Huntingdon, except that the milUa
ocdsa became multa millia occisa.

Henry of Huntingdon has the appearance of special know-
ledge in two or three places concerning the kingdom of Kent
at the crisis of its fate, when it was about to be merged in the
growing power of Mercia. Lappenberg gives him credit for
it (Geschichte, vol. i. p. 233), but on examination it comes to
nothing in every case but one. That one is considered in my
note A. D. 785.

On the year 1006 I cannot forbear to notice a rendering
which has both surprised and gratified me. I have ventured,
in a note on this annal, to paraphrase what appeared to me
to be the feeling conveyed in the words to heora garwan
feorme, and which I imagined no one had pointed out. Florence
neglects it, and I had overlooked Henry of Huntingdon who
has given it admirably: Quocumque auUm pergebant, quce
parata erant kilariter comedentes, cum discederent in retribv^

INTRODUCTION Ixiii

tionem procurcUinnis reddebant hospiti ccedem hoapitio flam- gjljjg^'.
mam. don.

In the year 1008 we have a specimen of his antiquarianism^
in the definition, which he has added, of a ^ Hide' : Hida
autem Anglici vacatur terra unius aratri cultures sufficieiis
per annum.

Again in loii, the Sack of Canterbury, we see that he had
before him the old Elegy Wees ^a rcepling &c. (C D E), which
we cannot trace in the lamentations of Florence.

These are the Latin Annalists of the first rank after the Neglect of

Saxon lAi/d'

Saxon Chronicles, and these became the new medium of the nture.
old Saxon history. We perceive in reading their pages, and
in Henry more than any other, that Saxon Literature is
already a thing of the past. If we had not been able to look
as it were through their eyes at the Saxon Chronicles, we
could not have discovered how antiquated they had become in
the twelfth century. Already in 11 54, where Henry and E
alike end, the country had gone far in that transition which
made Saxon a dead language. The continuation of E down
to a date which enables it to close abreast of Henry, is a pecu*
liarity and must be regarded as a mark of special attachment
to the old neglected vernacular. In those days of local isola-
tion there were many places in which a fashion or a sentiment
might hold out as in a stronghold against a prevalent disposi-
tion for change. Nor is it perhaps altogether foreign to
remark, that this specimen of a Saxon Chronicle which over-
lived its day, comes to us from that part of England which has
the credit of having stood out longest for Saxon independence.

William of Malmesbury comes after Henry of Huntingdon, wmmmof
not as a matter of dates, but as belonging to a new class of bmy.
writers. He aimed at being a historian of a higher order, at
grouping his history, and making it more instructive and
entertaining. To a certain extent he succeeded : but he too
ntterly slighted the office of the chronographer. The further
history departs in form from the Chronicle, the more necessary
is it that the historian should be strong in his chronographie
elements. Malmesbury was not so — he sometimes inverts the
order of events. His main idea was entertainment, and for
that purpose he embodied materials not only from Chronicles
and other sources properly historical, but also took the attrac-

Ixiv INTRODUCTION

tive stories out of the hagiographies. He does not, like
Wendover, adopt a title which avowedly sets forth this inten-
tion ; but history was now moving altogether in the direction
of Flores Histariarum or Elegant Extracts out of History-
books.

As Malmesbury used a variety of sources for English History,
and as he moreover worked in a good deal of contemporary
foreign history occasionally, and all this without making his
work much more bulky than that of Florence— it follows mani-
festly that he had less room to spare for the Saxon Chronicles,
of which large portions were now dropped out of history, not
again to be taken up, until modern times. For Malmesbury's
work carried with it a prestige of finality, — and it was long
before any one reopened the sources from whence he had
drawn. Thus it came to pass, that with the growing mass
of ever-accumulating materials of history, the later having
always preference over the earlier, the Saxon period shrunk
up into the smallest compass and no one ever attempted to
reconstruct it. The work of Matthew of Westminster two
centuries later, was the next history that obtained a wide dr-
culation — ^but it was, as its title bears, a Flares Histariarum.
When English history had been for three centuries and more
in the hands of these Latin historians, and when the mother
tongue begins again to appear in history, Saxon history
had almost vanished. What place it held in the view of the
historians of the fifteenth century we may judge from Cap-
grave's Chronicle of England. The Provincial of the Austin
Friars composed this work in his old age for his own particular
use, as a mnemonic of history. Here is his own account of it :
Now is age com, and I want ny al that fchuld longe
to aftudier; yet it pleafed me, as for a folace, to gader a
fchart remembrauns of elde ftories, thai, whanne I lake upon
hem^ and have a fchort touch of the writing, I can fone
dilate ths drcumjlaunfes. It is instructive to note how
little Saxon history was appreciated by this diligent student
and voluminous writer, one of the most learned men of his
time. His Chronicle is busied about Popes and Emperors and
Sarasines, &c., insomuch that his Saxon ancestors never get
mentioned tiU 701. Then he produces " the Heptarchy'' com-
plete: And undir this Pope too Kyngis of Tnglond went to

INTRODUCTION kv

Homey and were mad there monkis ; and this was aftir the
Brutes blood was ottte of the land, for than was the lond
divided in to vii kyngdammes.

And ye fchal undirftand that this divi/ton began in the
Jir/i coming of Saxones, whech was in the ^ere of oure Lord
455- ^«^ A^^ ^^ wn7Z eocprefse the vii regiones^ who [how]
thei were departed in this lond.

The fai/i kifngdam was in Kent, where the firft Kyng was
Hengi/l, 8fc.

After an interval which fills ten octavo pages we have
another notice of Saxon history, under 855, as follows : —

In this tyme the Danes aryved into Tnglond, with too
eurfed captaynes^ Hingwar and Hubba. Thei diftroyed
the cuntre, and killid the glorious Kyng Edmund, firft with
fchot ofarowiSy and thenfmete of his heed.

The history of King Alfred is disposed of in the following
lines : —

In this tyme regned Alured in TngUmd, the fourt son of
Adelwold. He began to regn in the ^ere of our Lord
DCCCLXXII. This man, be the counceUe of Seint Ned,
mad an open Boole of divers fciens at Oxerford. He had
many batailes with Danes; and aftir many conflictes in
which he had the wers, at the laft he overcam hem ; and be
his trety Godrus here Kyng was baptized^ and went hom
with his puple. XXVIII ^ere he regned, and deied the
servaunt of Ood.

These illustrations will serve to shew to what a state of
inanition Saxon history was reduced in the fifteenth century.
Few only of the historical names are known, and these are
handled with a strangeness suitable only to phantoms like
Cophetua, Moelmud, and Pharamund. There is a semi-
mythical air over the feeble narrative^ which might have
developed into a downright myth, but for lack of interest.

The 'Heptarchy' itself is a real myth, a thing which no
writer could have propagated, but under the favouring shadow
of general ignorance. In short, Saxon history was lost and
forgotten. It has been admirably observed by Lappenberg,
that the splendour of the Norman aristocracy extinguished
the memory of Saxon times, and that Shakspeare, whose
geniot found materials in all lands, and in all ages of European

k

Ixvi INTRODUCTION

history 5 who took Macbeth from the Scots, and Hamlet from
the Danes, and even went to the British legends for his Lear ;
that he, who spoke and who incomparably adorned the langu^
of his Saxon ancestors, found in the rich treasures of their
history no subject on which he thought he could secure atten-
tion. The first steps towards a revival of this ancient domestic
history had been made before Shakspeare's time, but the
public was not yet affected by them. So great was the in-
difference to a history which was all but utterly forgotten,
that we can only wonder that even a few Chronicles survived
the confusion of the Dissolution of the Monasteries when such
stores of ancient manuscripts perished. Had not the curiosity
of a few learned men saved our Saxon Chronicles from the
fate of waste parchment, what would have been our condition
with reference to Saxon History? We should have been in
almost as great uncertainty about it as we are about the
ancient British annals. Had there not been a great literary
revival in time to rescue the Saxon Chronicles, and to bring
forth into new light the neglected early annalists who were
the immediate representatives of the Saxon Chroniclers, we
should have had to ground our Saxon history on such authors
as Matthew of Westminster, or at best, on William of Malmes-
bury. And when criticism had sifted his work of the romantic
element, the poor residuum of history would have laboured
under the gravest doubt by reason of its close intermixture
with so much that was legendary. Again, even if the first
row of Latiners had been recovered, Florence, Simeon, and
Henry, and our ultimate resource had been to correct them
by each other, there would still have remained a great cloud
of uncertainty. Being quite in the dark as to the nature and
degree of excellence of the older Chronicles which they must
have used, we should certainly have presumed that they were
Yery far inferior to what we now perceive them to be, and the
whole of our early history would have lost its foundation and
Its credentials. The very analogy of contemporary vernacular
hterature, the best argument in the absence of testimony
direct, would have misled us into a contemptuous undervaluing
of the lost originals from which Florence and his co-ordinates
worked. The Saxon Chronicles which we possess are the
guarantees of the truth and fidelity of the subsequent his-

INTRODUCTION Ixvii

torians, and the changeful mother tongue gives that touch of
confidence which the fixed and rigid Latin, much the same
everywhere, codd never have imparted.

It is possible that there were parts of England still, where
in some remote cloister the old historical literature was not
wholly neglected. Some faint sound has been heard of the
Saxon studies of the Abbey of Tavistock. And there is
reason to think that this was the case to a comparatively late
period at Peterborough. It will be seen from some marginal
writing which has been printed in this Edition, that the Peter-
borough Chronicle continued to be read in the fourteenth
century. These side notes are given sometimes in blacf letter,
as on pp. 37, 38, 67, 121, 123, 131, 249, 253, 255, &c., and
occasionally in facsimile, as on pp. 39, 121.

Among the names that are eminent as the appreciators and
conservers of these old chronicles, are Matthew Parker, Arch-
bishop of Canterbury (b. J 504, d. 1575), and Joscelin his Secre-
tary ; Sir Robert Cotton ; William Lambard, the Kentish
Topographer ; Camden, the father of British archsBology ; and
hait a century later. Archbishop Laud. Laud's collections
were given to the Bodleian Library: Sir R. Cotton's have
found a resting-place (such of them as remain imconsumed) in
tho British Museum : and those of Archbishop Parker ^ere
given to Corpus Christi College at Cambridge.

Archbishop Parker sent about the country for old manu-
scripts, especially Saxon and English.* He had been Bible-
Clerk, Fellow, and Master of Benet College (now Corpus
Christi), and this accounts for the disposition of his valu-
able collection of MSS., among them Chronicle S, to the
keeping of that Society. The first indenture conveying his
gift of books and manuscripts to the College was made in
1569, but it was superseded by others in 157 1 and 1574,
and the books were not delivered until after his death in
1575. The only earlier notice we have of ?C is in a note
by Joscelin on the margin of B, where he seems to speak
of 7C almost as if Dr. Wotton, Dean of Canterbury, were the
owner of it. Having supplied the annal of 675, which is
wanting in B, he thus annotes : Hcec in vetuatiore Sdxonica

* Strypc's Life, book iii. c. 7.

Ixviii INTRODUCTION

historia quam habet Doctor Wutton Decamu EecVim Chrt
Oant.

This Dr. Wotton (Nicholas) was the first Dean of Can-
terbury, made by Henry VIII in 1541, after the Dissolution^
He was also made Dean of Toi^ ('544)* <^<i Prebendary
of York (1545). He managed to hold both Deaneries onder
Henry, Edward, Mary, and Elizabeth. He was one of Henry
VIIPs executors, of Edward VTs privy-council. Secretary of
State (1549-50), Ambassador to Naples {1551), one of Qoeen
Elizabeth's first privy-council. He died January t6, 1567.
This distinguished and well-endowed ecclesiastic was a papist,
and therefore Archbishop Parker can hardly be considered
as an impartial judge of his character; but he speaks of
" Mr. dean Wotton '' as having been not oyer scrupulous about
appropriating church property*. A fine Italian statue of him
(kneeling) may be seen in the Cathedral at Canterbury, at the
N.E. curve of the apse, close to where was once the shrine of
Becket. He was great-uncle to Isaac Walton's Sir Henry
Wotton.

Joscelln is called by Strype (P. ii. 251), **John Josselyn,
an Essex man, the Archbishop^s Secretary.*' In the same
page it appears that he wrote himself " Mr. John Gk)8celin.''
Elsewhere he is spoken of as Sir Thomas Josseline's brother,
an antiquary in the archbishop's house, who wrote the history
De Antiquitate Britannicce Ecclesice^.

The Chronicle C is called by Joscelin not only *' Chronicon
AbbendonisB," but also " MS. Boyer." This is explained by
Mr. Hardy as follows: — "Before it became the property of
Sir Robert Cotton it belonged to Bowyer, who was keeper of
the Records in the Tower."

With the revival of literature English History came to be
composed on a larger scale, and the list of books which
Holinshed prefixes to his History of England is an illustration
that research was now pushing its way back into antiquity,
although the necessity of reaching the highest sources was
not yet perceived. It was reserved for John Milton to lead
his countrymen back to the originals of their early history.

• Correspondence of Archbishop Parker (Ed. Parker Society), p. 304.
+ Ibid., Introductory Notice.

INTRODUCTION Ixix

by being the first to publish a history of tlie Saxon period
derived from the Saxon Chronicles. In exploring the Saxon
literature he had the guidance of his friend Junius, the
famous Anglo-Saxon scholar and editor of Csedmon ; and
who appears from his collations to have contemplated editing
the Chronicles. But there was already a published edition^
and Milton was the first historian that had the benefit of a
printed Saxon Chronicle. Abraham Wheloc, Professor of
Arabic at Cambridge, had published it in 1643, under the
title of Chronologia AngUhScuconica, at the end of his edition
of Beda's Histaria Eccleaiaatica (folio). He used the manu-
scripts Ti., which he calls the Bennett MS., and A (6), which
he calls the Cotton MS. It was from this latter that he took
his text, probably because ho found it rath^ the easier to
understand. The variatioils were added from Ti.. This edi-
tion is now all the more prized since its principal has been
almost consumed by fire^ and consequently the print has as-
sumed the place of an origina]. The tliree imperfect leaves
which have been saved^ are evidence of the fidelity of Wheloc's
edition^ and establish his text as a true representative of ^ (6).
But his translation exhibits mistakes such as might be ex-
pected in the first revival of the old Englisc historical litera-
ture. Thus in 894 (p. 91 of this Ed.) buton swi)?e gewaldenum
dsele (except a very considerable division) is translated '* ex-
cept& validd. Wallensium parte," and printed ''buton 6wi]?e
Gewealdenum dsele/' In the same annal (p. 93) 1^ laf
(the remni^t) is made a man's name of : '' Turn Laf de East-
Anglis et Northymbris magnum exercitum ante hiemem coegit/'
In 897 it is said that Alfred had long ships built, shapen
neither on the Frisic nor on the Danish models but juirt as
he himself thought most likely to be useful — naw^r ne on
Fresisc gescaep^ie^ ne on Denise, &c., which Wheloc renders,
*^ neque inter Fresones neque Danes fabricabantur.'' In 937
he bespeaks the consideration of the reader: ''Idioma hie
et ad annum 942 et 975 perantiquum et horridum Lectoris
candorem et diligentiam desiderat.^' In 962^ manctoealm an
epidemic and ma/nbryne a conflagration^ with the aggravatory
prefix man (Germ, mein as in meineib), are translated as
if the first syllable were man = homo ; " Eodemque anno
permagna erat mortaliura lues ; mortaliumque magna Londini

Ixx INTRODUCTION

inflammatio." In 975, ofer ganotes bseiS (over the gannet^s
bath, i.e. over the sea) is rendered ''per Ganotad diluviam.*^
Wheloc did not know of the qualities of this oceanic bird, the
gannet, which from its great powers of flight can traverse
vast tracts of sea or land in a short time^ and which being
met with very far from its usual haunts^ would readily com-
mend itself as an emblem of the sea to the seafaring mind
of our ancestors.*

Gerard Langbaine (who died Provost of Queen's College in
1658) had been preparing an edition at Oxford, but when
Wheloc's appeared he relinquished it. Wheloc's was a tolerable
performance for his day^ but Gibson's Edition in 1692 was
a great improvement on it. The Title is Chronicon Saxoni-
cum ex MSS. Codicibus nunc primum integrum edidit cus
Latinum fecit Edmundus Gibson A. B. e Collegio BeginoB.
It was at the instance of John Mill, the laborious author of
the Exemplar Millianum^ that Gibson was moved to under-
take this work, and to do his best to produce a complete
Edition. His friend Mill had urged him, he says : Esh
nimirum Annates istos augustiasimum plane Antiquitatis
m.onumentum, ac quelle fruatra apud gentes vieinas quce-
siveria ;fontem ipsum k quo hausta sunt et ad queni exigenda,
quce de rebus istorum temporum tradunt Florentius aliique
posteriores Historici. Chronicon hoc mirifice prcedicare,
efusque editionem Cantabrigiensi multb auctiorem et quidem
omnibus numeris suis absolutam Jktgitare eruditos, Gibson
was greatly helped by the opportune publication of Hickes^s
Saxon Grammar, which enabled him to gain a firmer hold
on this ancient language. He had also the great advantage of
applying to Hickes himself in every difficulty. The conse-
quence was that his Edition^ if not quite as perfect as his
ambition designed, was a great advance upon Wheloc's, and
altogether an admirable work. His Latin version is in general
not only correct but happy. Substantially it has been the
basis of all later versions, although there are a certain number
of passages which he did not understand. His text was based
upon E with modifications from S, B (through a paper-tran-

* Ohnrvationa on Natural HUiory, by the Rev. Leonard Jenyns. Van
Voorst, 1846, p. 192.

INTRODUCTION Ixxi

script in the Bodleian), F and G. He considered it his
business to construct a text by collation of these authorities,
just as if he had been editing a Classical Author. He pro-
duced this edition at the early age of 23^ and thus laid
the solid foundation of that knowledge of English antiquity
for which his name is still celebrated. In working on the
Saxon Chronicle he acquired that interest in and admiration
for Camden's Britannia, which led him next to translate and
enlarge it.

From Gibson's Saxon- Latin Edition an English translation was
made by Miss Gurney, and printed anonymously. When her
work was far advanced^ she learnt that Dr. Ingram's Edition
was expected, and consequently she desisted from the idea
of publication, and took only a limited impression for circu-
lation among her friends. To this highly endowed and
benevolent lady, however, belongs the honour of having first
printed an English translation of the Saxon Chronicle. It
was entitled. A Literal Translation of the Saxon Chronicle:
Norwich, 18 19. This is not a mere Englishing of Gibsons
Latin, but a work which displays knowledge of the original.
I have referred to it in the Notes on 871 and 896; in the
latter case as giving the only real translation of the passage
that has appeared up to the present day. In 905 the passage
. " betwuh dicum and Wusan &c.'' is thus illustrated with the
translator's local knowledge of East Auglia : '' and he laid
waste their land between the Dyke (the Devil's Ditch) and
the Ouse as far northward as the fens." The last clause in
1003, " ferde \ddv he wiste his yiShengestas," (went where he
wist his sea-horses were,) had been given up by Gibson with
the exclamation, Hujusce clausulce quis sit sensus me om-
nine latet. Miss Gurney translated it partly right, only
she carried the poetical metaphor too far : '^ and thither he
carried the irprovender to his horses of the sea, [his plunder
to the ships]." In 1137 the word " horderwycan" was given
up by Gibson : but Miss Gurney rendered it " treasurer's
house,'' which, though only partly right, has never been
bettered by any translator except Mr. Stevenson.

Dr. Ingram's Edition appeared in 1823, furnished with a
variety of apparatus, and an English Translation parallel to
the Saxon.

Ixxii INTRODUCTION

Dr. Ingram's praise consists in this, that he added to his Edi-
tion the yej; unedited matter of the three important chronicles,
BOD. In his Preface he spoke of the Saxon Chronicle in the
following grandiloquent terms : " Philosophically considered,
this ancient record is the second great phenomenon in the
history of mankind. For, if we except the sacred annals of the
Jews, contained in the several books of the Old Testament,
there is no other work extant, ancient or modern, which ex-
hibits at one view a regular and chronological panorama of
a PBOPLB, described in rapid succession by different writers,
through so many ages, in their own vernacular language."

This is a passage of which it would be as difficult to
dispute the sentiment, as to defend the diction. The mean-
ing is plain, viz. that putting aside the Hebrew annals, there
is not anywhere known a series of early vernacular history
comparable with the Saxon Chronicles. This appears to be
no more than the sober truth, and undeserving of the derision
which Mr. George P. Marsh, in his Oriffin and History of
the English Language (i86a), has visited Dr. Ingram's ex-
pressions with. It is to be regretted that an author who has
treated the latter part of his subject with knowledge and
ability, should have thought it necessary to deal with a period
which he has not studied. He has quoted as *' fair specimens'*
of the Saxon Chronicle the annals 449, 473, 509, 616, 671,
793 ; and after conferring some faint praise on 755, he sums
up, — " But taking the Chronicle as a whole, I know not where
else to find a series of annals which is so barren of all human
interest, and for all purposes of real history so worthless.'*
(p. 105.) Mr. Marsh has failed to perceive that there might
be more in the Saxon Chronicles than met his eye at the first
glance.

In the year 1830 there appeared a volume entitled Ancient
History, English and French, exemplified in a Regular Dis-
section of the Saxon Chronicle. In this work a spirited at-
tempt was made to assign each section of the Chronicles to its
true author— but there was too much arbitrary assertion and
too little historical argument in this Essay. Had the author
joined the requisite patience and delay to his talent for insight
into antiquity, he might have cleared up some of the obscure
passages of Saxon times.

INTRODUCTION Ixxiii

In the year 1848 appeared the folio volume entitled Monu-
menta Historica Britannica, which was intended to be the
first of a Series of the ancient Historians of this Realm;
undertaken in pursuance of an Address presented to the
Crown by the House of Commons in 182a. That plan has
not been continued^ but an octavo Series has been substituted
for it. This splendid volume contains the Historians down to
10669 and among others the Saxon Chronicles^ so far as that
date, where they are broken off. The text is partly on the
syncretistic and partly on the parallel plan, according to tho
degrees of harmony or divergence between the MSS. in each
part. It had been prepared with great diligence and care
by Mr. Petrie^ and was completed and edited by Mr. Duffus
Hardy. An English translation is given parallel to the
original. The collection of readings at the foot of the page
offers to the eye a comprehensive view of the varieties of
orthography which characterize the several manuscripts.

In the year 1853 a Complete Translation of the Chronicles
was published by the Rev. Joseph Stevenson, Vicar of Leigh-
ton Buzzard, in a Series entitled Church Historians of Eng-
land (Seeleys). This Translation consisted of the Version in
the Monumenta Historica Britannica (which Mr. Stevenson
adopted by permission) as far as 1066 ; and a new or revised
Version of his own down to 1 154. On the whole^ this appears
to be the best Translation which has hitherto appeared.

The Master of the Rolls gave us in 1861, by the editorship
of Mr. Thorpe^ a complete Edition of the six manuscript texts
in parallel columns. The seventh authority (G) was not
admitted in the text of Wheloc^ but only the small fragments
of it which are preserved in three imperfect leaves of the
original manuscript It may be doubted whether the parallel
scheme properly admits so much' correction as the editor has
supplied, — whether for instance it would not have been more
true to the plan, if the annals of B had been left undated
where they have been so left in the original — but it would be
ungracious in the extreme to detract from the value of a book
which must be allowed to be one of the greatest boons that
could have been conferred on the Saxon student.

While critics and translators have been at work on the
texts, the labour of the historian has been supplied by able

1

Ixxiv INTRODUCTION

hands, so that the Saxon period has been at length thoronghly
restored to modem history. In the Histories of Sharon Turner
(1799-1805), of Sir Francis Palgrave (183a), of Lappenberg
(1834), and the various works of the late Mr. Kemble, the
treasures of Saxon History have been explored and are now
placed within reach of all.

The present Edition of the Chronicles presents to the student
the two texts which are most remarkable in themselves and
most worthy of being set together in contrast, together with
characteristic parts of the other texts, so as to supply a com-
prehensive view of the whole series without the omission of
any important feature. In the Notes an attempt has been
made to clear away some of the obscurities which still remain :
and the Glossarial Index has been made as perfect as possible,
in order both to open up the text and to take the measure
of the Saxon historical vocabulary.

In conclusion, I have to thank many friends who have given
me occasional help and information in the course of the work
— but in particular I must name two, the late Archdeacon
Hardwick, Fellow of S. Catharine's Hall, Cambridge, who
compared my printed text of S with the MS., and the Rev.
F. Harrison, Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford, who gave me
important help at a time when I was disabled by an accident
in the eye.

I have also to acknowledge the kind and hospitable manner
in which the Master and Fellows of Corpus Christi College,
Cambridge, enabled me to collate their valuable manuscript
(3!), not without trouble and contrivance on their part to
observe the stringent rules by which their manuscript stores
are guarded, and at the same time to prevent them from being
an obstacle or inconvenience to me.

CORRIGENDA

Page i6 anno 553 for Seszo road Sesro
57 line JO for ser read set
106 .. 1^ for tit read tik
138 (F. 1003) /or Exonift rrad ExonU
194 (0. 1065 line 4) /or fo read for
m Itne 13 /or Mann read mann
333 .. 30 /or wsBllan read psellan
348 . . 2 for ealles read ealle
25^ • • « 5 /o*" Wundford reod Mundford

TWO

SAXON CHRONICLES

PARALLEL.

//

THE PARKER MS.

(3)

pY GESRE pE WJES SGSN FRSM CRISTES
acennesse cccc wintra. and xciiii uuintra. )>a Cerdic
and Cynric his sunu cuom up «t Cerdices oran.
mid V scipum. and se Cerdic waes Elesing. Elesa
Esling. Esla Gewising. GiwisWiging. WigFreawin-
ing. Freawine Fri}?ugaring. Fri}?ugar Bronding. Brond
Bceldseging. Bceldseg Wodening.

Ond ]>vds ymb vi gear Jtsbs J?e hie up cuomon ge eo-
don WestSeaxna rice and Jiaet uuseron )>a serestan
cyningas J?e West Seaxna lond on Wealum ge eodon
and he hsefde Jiaet rice xvi gear and )>a he ge for }?a
feng his sunu Cynric to }?am rice and heold xvii
winter, pa he ge for }7afeng Ceol to }?ani rice and
heold vii gear, pa he ge for )?afeng Ceolwulfto his
bro}?ur andhericsode xvii gear and hiera cyn g<e}?
to Cerdice. pa feng Cynegils Ceolwulfes broj^ur sunu
to rice and ricsode xxxi wintra and he on feng serest
fulwihte Wesseaxna cyninga and ]>a feng Cenwalh
to and heold xxxi wintra and se Cenwalh waes
Cynegilses sunu and ]7a heold Seax burg his cuen an
gear Jiaet rice sefter him. pa feng ^Escwine to rice
Jiaes cyn g<e}? to Cerdice and heold ii gear, pa feng
Cent wine to Wesseaxna rice Cynegilsing and ricsode
vii gear pa feng Cead walla to }?am rice Jtsbs cyn
gee}? to Cerdice and heold iii gear. Da feng Ine to
Seaxna rice J^ccs cyn gcc}? to Ceardice and heold
xxxvii wintra. pa feng ^J?elheardto Jws cyn gde|7
to Ceardice and heold xiiii winter, pa feng Cu}? red
to Jws cyn gde}? to Cerdice and heold xvii gear, pa

THE LAUD MS.

(E)

Brittene igland is ehta hand mila lang. and twa hund brad.
And her sind on ]fis iglande fif gej^eode. ^Englisc. and
Brittisc. and Wilsc. and Scyttisc. and Pyhtisc. and BocLeden.
Erest weron bugend pisen landes Brittes. )7a coman of ^Arme-
nia, and gessetan su'Sewearde Bryttene serost. pa gelamp
hit f Pyhtas coman snj^an of Scithian. mid langum scipum
na manegam. and \fn coman aerost on nor); Ybemian np. and
]?ser bsedon Scottas f hi iSer moston wnnian. Ac hi noldan
heom lyfan. for^an hi cwsedon^ }?a Scottas. we eow magon
]?eahhwa%ere rsd gelseron. We witan o]^r egland her be
easton. per ge magon eardian gif ge willaiS. and gif hwa eow
wi'S stent, we eow fultumia^. f ge hit magon gegangan. Da
ferdon ]7a Pyhtas. and geferdon J^is land norj^an weard. and
8u)?an weard hit hefdon Brittas. swa we ser cwedon. And ]?a
Fyhtas heom absedon wif set Scottum. on )7a gerad f hi
gecnron heora kyneciii &6, on ]?a wif healfa. f hi heoldon
swa lange sySiSan. And )7a gelamp hit imbe geara rina. f
Scotta sumdsel gewat of Ybemian on Brittene. and )7es
landes sumdsl geeodon. and wes heora heratoga Reoda
gehaten. from ]?am heo sind genemnode DselBeodi:*

1 .£ngli8C. BrytWyUc. Soottjsc. adyecti.
Pihttiflc. and Boclnden. D. This Pre- s foi'San hi cwndon )« Scottas.]
hoe (which is found in D. E. F.) is Here is an omission^ occasioned by the
gathered from the first two chapters of copier jumping to another owssdon in
Beda's Ecd. Hist, of which it is a neat advance of him. MS. D. gives the pas-
summary ; and, excepting Beda's phy- sage correctly : for^on )>e hig cwndon
sical description, very complete. ^t hi ne mihton ealle aetgndere gewu-

3 Armorica is meant. Beda i. i. de nian Ner. And )« cwKdon )« Scottas.

tracta Armoricano, ut fertar, Brittaniam We magon eow hw«i$ere ned gelsron.

B 2

4 THE PARKER MS. (JT)

feng Sige bryht to ptes cyn gtep to Cerdice and heold
an gear, pa feng Cynewulf to rice Jws cyn g<e}> to
Ceardice and heold xxxi wintra. pa feng Beorht ric
to rice }78BS cyn g<e}> to Cerdice and heold xvi gear,
pa feng Ecgbryht to )7am rice and heold xxxvii
wintra. and vii mona]? and }>a feng ^}>elwulf his
sunu to and heold nigon teoSe healf gear. Se ^}?el-
wulf wses Ecgbryhting. Ecgbryht Ealh munding.
Ealhmund Eafing. Eafa Eopping. Eoppa Ingilding.
Ingild Cenreding, and Ine Cenreding. and Cu}> burg
Cenreding. and Cuenburg Cenreding. Cenred Ceol-
walding. Ceolwald Cu}>wulfing. Cu}>wulf CuJ? win-
ing. Cu}>wine Celming. Celm Cynricing. Cynric
Cerdicing.

Ond )>a feng y£}>elbald his sunu to rice and heold

V gear, pa feng i^}>elbryht his bro}>ur to and heold v
gear, pa feng yE}>ered hiera bro}>ur to rice and heold

V gear, pa feng i^lfred hiera bro}>ur to rice and }>a
was agan his ielde xxiii wintra. and ccc and xcvi
wintra j^aes }>e his cyn eerest Wesseaxna lond on
Wealum geodon:-

SER Cristes geflsescnesse Ix wintra. Gains lulius se
Casere serest Romana Bretenlond gesohte. and Brettas
mid gefeohte cnysede. and hie ofer swijxle. and swa
]?eah ne meahte }>8er rice gewinnan :•

5Snno 1. Octavianus ricsode Ivi wintra. and on )7am
xlii geare his rices Crist wses acenned.

2. Da tungelwitgan of east d<£le cuomon to}>on
]>8dt hie Crist weor]?edon. Tfnd }>a cild on Bethleni of
slsegene wserun for Cristes ehtnesse from Herode.

8. Her swealt Herodus from him selfum ofsticod.
and TSirohilaus his sunu feng to rice.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 5

Sixtigam wintrum ser ]?am \fe Crist were acenned. Galas
Julias Romana Kasere mid hand ehtatigam sdpum^ gesohte
Brytene. per he wes serost geswenced mid grimmam ge
feohte. and micelne dael his heres forlsedde^. And )7a he
forlet his here abidan mid Scottum^. and gewat into Oal-
walum. and ]?er gegadorode six hand scipa. mid ]?am he ge
wat eft in to Bry tene. And ]?a hi serost to gedore ge rsesdon.
]7a man ofsloh iSes Caseres gerefan. se wes Labienus^ ge
haten. Da ge namon )7a Walas. and adrifon »umre 6sl ford
ealne mid scearpum pilum^ greatum innan )7am wetere. sy
6sL hatte Temese. \fa, f on fundon ^Sa Bomani. ]7a noldon hi
faron ofer )7one^ ford, pa flugon )7a Bry t Walas to J^am wuda
faerstennm i^. and se Kasere geeode wel manega hehbarh mid
mycelum ge winne. and eft gewat into Galwalum :•

Anno 1. Octavianus rixade Ivi wintra. and on )7am xlii
geare his rices. Crist wses acenned.

2. Da tungel witegan of east dsele coman to )7an f hi Crist
worSoden. And )7a cild on Bethleem of slagene wseron for
ehtnesse firam Herode. and he swealt ofsticod fram him
sylfam. and Archelaus his sune feng to rice.

4 ceolum D. MS. little or none) hibemiam. Smith's

& forlsBdde] disperdidit. Beda. This Ed. first restored the true reading,

word puz2led Bp. Gibson, and he pro- 7 gerefan. se wes Labienus] Labie-

posed to read forlsBt (forlet). But nus tribunus ocdsus est. Beda. It was

forlflBdan is quite appropriate here, as really Q. Laberius Durus. Cesar. B. G.

Beowulf 4084 (Ed. Th.) will bear out. v. 15.

The usual meaning of forlsBdan is to ^ stiengum D. acutissimis sudibus.

misiead, lead into mischief; or as Kem- Beda i. 2.

ble has it, GI. Beow., ** in pemidem 9 >>one is demonstrative. They forded

ducere," which suits this place. at another place. Quod ubi a Roma-

^ forlet his here abidan mid Scot- nis deprehensum ac vitatum est. Beda

tum] legiones in hibema dimisit. Beda. i. 2.

An odd mistake, but quite explained 10 An error of the scribe for feste-

by the fact that many copies had nuxn. Cf. morfe8tenum.878. D. has

hibemia or (the difference being in westenum, wasUa, wUdemeeteB.

6 THE PARKER MS. (X)

4s. From frymj^e middangeardes op ]ns gear waeron
agan v j^usendu* wintra and cc wintra.

1 1. Her anfeng HenxUt AnHpatret tunn to rice in ludea. and

12. Philippus and Herodes tod<£ldun Lysiam and
ludeam feowricum tod<£ldun.

16. Her feng Tiberius to rice.

27* Her onfeng PikUut to gymenne ouer )>a ludetu.

80. Her wses Crist gefiilluhtud. and Petrus and
!Sndreas gehwierfede. and lacobus and loannes and
Philippus and )>a xii apostolas.

83. Her wses Crist ahangen from fruman middan-
geardes ymb V )?usendo wintra. and cc and xxvi
wintra.

84. Her wses Paulus gehwierfed. and scs Stephanas
oftorfod.

85. Her se ead*ga Petrus se'' apostol gesset biscep
setl in !Sntiochia JTaere ceastre.

89. Her onfeng Gaius rice.

45. Her se ead*ga Petrus se apostol gesset biscep
setl on Rome.

46. Her Herodes aswalt. sepe lacobum ofslog ane
geare eer his agnum dea)>e.

47. Her Claudius o}>er Romana cyninga Bretene
lond gesohte and ]x>ne msestan d<£l J^ses ealondes on
his gewald onfeng. and eac swelce Orcadus pB. ealond
Romana cynedome under l^eodde. pisivat)>esfeofik8gearet

/Us rices, and on ^s glean geare geweai^ se mycela hunger on Stria ^ Lueas retfiS
on \>are boc Act" Aplof^.

62. Her lacobus frater Domini }>rowode.

68. Her Marcus se godspellere for}>ferde.

69. Her Petrus and Paulus J>rowodon.

70. Her Uespassianus onfeng rice.

a The u has been erased, and so has thority of A.
the o in >U8endo» infra SS- These »» Both here and in 45 the definite

▼owels have been restored on the an- article has been erased.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 7

' 11. Fram frym'Se middan eardes o^ ]?i8 gear waeron agany
]7U8end wintra. and cc wintra^

12. Philippus and Herodes to daBldon ludeam. iiii ricn to
dseldon.

16. Her feng Tiberius to rice.

26. Her on feng Pilatus gymene ofer )7a ludeas.

30. Her wses Crist gefullod. and Petrus and Andreas ge
hwyrfede and lacobus and loVs and )7a xii apFs.

33. Hser wes Crist ahangen. fram fruman middan eardes
ymb y )7usend wintra. and cc. and xxyi.

34. Her wses scs Paulus gehwyrfed and scs Stephanus
oftorfod.

35. Her se eadiga apostol Petrus geset biscopsetl on
Antiochia ceastre.

39. Her on feng Gains to rice.

45. Her se eadiga Petrus se apostol geset biscopsetl on
Bome.

46. Her Erodes swealt se Se lacobum of sloh. anum geare
ser bis agenum dea'Se.

47. Her Claudius Romana dning gewat mid here on Bry-
tene. and f igland ge&)de. and ealle Pyhtas. and Walas
under j^eodde Bomana rice. Dis gefeoht he gefremede )7am
feorSan geare his rices, pam geare gewearS se mycla hunger
on Siria. )?e wes fore witegad on Actib; ApForum )7urh Aga-
bum ]H>ne witegan. pa feng Nero to rice softer Claudie. se set
nextan forlet Brytene igland for his uncafscipe ^.

62. Her lacobus fr Dni ]^rowade.

63. Her Marcus se godspellere forS ferde.

69. Her Petrus and Paulus J^rowodon.

70. Her Vespasianus onfeng rice.

1 This 18 the Chronology of Emebius, Ssedonmi, p. 334.
founded on the nnmben in the pfttri- 3 unoafiu)ipe, ignavia, negleei, doih.

archal genealogies according to the Sep- The simple adjectiye oaf is very rare in

tnagint. For once, the teaching of the Anglo-Saxon, and in the other Gothic

great master is rejected. Beda preferred dialects almost if not qnite lost. In

the authority of the Hebrew text, as the A. S. poets it is found once, Helen

Jerome had done, but so &r from gain- 56, oafe to oeaae, alacres ad pugnam,

ing followers, he was almost called a where see Grinmi's note. Diefenbach

heretic for questioning the established (Gothisches Wtfrterbuch) would give it

opinion. Eusebii Chronicon, (Venetils a distant connection with the widely

1818,) pp. 66, 149. Browne's Ordo branched root owlo, vivus, qidek.

8 THE PARKER MS. (S)

71. Her Titus Uespassianus sunu in Hierusalem
ofslog ludea cxi )nisenda.

81. Her Titus feng to rice sej^e Sdcde Jwet he }>one
daeg forlure J>e he noht to gode on ne gedyde*.

88. Her Domitianus Tites broSur feng to rice.

84. Her lohannes se godspellere in Pathma J?am
ealonde wrat }>a hoc TSipocaHpsis.

99. HtT Smwk M apasiol wtu anhamgtm. mnd lohannet m godtpeilere hme
gerttie in Epheto.

101. Her CUtmetu papa foti>ferde.

110. Her Ignatius biscep }>rowude.

155. Her Marcut ^fitonntf and AwreUu$ hit bn^Serfengon to tiee,

167. Her Eleutherius on Rome onfeng biscdom.
and }>one wuldorfcstHce xii winter geheold. To J?am
Lucius Bretene kyning sende stafas. b<ed pxt he
waere Cristen ge don. and he )7urh teah* Jwt he bded.

And hi gjfiSfScn wunadon on rihtan peieauan ot95« DiadedamM rice,

189. Her Severus onfeng rice and ricsode xvii win-
ter. Se Breteu lond mid dice be gyrdde* from Sde op

S<£. ai%d^ geendodeim Euerwie.and Bamanuthisetmu/eng ioriee.
800. Twahumdgmra,
883. Her ^rmcmde See Albmmmt mr.
300. Dreohmmdgmra,
379. Her Gratia$^m$fmg «• rice.

c Tlie wordi of the A. S. Orosias, s It is hard to fix the idea of bred,

but not m the original Latin. It seems to represent Beda's diurit, he

d By a little scraping and patdiing ted er drew a Sma ^f watt. And this

a has oonTerted the simple prose of A agrees with the use of the preterite

into the more pompous form, and him braid a little later, as in Lajamon.

wmtfS ti>od H^ he hm± Tlie com- But the context suggests rather the

pound ^urhteon looked strange in ancient associations of oferbregdan*

Norman times, and it may be donbted br«td« Andrew 1307, 1541, where

whether it lired beyond the age of Grimm rsnders e^peretrujnt, mduxii,

JEUnd, It occurs twice in the A. S. Icjrit

Beda (Ed. Smith), p. 643, 30; 647, t. There is a third phase of the word,

(Bosw.) In Oiositts Ti. 1 (ad fin.) the bradan, ie apen^ epread, esiend. Thus

participle tSorobtogen. of the expansion of birds' pinions,

• This looks as if culled from the Cod. Sx. 989, 13^ winekas guma. gesih'S

A. S. text of Beda i. 5, where the style him beforan. feahre wegas. baHan brim

isTerym^ostic. ...andhitbegyrdeand Aiglas. brsdan fe^m. The upper work

gelkstnade mid dice and mid eorhwealle was a paliaadew He epread a bulwark ^f

fram SSI to s« fram ohnim elreordigum sfwn «telciv en lA« fc^ breden weall F.

fteodum. cf. to br«d 979 £.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 9

71. Her Titus Uespasianus in Jerusalem of sloh ludea cxi
)7U8end.

81. Her feng Titus to rice, se ^e sede f he }?oiie da?g
forlure 'Se he naht to gode on n^ dyde.

84. Her Domitianus Tites bro^or feng to rice.

87. Her lohannes se godspellere in Pathma )7am iglande
wrat ]?a b6c apocalypsin.

100. Her Simon se apostol wses ahangen. and lohannes se
godspellere hine ge reste in Effesia.

101. Her Clemens papa forSferde.
110. Her Ignatius biscop iSrowade.

114. Alexander hie constituit aquam benedictam fieri.

124. Syxtus papa hie constituit ymnum decantare. Scs.
Scs. Scs. in officio misse.

134. Telesphorus papa hie constituit ymnum angelicum
cantari gloria in excelsis deo diebus festis.

155. Her Marcus Antonius. and Aurelius his broiSer fengon
to rice.

167. Her Eleutherius on Rome onfeng biscop dom. and )7one
wurj^lice xv wiiit geheold. To "Sam Lucius Brytwalana cing
sonde men. and bead fuUuhtes. and he him sona sende. and
heo si'SiSan wunodon on rihtan gelefan. oiSiSe Dioclitianus rice.

189. Her Severus feng to rice, and ferde mid here on Bry-
tene. and mid ge feohte ge code ]?es iglandes mycelne dael and
}>a ge wrohte he weall mid turfum. and bred^ weall ^Sser on
ufon. fram sse to see. Britwalum to gebeorge. He rixade. xvii
gear, and )7a ge endode on Eoferwic. Bassianus his sunu feng
to rice. o'Ser his sunu wes gehaten Geza. se for wearS.

202. Victor papa hie constituit ut Pascha die dominico
celebretur. sicut predecessor ejus Eleutherius.

254. Cornelius papa hie de catacumbis levavit per noctem
corpora apostolorum. and posuit Pauli quidem via Ostensi ubi
decollatus est. Petri autem juxta locum ubi crucifixus est.

286. Her ]?rowade Scs Albanus mr.

311. Scs Silvester papa xxiii. Hujus tempore celebratur
Nicenum ccilium. Arelatense quoque primum^ in quo fuit
Avitianus Botomagi archiepc.

379. Her Gratianus feng to rice.

379. Hoc tempore celebratur Constantinopolitanum con-
cilium cl patrum adversus Macedonum et Eunomium sub
Damaso.

c

10 THE PARKER MS. (JC)

381. Her Maximianus se casere feng to rice, he wses

vnalas.

on Bretene londe geboren^ and J?on for in Gallia. And

he ^ar of»loh "S<m« casere Gratianum. and h.e brt/Ser adraf of al^fl^. »e tra»
gehaten Ualentinianus. And »e Ualenlmiantis eft gesamnode werod and ofsloh
Maximum, and feftg to rice. On ^am timan aras PeUtyies gedwyld geond mid'
dan eard.

409. Her Gotan abrcecon Ronieburg. and neefire
s'lpSLti Romane ne ricsodon on Bretone. \^i was embe »%

hund wintra and x wintra \hbs \>e heo getimhred woe. Ealles hi rixodon w
Brytene feower hund wintra and hund seouanti wintra. sf/^an <Brost Gaius
Julius ^t land gesohte,

418. Her Romane gesomnodon al)?a gold hord J?e
on Bretene weeron. and sume on eor}>an ahyddon. Jwet
hie nsenig mon si]7j>an findan ne meahte. and sume
mid him on Gallia l<eddon.

423. Her Deodoiius se gingra feng to rice,
vel Patricitu

430. Her Palladius se bisc waes onsended to Scot-
tum ]}Bdt he hiera geleafan trymede. from C«elestino
)>am papan.

443. Her tendon Brytwalas to Rome, and heom fultomes badon teiS Peohtas.
ac hi \>ar nafdan nanne. for)>an \>e hi fyrdedon im^ Mtla Huna eyninge. And
\fa sendon hi to Anglum. and Angel cynnes al^elingas iSas ylcan betdan.
rtiantu

449- Her Mauricius and Ualentines onfengon rice,
and ricsodon vii wint. Snd on hiera dagum Hengest

F. 444. Her fortJferde Scs Martinus.

448. Her lohannes Baptista aetywede twam manecon )>a comon
fram eastdsele to gebiddenne hi on lerusalem. his heauod. on )>are
stowe )>e hwilan was Herodes wanung. On J>one ylcan timan Mar-
tianus and Ualentinianus rizodan. and on )>am timan com Angelcynn
to %isum lande. gelat$ode fram Wjrrtgeome cinge. him to helpe. his
fynd to ouercumende. Hi comon to )>i8 lande mid %rim langon
scipan. and heora heretogan wseron Hengest and Horsa. Ealra
aerost hi ^s cinges fynd ofslogon. and aweg driuan. and si^an hi
wenden agean )K)ne cing. and agean )>a Bryttas. and hi fardydon
)>urh fyr and ^urh swyrdes eg^.

f Maximus in Britannia imperator the Chronicle, probably. In the fol-

creatus. Beda i. 9. In the A. S. version : lowing clause, lia was erased by fit

Maximus se casere wses on Breotene and walas written over to make Gkd-

acenned. From the Beda it passed into wulaB.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 11

380. Her Maximos feng to rice, he waes on Bryten lande
geboren. and )7anon he for iu Galwalas. and he iSser of sloh
)7one kasere Oratianum. and his bro'Ser adraf of e^ele. se wses
ge haten Valentinianus. and se Valentinianus eft ge samnode
weorod and of sloh Maximum, and feng to rice. On )7am
tidum dras Pelaies gedwild geond middan geard.

403. Innocentius papa hie misit decretalem epistolam Vic-
tricio Botomagensi archiepo. Hie constituit sabbato jejunare
quia eo die Diis jacuit in sepulchre.

409. Her wses tobrocen Romanaburh fram Gotum ymb
xi hund wintra and x wintra. )7aes ]>e heo getimbred wses.
Si^iSan ofer f ne rixodan leng Romana cinigas on Brytene.
Ealles hi ^ser rixodan iiii hund wintra. and hund seofenti win-
tra. siiSiSan Gtdus Julius f land erost ge sohte.

418. Her Bomane gesamnodan ealle ]?a goldhord ^e on
Brytene wseron. and sume on eor^an be hyddan. f heo nan
man syiS^an findon ne mihton. and sume mid heom on Gallia
laeddon.

423. Her Deodosius se gingra feng to rice.

425. Hujus temporis aetate extitit exordium regum Franco-
rum : primus Faramundus.

430. Her Patricius waes asend firam Celestine )?am papan
to bodianne Scottum fuUuht.

431. Hoc tempore diabolus in Greta Judeis in specie Moysi
apparens ad terram repromissionis per mare pede sicco per-
ducere promittit ; sicque plurimis necatis reliqui ad Xpi gra-
tiam convertuntur.

433. Gelestinus papa. Hujus tempore aggregata est Ephe-
sina synodus ducentorum episcoporum cui profuit Cirillus
Alexandrinus presul adversus Nestorium Constantinopolita-
num episcopum.

439. Leo papa. Hie sancivit Calcedonensem sinodum.

443. Her sendon Brytwalas ofersse to Rome, and heom
fultumes bsedon wi^ Peohtas. ac hi )>8er nefdon nsenne. for]?an
iSe hi feordodan wiiS iEtlan Huna cininge. and )7a sendon hi
to Anglum. and Angel cynnes seiSelingas J^es ilcan bsedon.

449. Hujus tempore celebratur Calcedonense concilium
dcxxx episcoporum adversus Euticem abbatem et Diosco-

c 2

12 THE PARKER MS. (7C)

and Horsa from Wyrtgeorne geleaJTade Bretta ky-
ninge gesohton Bretene on }?ani sta}>e J?e is genemned
Ypwines fleot. serest Brettum to fultume. ac hie eft on

hie ftlhton. S* oing het hi fgohtan agien PihUu, and hi twa dgttatu and
ng€ ha/don noa hwar »wa hi comon. Hi ISa t€nd4 to Angle and heton heom tendon
mar§ fultum, and heom teggan Brphvalana nahtneue and "Stfi landes cysta. Hg
)>a tendan heom mare fultum. Da eomon ^ men qf ^rim mepfSum Germame.
tj" EaidSeojeum, of Anglum, qf lotum. 0/ loium eomon Caniware and Wtht-
ufitre. Kv/ gt teo m«it$ )»e nu eardtifS on Wiht, and \KBt ogn on WeatSexum |w
man gyt hat lutnacgn. Of Eald Season oomon EattSexa and SuiSSexa and
WeetSexan* Of Angle eomon, ee a «ySt$a» ttod wetti betwyx lutwn and Seaxum.
East Engla. MidelAngla, Mearea and ealle Nof^hgmbra,

455. Her Hengest and Horsa ftihton wij> Wyrt
georne )7am cyninge. in JTaere stowe }>e is gecueden
?Cg<eles}>rep. and his bro}>ur Horsan man ofslog. and
aefter JTam Hengest feng to rice and iEse his sunu.

457. Her Hengest and ^sc ftihton wi}> Brettas in
}>ierc stowe }?e is ge cueden Crecgan ford, and )?8er
ofslogon iTTI wera^. and }?a Brettas }>a forleton Cent
lond. and mid micle ege flugon to Lunden byrg.

465. Her Hengest and Msc gefuhton uuij> Walas
neah Wippedes fleote and J^aer xii Wilisce aldor menn
ofslogon and hiera }?egn an }?aer wear)? ofslaegen. J>am
waes noma Wipped.

478. Her Hengest and ^sc gefuhton wi}> Walas.
and genamon unarimedlico herereaf. and J^a Walas
flugon }?a Englan swa lyr**.

477. Her cuom MWe on Breton lond and his iii
suna. Cymen and WIencing and Cissa. mid iii scipum
on }?a stowe J?e is nemned Cymenes ora. and J?aer
ofslogon monige Wealas. and sume onfleame bedrifon
on fK)ne wudu }?e is genemned Sndredes leage.

F. 482. Her se eadiga abbod Benedictus )>urh wuldor |>ara mihta
)>i8am roiddan earde scan, eal swa se eadiga Gregorius rectJ on Dia-
logonim )>are hoc.

« nil « 4000. feower werod F. feower weras A. cf. Ingram's note.
^ swa man flicth fyr F.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 13

ram. Her Martianus and Valentinus onfengon rice, and
rixadon vii wint. and on )7eora dagum gela'Sode Wyrtgeom
Angel cin hider. and hi )7a coman on ]?rim ceolum hider to
Brytene. on ]fnm stede Heopwines fleot. Se cyning Wyrt
geom gef heom land on su'San eastan 'Sissum lande. wiiS^San
^ hi Bceoldon feohton wiiS Pyhtas. Heo j^a fiihton wi^S
Pyhtas. and heofdon sige swa hwer swa heo comon. Hy iSa
sendon to Angle heton sendon mara fultum. and heton heom
secgan Brytwalana nahtscipe. and )7es landes cysta. Hy "Sa
Bona sendon hider mare weored )?am o^rum to fultume. Da
comon ]7a men of \>nm megSum Germanie. Of Aid Seaxum.
of Anglum. of lotum. Of lotum comon Gantwara. and Wiht-
wara. f is seo megS \fe nu earda)? on Wiht. and f cyn on
WestSexam )7e man nu git hset lutna cynn. Of Eald Seaxum
coman EastSeaxa. and Su"8Sexa. and WestSexa. Of Angle
comon se d sySiSan stod westig. betwix lutum and Seaxum.
EastAngla. MiddelAngla. Mearca. and ealla Nor)7hymbra.
Heora heretogan wseron twegen gebro'Sra. Hengest. and
Horsa. f wseron Wihtgilses suna. Wihtgils wses Witting.
Witta Wecting. Wecta Wodning. fram J^an Wodne awoc call
ure cyne cynn. and Su'San hymbra eac.

455. Her Hengest and Horsa fuhton wiiS Wyrtgerne }7am
cininge on )78ere stowe ]?e is cweden jEgeles )7rep. and his
brc^or Horsan man of sloh. and sefter )7onn feng to rice Hen-
gest. and ^8C his sunu.

456. Her Hengest and .^sc gefuhton wi^ Bryttas on J^ere
stow )7e is gecweden Crecganford. and )7er ofslogon iiii
werad. and ba Bryttas forleton )7a Kentland. and mid myc-
clum ege flugon to Lunden byrig.

465. Her Hengest and JBsc gefuhton wi"8 Walas neh Wip-
pedesfleote. and iSser of slogon xii Wilsce ealdormen. and
heora an ^egn wearS )7ser of slegen. )7am wses nama Wipped.

473. Her Hengest and JBsc ge fuhton wi'S Walas. and ge-
namon unarimenlicu here reaf. and )?a Walas flugon )7a Englan
swi^e J7earle.

477. Her com ^Ue on Brytenland. and his iii suna.
Cymen. and Wlencing. and Cissa. mid iii scipum on ^a stowe
)?e is genemnad Cymenesora. and ^ddr ofslogon manige
Walas. and sume on fleame be drifon. on ]7one wudu ]>e is
nemned Andredes lege.

14 THE PARKER MS. (:?C)

485. Her -Elle gefeaht w\p Walas neah Mearc
r<£des human st<£^.

488. Her ^sc Feng to rice, and was xxiii wintra
Cantwara cyning.

491. Her ^Ue and Cissa ymbsaton Sndredes
cester and ofslogon alle y^\fe ]ner inne eardedon. ne
wear]> ]ner for)x>n an Bret to lafe.

495. Her cuomon twegen aldormen on Bretene.
Cerdic and Cynric his sunu. mid v scipum. in }>one
stede 'pe is gecueden Cerdices oi-a. and py ilcan daege
gefuhtun w\p Walum.

501. Her cuom^ Port on Bretene. and his ii suna
Bieda and Maegla. mid ii scipum. on Jwere stowe J>e
is gecueden Portes mu}>a. and ofslogon anne giongne
Brettisc monnan. swi}« «e]^lne monnan.

508. Her Cerdic and Cynric ofslogon senne Brettisc
cyning. }>am was nama Natanleod. and v ]7usendu

wera mid him. iEfter was }wet lond ^ nemned Neatan
leaga op Cerdices ford.

514. Her cuomon WestSeaxe in Bretene mid iii
scipum. in Jwt stowe J>e is gecueden Cerdices ora. and
Stuf and Wihtgar. and fuhtun wi}? Brettas and hie
gefliemdon.

WettSexena

519. Her Cerdic and Cynric ^ rice on fengun. and
py ilcan geare hie fuhton wi}? Brettas }^r mon nu

nemne}? Cerdices ford. And nH^ui riaadan trest SesmM cynebeam
^^€tn dage.

527. Her Cerdic and Cynric fuhton wi}> Brettas. in
Jwere stowe J>e is gecueden Cerdices leaga.

5S0. Her Cerdic and Cynric genamon Wihte ea-
lond. and ofslogon feala men on Wiht garsesbyrg.

5S4. Her Cerdic for|?ferde. and Cynric his sunu
ricsode foTp xxvi wintra. and hie saldon hiera tu8em

eali wiki etiiamd

nefum Stufe and Wihtgare Wiehte ealond.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 15

485. Her ^lle gefeaht wiiS Walas neh Mearcredes burnan
ste^e.
488. Her ^sc feng to rice, and wses xxxiiii wintra cining.

490. Hoc tempore beatus Mamertus^ episcopus VienDensis,
solennes letanias instituit rogationum.

491. Her iEUa and Cissa ymbsseton Andredesceaster. and
ofslogon ealle ]?a'Se )?8erinne eardedon. ne wearS )?ser forj^en
an Brit to lafe.

495. Her coman twegen ealdormen on Brytene. Certic
and Cynric his sunu mid v scipum on )?one stede. ]fe is ge
haten Certicesora. and on f^am ilcan dsege gefahton wiiS
Walas.

501. Her com Port on Brytene. and his twegan sunan.
Bieda and Msegla. mid ii scipum in )78ere stowe ]?e is gecwe-
den Portes mu^a. and sona land namon. and ofslogon senne
gungne Brytiscne man. swi^e se'Selne.

508. Her Certic and Cinric ofslogon senne Bryttiscne
cining. )7am wses nama Nazaieod. and v )7usend wera mid him.
and sefter )?an wses f land genemnad Nazanleog. a dp Certices
ford.

514. Her com West Seaxa in Brytene mid J7rim scipum in
}>a stowe iSe is ge cweden Certices ora. and Stuf and Wihtgar
fuhton wi*8 Bryttas. and hi geflemdon.

519. Her Certic and Kynric onfengon West Seaxna rice,
and J7i ilcan geare hi ge fuhton wi"S Bryttas. iSer man nu
nemnaiS Certices ford, and siiSiSan rixadon West Seaxna cyne-
bam of \>B,m dsege.

527. Her Certic and Kynric ge fiihton wi"8 Brittas. on )?8ere
stowa *8e is gecweden Certices ford.

528. Hoc tempore Dionisius in urbe B. circulum paschalem
composuit. Tunc Priscianus profunda grammatica rimatus est.

530. Her Certic and Cynric genaman Wihtland. and of
slogon feala manna, on Wihtgaras birig.

534. Her Certic forj^ferde. and Cynric his sunu rixade
for); xxvi wintra. and heo sealdon heora twam nefum Stufe
and Wihtgare eall Wihtland.

F. 509. Her scs Benedictus se abbud ealra muneca faeder ferde to
heouenaD:

» The u in ouom erased here and in 477, 5 14.

16 THE PARKER MS, (S)

538. Her sunne aj^iestrode xiiii dagum aer K\\ Mart
from aermergenne o]? undern.

640. Her sunne a}?iestrode on xii Kl'. lulii. and
steorran hie setiewdon ful neah healfe tid ofer undern.

544. Her Uuiht gar for}? ferde. and hiene mon be-
byrgde on Wilitgara byrg.

547. Her Ida feng to rice. }?onon Nor}?an hymbra

and rixode t^telf gtar, and he timbrode Bebbanbftrh.

cynecyn onv\oc. "^Ida wses Eopping. Eoppa Esing. Esa

seo was terost mid hegge be tyned, and )><tr after mid toealU.

waes Inguing. Ingui Sngen witting. Sngenwit Slocing.
3l1oc Benocing. Benoc Branding. Brand Boeldaeging.
Baeldseg Wodening. Woden FreoSolafing. FreoSelaf
FreoSewulfing. FriSulf Finning. Finn Godulfing. Go-
dulf Geating.

552. Her Cynric gefeaht wi}? Brettas in J>8ere stowe
)7e is genemned ^aet Seaxobyrg. and }?a BretWalas ge-
fliemde. Cerdic waes Cynrices faeder. Cerdic Elesing.
Elesa Esling. Esla Giwising. Giwis Wiging. Wig Frea-
wining. Freawine FreoSogaring. FreoSogar Branding.
Brand Baeldaeging. Baeldaeg Wodening.

556. Her Cynric and Ceawlin fuhton wi}> Brettas
aet Beran byrg.

560. Her Ceawlin feng to rice on Wes seaxum. and

Idan ftn^g^arennm. and

MWe feng to Nor}?anhymbra rice, MWe waes Yffing.

heara agiSer rixode xxjr wintra.

Yffe Uxfreaing. Uxfrea Wilgilsing. Wilgils Wester-
falcning. Westcrfalcna Saefugling. Saefugl Saebalding.
Saebald Sigegeating. Sigegeat Swebdaeging. Swebdaeg
Sigegaring. Sigegar Waegdaeging. Waegdaeg Wodening.
Woden FriSowulfing.

Her feng /E^elbriht to Cantwara rice, and heold liii trintrtu On hie

565. Her Columba maesse preost com of Scottum

dagum sende Gregorius us fuiluht. And Columba tnasne preost com to Pyhtum,

in Biyttas. Peohtas to laeranne. and hi in Hn )7am

and hi pecyrde to Cristes gefeauan. M synd \>onne warteras be nor'Stim nufrum.

ealonde mynster vvorhte.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 17

538. Her sunne aiSestrode. on xiiii kP. Mr^. from sermor-
gene^ oj? undeme.

540. Her sunne aiSeostrode on xii kl'. Julii. and steorran
heo setewdon ful neb healfe tid ofer under ^.

544. Her Wihtgar for^ferde. and hine mon be byrigde on
Wibtgaras byrig.

547. Her Ida feng to rice )7anon NorShymbra eynekyn
asrost awoc. and rixade*xii gear, and he getimbrade Bebban
burh. sy wses serost mid hegge be tined. and )7ser sefter mid
wealle.

552. Her Kynric feaht wVS Bryttas on J^aere stowe j^e is ge
nemned Searo byrig ^. and )7a Bryttas geflemde.

556. Her Kynric and Geawling fuhton wiiS Bryttas aet
Beran byrig.

560. Her Geawling rice onfeng on Weast Seaxum. and
iElle feng to NorShymbra rice. Idan forSgefarenum. and hyra
BBgiSer rixade xxx wintra.

565. Her feng iE'Selbriht to Cantwara rice, and heold liii
wintra. On his dagum sende Gregorius us fulluht. and
Golumba messapreost com to.Pyhtum. and hi gecyrde to
Gristes geleafan. f sind )7one wserteres" be norSum morum.

F. 5'/2, And Egelberht wearS geboren Eormenraces

sanu. and [on |>am] tigo^an geare his rices he underfeng fulwiht

serost cinga on Brytene.

•4 Kran morgene F. this chain of relations stretches from

i* In the Chronological Table of weor^an at one end, to wyrre

Eidipses, vol. i. of '* Vulrt de Verifier (guerre, war) at the other, the ques-

les Datetf* a Total Eclipse is registered tion is, where our word joints in }

A. D. 538, Feb. 15, at 8^ A. M. ; and a Very likely it combines the two ideas.

Total Eclipse A. D. 540, June 20, at 9^ 1 . inhabitants^ 2. possessors, guardians,

A. M. The dates in the text answer to sentinels, WBrdean, Graff has w«rtari,

Feb. 16 and June 20. Where records custos,speculator,fromwtateii^weBr'

tally so nearly with scientific calcula- dian. Yet the data equally suit the

tions, one discrepancy may well pass sense of shepherds, keepers of cattle :

for an error. cf. Graff. ▼. Fihuwart.

« geclyped Sselesberic F. * This genealogy is (imperfectly)

7 wearteres F. Not found elsewhere, erased by a, in order to make room

Prob. akin to weard in i. andweard, for matter more interesting to himself.

toweardy for weard* ham weard His substituted text is here given in

{ward':' versus); 2. yrfe weard. Bad interlined Italics. The same has been

weard {ward^^gttard^custos), verb the case with the genealogical part of

weardian ; and so to ware, warian, 560, 626 : cf. 565, 603, 604.
warenian {beware), werian : but as ^ ei has been erased.

D

18 THE PARKER MS. T)

m^ itevrm cja^ hum pentidde ^1 iplmtd ^ mmm it •«»*«- ►«• ^^dm ffhiiia,
k^» K man Bf^pot Umr ae CWrwd^cn pcmiijrcde tnunUr. mmd he ►«■ »^
mU\ ssxd wiutra. 9ud \^ fin*JeT^. \m he wof Ujm^ vnOrm. B« Jtotne habtmV
nt his fffnwmvn. Sv^ Pihtmt w^rmm «r prfmiadt */ JTinmm biMoepe. mwmsm
Bf^me peUerei. hU mynUer ps IIwrurrf>£ •• 51 M*rtf%^ turm^a, fit^lycd. ^
ke retUt mid tnameyttm kaU/umL. Xv memi teum 4rfrr *m fk aiAtd. mmd mm kiaetp.
mnd Wn aemLfa Urn ftmder f>evdit eulle Soi»Ua iwmpms. /«r ^mVeCohimhm» «**
mUUd. ma Uaoap,

568. Her Ceaulin and Cu)«. gefiihton wij^ JE^V
bryht. and hine in Cent gefliemdon. and tuegen aldor
men on Wibban dune ofslogon. Oslaf and Cnebban.

571. Her Cuji wulf feaht wij> Bretwalas set Bedcan
forda. and iiii tunas genom. Lvgeanburg. and ^flgeles
burg. Baenesingtun. and Egonesham. and J?y ilcan
geare he gefonMde^.

577. Her Cu}> wine and Ceawlin fuhton wi}> Bret-
tas. and hie iii kyningas ofslogon. Commail and Con-
didan and Farinmail. in Jwre stowe pe is gecueden
Deorham. and genamon iii ceastra Gleawan ceaster
and Cirenceaster and Baj^an ceaster.

683. Her Mauriehu feng to Ramamm rice,

584. Her Ceawlin and CuJ^a fuhton wi}> Brettas. in
}>am stede pe mon nemne}> Fejwinleag. and Cujwin
mon ofslog. and Ceawlin monige tunas genom. and
unarimedlice herereaf. and ierre he hwearf J>onan to
his agnum.

588. Her yElle cyning for}?ferde. and yEJ?elric ric-
sode flefter him v gear.

rie i

590. Her Ceol ^ ricsode v gear,

591- Her micel wcelfill waes eet Woddes beorge.

and Ceawlin waes Ut adrifen. ««* Greporitu feng to papdome
Ofi Roine*

598. Her Ceawlin and Cuichelm and Crida for-
wurdon. and yE}?elfri^ feng to rice <m JVbr^Aym^rtMn.

B The old fiuhioned strong fonn gefor burg, the u has heen made into an L
was to be converted bj a into the later ^ Cf. Beda ii. i. Gregorii Op. (Ed.

expression for)>f«fde, but the operation Bened.), vol. iii. pp. 3, 285. Pftlmer's

was left incomplete. Above, in Lygean- Origines Liturgicse^ cap. i. § 6.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 19

and heora cyning him ge sealde f egland )>e man nemnad li.
)?8er sindon v hida. ^ses ]>e men cwe^a)?. peer se Columba ge
tymbrade mynster. and ^ser he waes abbot xxxii wintra. and
Jwer for8ferde iSa^a he wees Ixxvii wintra. Da stowe habbaS
nugit his erfewaerdes. Su'SPyhtas wseron mycle aer geful-
lode. Heom bodade folwiht Nimia biscop. se waes on Rome
gelsered. Jraes cyrice and his mynster is set Hwiteme. on
Martines naman gehalgod. }>8pr he restaS mid manegum
halgum wserum. Nu sceal beon sefre on li abbod uses
bisceop. and )>am sculon under J^sedde ealle Scotta biscopes.
for}?am "Se Columba wses abbod. nes bisceop.

568. HerCeawlin and Gu)?a gefuhton wi^ iESelbriht. and
hine on Cent ge flemdon. and ii seldor men on Wibban duna
of slogon. Oslac and Cnebban.

571. Her CuJ?a gefeaht wv6 Brytwalas. set Biedcanforda.
and feower tunas ge nam. Lygeanbyrig. and iBglesbyrig. and
Benesingtun. and Egonesham. and on }?am ilcan geare he
forjrfbr. se Cu]?a wses Ceawlines broiSor.

577. Her Cv^$wine and Ceawlin gefuhton wi'5 Bryttas. and
hi iii ciningas of slogon. Commagil. and Candidan. and Farin-
magil. in )?sere stowe ]>e is ge cweden Deorham. and ge namon
iii ceastra. Gleawcestre. and Cirenceaster. and Ba}?an ceaster.

583. Her Mauricius feng to Bomana rice.

584. Her Ceawlin and CuJ?a ge fuhton wi^ "Sa Bryttas on
)>am stede 'Se man nemna]? FeJ^anlea. and Cu]?an man of
sloh. and Ceawlin maniga tunas genam. and unarimedlice
here reaf .

588. Her Mile cining forSferde. and iE^elric rixade sefter
him fif gear.

591. Her Ceolric rixade vi gear. Gregorius papa. Hie
augmentavit in predicatione canonem, " Diesque nostros in
tua pace disponas^.**"

592. Her Gregorius feng to pap dome on Rome, and mycel
wsel gewearS on Brytene J?es geares set Wodnes beorge. and
Ceawlin wses ut ddrifen.

593. Her Ceawlin and Cwichelm and Crida forwurdon. and
iE"8elfer8 feng to rice on NorShymbrum. se wses iE"5elricing.
iE'Selric Iding.

D 2

20 THE PARKER MS. (TC)

miat£rum. Kr Gmie* tettni Em^ia 5ffi»dm fotdspeiied^m,

597. Her ongon Ceoli%Tilf ricsian on West seaxum.
and sinile he feaht and won. oppe wij^^fngelcyn. o}?|>e
uui}> Walas, oppe wij> Peohtas, oj^jw wi|> Scottas. Se
waes Cup2L\ng. Ca}>a Cynricing. Cynric Cerdicing.
Cerdic Elesing. Elesa Esling. Elsla Gewising. Gewis
Wiging. Wig Freawining. Freawine FriSugaring. Fri-
"Sugar Bronding.Brond Bdeldaeging.BceldagWodening.

601. Her sende Gregorius papa Sugustino aerce
biscepe pallium in Bretene and wel monige godcunde
lareowas him to fultome and Paulinas bisc gehwerfde
Edwine Nor^hjTnbra cyning to fiilwihte.

Her .E^SoJt Scoit't cyn^ feaki wi6 Dmheoda. mmi tr^ J&&e^ei^

608. Her waes gefeoht at iEgesan stane.

Nar^fmrm cynjfe ttt LUryaane. uwi «<ni o/Jt/oA m«3I emine his here.

Her Auguitinus sehaigotU li Kjcopos. MeiiOum amd JuUttm. Mel-

604. Her Eas: Seaxe ontengon geleafan and ful-

Hium he sende io bcdende Eas* Semxym fuUiJU. ^ar mw jv cing gehaten Seebyrju.

wihtes baeS. under Saebrihte cinge and MelHte bis-

Ricolan smhu. .^EfSeUerhtes suysier. ^ane ^E^eibyrhi geseUe to egnge. And jEfSel-

ceope.

hgrhi gfseaide Meiliie bisctyp setl or* Lundeicic. mnd lusto on Hroueteeyaetre. seo
is xjHii mila/ram Doewii ceastre.

606. Her foi^ferde Gregorius ymb x gear ]iee$)>e he
us fiilwiht sende.

607. Her Ceolwulf gefeaht wiS Su'S Seaxe. And her

./E^e/frilS itedde his feerde to Leger cgestre, and iSar n/sloh unrim Walena. and
swa weearS gefyUL Augustinus wiUgunge. i>e he etta^. Gif Weatat nsUaiS sibbe
ttifS us. hi *culan ett Seaxana handa far icMrlnm. par man s/oh eae oe preosta,
tJa comon iSgder l>at hi scoldon gebiddan for Walena here, Scrocmaii was ge haten
heora ealdor mann. se at beerst ^anon ftftiga sum.

611. Her Cynegils feng to rice on Wesseaxum. and
heold xxxi wintra. Se Cynegils wees Ceoling. Ceola
Cu-Sing. Cu-Sa Cynricing.

614. Her Cynegils and Cuichelm gefuhton on Bean
dune, and ofslogon ii J?usendo Wala and Ixv.

616. Her yEj^elbryht Contwara cyning forjiferde
and Ead bald his sunu feng to rice. Seforiet hi.fuu.uu. and

leouode on h^^Senum Veawe, swa 1^ he heefde hi. f<ederlaue to wi.se. Pa mynte

THE LAUD MS. (E) 21

596. Hoc tempore monasterium sancti Benedicti a Longo-
bardis destructum est. Her Gregorius papa sende to Brytene
Augustinum mid wel manengum munucum. ^e godes word
Engla )>eoda godspellodon.

597. Her ongan Ceolwulf rixian on Weast Seaxum. and
symble he feaht and wan. o^^e wi"8 Angel cynn. o}?J?e wi^
Walas o"5"8c wi"8 Pyhtas oiS"8e wiiS Scottas.

601. Her sende Gregorius papa Augustine arcebiscope pal-
lium on Brytene. and wel manega godcunde larewas bim to
fultume. and Paulinus biscop gebwirfede Eadwine NorS-
hymbra cining to fullubte.

603. Her iBgSan Scotta cining feaht wi"8 Deolreda. and wi-S
MSelfetpe NorShymbra kining set Dsegsan stane. and man
of sloh msest seine his here. )>8er man of sloh Theodbald .^E^el-
fer^es broSor. mid eallan bis weorode. Ne dorste si^^an
nan Scotta cininga kedan here on ]7as )>eoda. Hering Hussan
8unu Isedde )>one here iSider.

604. Her Augustinus gehalgode ii biscopas. Mellitum
and Justum. Mellitum he sende to bodianne East Seaxum
fuUuht. ysdT wes se cing gehaten Sseberht. Ricolan sunu
-fiiSelberhtes suster. )?one ^EiSelberht ge sette |?ser to cininga.
and .^BSelberht gesealde Mellite biscop setle on Lundenwic.
And Justo he sealde Hrofes ceaster. seo is xxiiii mila fram
Dorwit ceastre.

605. Her fortSferde Gregorius papa. And her ^^elfri^
Isedde his ferde to Lega ceastre. and ]7ser of sloh uurim
Walana. and swa wear]? ge fild Augustinus witegunge 'pe he
cwa'S. gif Wealas nella)? sibbe wi% us. by sculon set Seaxena
handa forwur)>an. pser man sloh eac cc preosta )?a comon
"Sider f heo scoldan gebiddan for Walana here. Scromail wses
gehaten hyra ealdor. se setbserst "Sanon fiftiga sum.

607. Her Ceolwulf ge faht wi8 SuiS Seaxum.
.611. Her Kynegils feng to rice, on Weast Seaxum. and
heold xxxi wintra.

614. Her Kynegils and Cwichelm gefuhton on Beandune.
and of slogon ii )?usend Walana. and Ixv.

616. Her fortSferde ^}?elberht Cantware cining. se rixade
Ivi wintra. and sefter him feng Eadbold to rice his sunu. se
forlet his fulluht. and lifode on he^enum }?eawe. swa f he
heafde his feder lafe to wife. Da mynte Laurentius J?e *a

22 THE PARKER MS. (X)

Laureniius iSe )>a was erceh* on Cent. ^ he woltie su^ qfer la. and eaU forJaUm,
ac him com to on niht se apt* Peirus. and hine hetelioe tnoang.for^an ^e he wolde
Codes hyrde forlmton. and het hhie gan to )Him eynge, and bodian him rihtne
ge lea/an. And he swa dyde. and se cing gecyrde to rihtan geleauan. On )>y<eff
cinget dagum Laurentiue erceb'* $e iteu on Cent t^ter Agtulme. foi)>ferde. tin
N, Feb\ and he woe bebffred be Agustine. etifter Ann feng MeUxtut to arceb*
dome, se teas biscop of Lund*, and ^as binnan fif tointre MelHtus foriS/erde. pa
after him feng to arceb^dome Justus, se was b* of Hroueeistre and ^ar to gehalgode
Romanum to bisoope.

625. Her PauHnus fram lusto J)ani ercebisc waes
gehadod NorJ^hymbrum to biscepe.

626. Her Eanfled Ed wines dohtor cyninges waes
gefulwad in JTone halgan aefen Pentecosten. Snd
Penda hsefde xxx wintra rice, and he hsefde l wintra
}?a }?a he to rice feng. "Penda waes Pybbing. Pybba
Creoding. Creoda Cynewalding. Cynewald Cnebbing.
Cnebba Iceling. Icel Eomaering. Eomaer Sngel^ow-
ing. S'ngel'Seow Offing. OfFa Waermunding, Waermund
Wihtlaeging. Wihtlaeg Wodening.

F. 616. .To %am timan was Laurentius arceb' and far

|>are sarinesse %e he hsefde. far ]>e8 cinges ungeleauon. he hsefde
gemynt eal |>i8 land farlsetan. and ouer ese faran. Ac Scs Petrus
se apl' anes nihtes hine heardlice swang. far|>i %e he wolde Codes
heorde swa farlaeton. and het hine |>am cinge heardlice rihtne ge-
leauan tsecan. And he swa dyde. and se cing gecyrde to rihte. On
^yses ylcan Eadboldes cinges daege |>es ylca Laurentius forjjferde.
Se haliga Augustinus be his halan Hue hine hudode to biscope. to %i
^eet Cristes gela^ung. ¥e ^a git was niwe on Engla lande. nane
hwile eefter his forSsi^e nsere butan arcebiscope. Da eefter hira feng
Mellitus to arceb* stole |>e was aer biscop on Lundene. And )>es
binnan fif wintran after Laurentius for^sy^e. rixiende Ekidbalde.
Mellitus for to Criste.

n This genealogy erased in X; re- troduction to the Fasti Catholic!, p. 191

covered from A. B. C. See 716. sq. For xxx«> read dxxxi, the year

9 ge7de = geeode, acquired, got. from which the Dionywan Cycle dated,
Cf. ahove, p. 4. end of 'X's Pref. In and xcv years before dcxxvi. Beda was
Li^mon it appears in the form ieode, the continuer of the Calendar after
which see in GI08. Laj. Cf. Bonterwek Dionysius: cf. H. E. v. 21. When
Glos. V. gegangazL the old Calendar was nearly run out,

10 On the ivytatcatitKarriplf of Dio- there sprung up a mania for calcula-
nysius Exiguus, cf. Mr. Greswell's In- tion.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 23

waes ercebiscop on Gsent. f he wolde sup ofer 8e.| and f eall
forketon. ac him com to on niht se apostol Petrus. and hine
hetelice swang for)>an f he wolda swa )?a godes hyrde forleton.
and het hine gan to )?am cininge. and him rihte geleafan
bodian. and he swa dide. and se cining gecerde. and wearS
ge fallod. On )>ises cininges dagum Lanrentius ercebiscop "Se
waes on Cent aefter Augnstinus fortSferde. and waes be byrged
be Angustine in die iiii nonarum Feb\ pa setter him feng
Mellitus to ercebiscop dome. \>e ser waes biscop on Lundene.
pa wurdon Lunden ware helSene. }>apr Mellitus aer waes. and
pes }?a ymb v wintra rixiendum Eadbaldum Mellitus for to
Criste. pa aefter feng to )>am ercebiscop dome Justus, and he
ge halgode to Hrofeceastre Romanum }7aer he aer waes biscop.
617. Her waer8 iEiSelfri^ NorShymbra cining ofslagen
fram Reodwalde EastEngla cininge. and Eadwine filing
feng to rice, and geyde^ eall Brytene buton Cantware anre.
aud adrefde ut )>a eiSelingas JE^elhrSes suna f waes aerest.
Eanfrid. Oswald, and Oswiu. Oslac. Oswudu. Oslaf. and Offa.

624. Her forSferde Mellitus ercebiscop.

625. Her Justus arcebiscop ge halgode Paulinum to biscope
on xii kl' Augusti. Hie ciclus Dionisii quinque decennove-
nalibus constans, hoc est xcv annis; sumitque exordium &
XXX® anno Incamationis Domini et desinit in dcxxvi anno.
Hie ordo decennouenalis quem Graed ennia kaiS Johanes
papa KADEBiDA vocat^ & Scis patribus in Nicea Sinodo fuit
constitutus^ in quo xiiii luna Paschalis omni anno sine ulla
dubitatione^^.

626. Her com Eomer fram Cwichelme WestSeaxna cininge.
)>ohte f he wolde of stingan Eadwine cininge. ac he of stang
LiUan his {$egn. and ForShere. and ]H)ne cining ge wundode.
and }?aere ilcan nihte wes Eadwine dohter acenned. seo waes
gehaten Eanfled. pa gehet se cining Pauline f he wolde his
dohter ge syllan Gode. gif he wolde abiddan set Gode. f he
moste his feond afyllan. }?e }?one sca'San }?ider aer sende. and
he )>a for on WestSeaxum mid fyrde. and afylde J^aer v cin-
ingas. and )?aes folces my eel ofsloh. and Paulinus gefuUade
his dohter on Pentecosten twelfa sum. and se cining binnan
xii mona'S waes ge fullod on Eastrum mid eallum his dugo^e.
}?a waeron Estran on ii id. Apr. Dis waes ge don on Eoferwic.
]?8er he aer het getimbrian cyrican of treowe. seo waes ge

24 THE PARKER MS. (S)

627. Her Edwine kyning waes gefulwad mid his
}?eode® on Eastron.

628. Her Cynegils and Cuiehelm gefiihtun wip
Pendan aet Cirenceastre. and geJ)ingodan J)a.

632. Her was Eorpwald gefulwad^.

633. Her Edwine wees ofslaegen. and Paulinus huerf
eft to Cantwarum. and gesset )78et biscepsetl on Hrofes
ceastre.

634. Her Birinus bisc bodude WestSeaxum fiil-
wuht.

635. Her Cynegils wees gefulwad from Birino J^sem
bisc in Dorce ceastre. and Oswold his on feng^

636. Her Cuichehn waes gefulwad in Dorces ceas-
tre. and py ilcan geare for^ferde. Snd Felix biscep
bodade EastEnglum Cristes geleafan*.

639. Her Birinus fulwadc CuSred on Dorces ceastre.
and on feng hine him to suna.

o cum suA gente. Flor.

P We now say fight with^pugnare
cum h^slft just as we say juin with,
talk with, agree with. But in the 9th
and loth centuries wi)> was simply
against, adversua; and mid was tpith,
cum. We have still a trace of the ancient
wi>, in our withstand.

4 King of the East Engles, of the
Royal Family of the 'Wui&ngaa. Beda

ii. 15-

' The words his onfeng mean the
same as onfeng hine him to anna,
below, 639 ; i. e. was his sponsor and
received him from the font as under-
taking to g^ide and instruct him fur-
ther in the ways of Christianity. Fiiium
de baptismo suscipere — iufdS4x((r0€u. Cf.
Bingham, Church Ant. Bk. xi. c. 8. § 7.
cf. 994.

* His see was in civitate Domnoo

(Beda), Domxnuo (Flor.), i. e. Dun-
wioh on the coast of Suffolk, now
almost lost in the ocean. Thorpe's
note in Florence, An. 636, gives the
after history of this see.

» This Oadwalla^ the British king,
must not be confused with Ceadwalla,
the W. Saxon, below, 685. Compare
the language of Florence : Gloriosus

rex Edwine a pagano rege Mer-

ciorum Penda, viro ttrenuissimo, et
Ceadwala rege Britonum aseviore pa-
gano, in campo Heathfcld, conserto
gravi preelio, est occisus. In La^mon
he is,

Cadwalan >e kene

>e king of Su^S londe ;
and the magnificent story there told of
his exploits with Penda and against
Edwine is worth reading. Possibly it
is not all fiible.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 26

halgod on see Petres naman. }7ser se cining sealde Pauline
biscopsetl. and yter he het eft timbrian maran cyrican of
stane. and her feng Penda to rice, and rixade xxx wintra.

627. Her wes Eadwine cining ge fullod fram Pauline, and
eac }?e8 Paulinus bodad fuUuht on Lindisse. |?8Br gelifde arest
sum rice man mid ealre his dugulSe. se wses ge haten Blecca.
and in ^as tid Honorius feng to pap dome aefter Boniface }?e
sende Pauline hider pallium, and Justus ercebiscop forSferde
iiii id' Nov. and Honorius wes ge halgod fram Pauline on
LincoUan. ]7am Honorium se papa sende eac pallium, and he
sende Scottum gewrit f hi scoldon gecerran to rihtum
Eastrum.

628. Her Kynegils and Cwichelm gefuhton wi* Pendan*
set Cimceastre. and ge}?ingodon )>a.

632. Her wses Eorpwald ge fullod.

633. Her wearS Eadwine cining of slagan. fram Gadwallan '
and Pendan on He'Sfelda on ii id' Octob. and he rixade vii
gear, and eac man sloh his sunu Osfri^ mid him. and ]7a
8}rS%an foran Ceadwala and Penda and fordydan call NorS-
hymbra land, pa f Paulinus geseah. )?a genam iE^elburge
Bad wines lafe. and gewat on scipe to Gent, and Eadbold and
Honorius him onfengon swi^e arwurSlice. and sealdon him
biscop setle on Rofescestre. and he ^ser wunode to his ende.

634. Her feng to Deame rice Osric. }?one Paulinus aer ge
fallode. se wses jElfrices sunu iBdwines federan. and to Beer-
nicum feng iSiSelfri'Ses sunu Eanfri'S. and eac her Birinus
bodade serest Weast Seaxum fuUuht under Cynegilse cininge.
se Birinus com )?ider be Honorius wordum )>es papan. and
he iSser wes biscop op his lyfes ende. And Oswald eac her

^eng to NorBanhymbran rice, and he rixade ix winter, man
getea' le him f nigoniSe for )?an heiSenscipe pe hi drugon pe hi
pet an gear rixodon be twix him and Eadwine.

635. Her Kynegils wees ge fullod fram Byrine }?am biscope
on Dorcaceastre. and Oswold NorShymbra cining his on feng.

636. Her wses Cwichelm ge fullod on Dorceceastre. and
pRtn ilcan geare he forSferde. and Felix biscop bodade East
Eanglnm Cristes ge lefan.

639. Her Bjrrinus fullode Cu"8red on Dorceceastre. and
on feng hine him to sunu.

£

26 THE PARKER MS. (S)

640. Her Edbald Cantwara cyning forjrferde. and

he ricsode XXV wintr. He hmfde twegene sunn Ermenred and Ercen*
berht, and ^er Ereenberhi rixoile after Ms fcider. And Ermenred geeirfnde
twegen eunu ^a egf^an wut^an gemariirode o/iSunore,

642. Her Oswald Norman hymbra cyning of slaegen
waes.

648. Her Cenwalh feng to Wesseaxna rice, and
heold xxxi wint. and se Cenwalh het atimbran J^a
ciricean on Wintun ceastre.

644. Her Paulinus forJ)ferde sewses aercebisc on
^ Eoferwicceastre. and eft on Hrofes ceastere.

645. Her Cenwalh adrifen was from Pendan cy-
ninge.

646. Her Cenwalh waes gefulwad,

648. Her Cenwalh gesalde CuJ?rede* his maege iii
}7Usendo londes be ^scesdune. Se CuJ?red waes
Cuichelniing, Cuichelm Cynegilsing.

650. Her yEgel bryht of Gralwalum. aefter Birine
pdLtn Romaniscan bisc onfeng Wesseaxna biscdome.

651. Her Oswine kyning waes ofslaegen. and Aidan
bisc forJ>ferde.

652. Her Cenwalh gefeaht aet Bradanforda be
Sfne.

653. Her MiddelSeaxe onfengon under Peadan
aldormen ryhtne geleafan.

654. Her Onna cyning wear}? ofslaegen. and BotulC
ongon mynster timbran.

t Cenwalh rex de East Anglia rediit 634 and 650. In Florence, An. 645,

in West Saxoniam : et eodem anno Oswine is called regis Edwini patmelis

non modicam nuris portionem dedit Osrid filins, which is one with the cor-

Cuthredo; fratrueli suo, Cnichelmi regis rected text. The A. S. makes English

filio. Flor. Gibson translates iii Im- by inversion of the order « Oaurine, son

aendo londes, ter miUe hidas terra. of Onic the§onqfthe unde of Edwine,

2 Instead of Oswine Edwines, The Latin says, Oewine, ton of king

there is only Oswines in E, but the Edwine** first coutin. Take fedran

correction is obvious on comparison of suna as a compound, it »patraeli8.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 27

639. Her Eadbald Cantwara cining forSferde. se wses cining
xxiiii wintra. pa feng his sunu Ercenbriht to )>am rice, se to
wearp ealla ]?a deofel gyld on his rice, and serost Engliscra
cininga he gesette Eastor feasten. ]?8es dohter wses gehaten
Ercongota halifemne. and wundorlic man. ]7sere modor wses
Sexbnrh Annan dohter EastEngla ciningas.

641. Her wees Osnuald of slagen NorShymbra cining. fram
Pendan Sn)>hymbram on Maserfeld on %am dsege No Aug.
and his lie wses be byrged on BearSan ege. )>8es halines and
wundor wseron sy^'San manigfealde gecydde geond "Sis
egland. and his handa sindon on Bebbanburh unge brosnode.
And her Cenwalh feng to WsestSeaxena rice> and heold xxi
wintra. se Cenwalh het atimbrian )?a cyrican on Wintan ceas-
tre. and he wses Eynegilsing. and J^am ilcan geare %e Oswald
wses of slagen. feng Oswiu his broSor to NorSanhynibran
rice, and he rixode twa Ises xxx geara.

648. Her forSferde Panlinus sercebiscop on Rofesceastre
vi id' Octobr, se wses biscop an Ises xx wintra. and ii mon^as.
and xxi daga. And her feng Oswine Edwines'^ fedran suna
sunn Osrices to Deame rice, and rixade vii winter.

644. Her Cenwalh wses adrifen of his rice fram Pendan
cininge.

645. Her Cenwalh wses gefullod.

648. Her Cenwalh ge sealde Eadrede his mege iii ]7U8enda
landes be ^sces dnne.

649. Her -Slgelbriht of Galwalum setter Byrine )7am Ro-
manisca biscop on feng Sexena biscopdomas.

650. Her het Oswiu cining of slean Oswine cining on xiii
kV Septeb. and ]7ses ymbe xii niht forSferde Aidanus biscop
on ii kl' Sept.

652. Her MiddalEngla onfengon under Pendan ealdor
msen rihtne ge leafan.

658. Her Anna cining werS of slagen. and Botuulf ongan
timbrian mynster set Icanhoe. and her forSferde Honorius
ercebiscop on ii kl^ Octobr.

E 2

88 THE PARKER MS. (7C)

655. Her Pcnda forwear}?. and Mierce wurdon
Cristne. pa was agan from fruman middan geardes
V wintra. and dccc and l wintr. and Peada feng to
Mercna rice. Pending.

657. Her forjrferde Peada. and Wulfhere Pending
feng to Miercna rice.

3 The parallel is here dislocated, by
an enlargement of the Laud MS., all its
own. It consists of the first two in-
stalments of a monograph on the Abbey
of Peterborough, which is subsequently
continued in parts, under the proper
dates. This is a leading feature of E,
and stamps it as a Peterborough Edi-
tion of the Chronicle.

It was (in a literary sense) a great
mistake to embody in a national work
so disproportionate a mass of local his-
tory : yet, through this very deformity
of structure, new sources are opened
for the illustration of the Chronicle.
The very clumsiness of the perform-
ance, as it renders the evidence more
palpable, enhances the value of the in-
formation that may be gathered from it.

With this digression we drop sud-
denly into a lower stage of the lan-
guage. The same style recurs only
with the continuations of the same
subject, until towards the close of the
first handwriting, A. D. 1121.

Thus, the insertions on the one
hand, and the first pause in the work
on the other, echo the same sound,
and mutually determine each other's
date. Hence we know, that the change
of handwriting at iiai is no delusive
token, that the penman brought his
history close up to the time of writing,
and that the insertions now before us
belong definitely to the same literary
effort which produced (not merely this
Edition but even) this particular MS.
of the Chronicle.

The result is, that we have in £,

an unaltered specimen of English of
a known date. As this appertains to
a period in which such illustration is
rare, we must hail it as a real contriba.
tion to the history of our language.

The following are some of the pecu-
liar characteristics of the passage before
us, and of the era which produced it.

1. The vowel e is on the increase.
All vowels, certain diphthongs, aod
even some final consonantal syllables,
are apt to fade away into this negligent
and languid sound. Thus, we have § e
instead of a (or even ia) in infinitive
terminations, as, arwui^«n, wux^min-
ten, arerfn, wuncn, faren, gebiddfli,
findra, wurSigfn, leden, standen: in
other parts of speech, as, toform, )>eo-
nen, leouf, here, luuen, brotSre, swustrf,
o'5re godene manne, ealre halgane,
andswerode : § instead of m, in areren,
red, hwere, del, mel, lered: $ instead
of -um, -an, o, 7, ea, eo, in )>Kgne,
hsege, gare, betahten, wrohten, alesed-
nesse, gef, werce, &c This prevalence
of e is the most universal feature of
the Transition from the ancient inflected
to the modem uninflected language.

2. At the same time e itself is often
substituted by eo : less often, eo occu-
pies the place of a former 7. E. g.
heorotogas, feostnode, steode, seonde,
geseond, feorde, heot, seotte, heorda,
seoz.

3. In the general confusion m takes
the place of ea, and (exceptionally) of
e, eo : e. g. WAfS, <rlle, lusge, est,
Ikeldan ; )><rgne, w<vl, war,

4. The character a no longer repre-

THE LAUD MS. (E) 29

654. Her Oswiu ofsloh Pendan on Winwid felda. and xxx
qmebearna mid him. and ]?a wseron sume ciningas. 'Sere sum
wses iEiSelhere Annan bro'Ser EastEngla ciningas. Da wses
agan fram fruman middan geardes fif ]?usend wintra. and
Dccc wintra. and Peada feng to Myrcena rice Pending.

^On his time )?a comon togadere heo and Oswiu Oswaldes
bro'Ser cyningas. and sprecon f hi wolden an mynstre areren
Criste to lone and See Petre to wurSminte. And hi swa
diden. and nama hit gauen Medeshamstede. for)>an ^et ^ser
is an wsl }?e is gehaten Medeswsel. And hi ongunnan ]7a f
grundwalla. and )>8eron wrohten. betahten hit )>a an munec.
Saxulf wses gehaten. He waes swySe Godes freond. and
him luuede al )>eode. and he wses swy*Se 8e]?elboren on weo-
rulde and rice, he is nu mycelne riccere mid Criste.

Oc se kining Peada ne rixade nane hwile. for)?an he wses
beswicen )?urh his agen cwen on Estrentide.

655. HerlSamar Bofeceastre biscop gehalgode Deusdedit
to Cantwarabyrig on vii kl. Apr.

656. Her wses Peada of slagan. and Wulfere Pending feng
to Myrcena rice.

On his time wsex J^et abbodrice Medeshamstede swiiSe rice.
f his bro^or hafde ongunnen. pa luuede se kining hit

sents the full and pure vowel-sound in modem English are the representa-

which had entitled it to the first place tives of a Saxon g.
in the gamut of letters: it hegins to 7. But much as these innovations

appear interchangeably with several of alter the complexion of a Language,

the less perfect vowels and diphthongs. their chief value lies in their connexion

Where the more usual is ea, in al, with the great change of the nth cen-

gore, halfe, geholden : or sb, as in tury, the abolition of grammatical in-

togodere, lowed, gc^ : or e, as in fest- flexions. Of this movement we see

nio, heorda, halgane. tokens in the interpolations of £.

5. The letter u is frequently put for Gender, number, case, the govem-
t, e. g. sili«er, loue, haite, gai^en, luitede, ments of prepositions and of verbs, are
lufien, leoue, setcestlice, Dereworde, in such confusion as to embarrass in-
cline, ga«le ( B gafole). stead of aiding the operations of Speech ;

6. The g initial or final is changed there was no remedy but to sweep them
to i in some few cases : tateward, tet- all away.

ten, an», daei. This became very gene-

ral afterwards, and 7 rather than i On the nether edge of the leaf, in

came to be employed for the substi- the MS., is written in a hand of the

tute ; hence a great many of the 7*8 13th century ;

i^ege0 ^ealia et ®$iD(u' funl)abetut p'mo ecciam.

80 THE LAUD MS. (E)

swi'Se for his broiSer luuen Peada. and for his wed bro'Seres
luuen Oswi. and for Saxulfes luuen pes abbodes. ewe's )?a
pet he wolde hit wurSminten and arwurSen be his broSre
rsed iE'Selred and Merwala. and be his swustre red Kyne-
burges and KyneswiiSes. and be se sercebiscopes raed se wses
gehaten Deusdedit. and be al his gewiten raed laered and
lawed )>e on his kynerice wseron. and he swa dide.

Da seonde se kyning sefter )?one abbode. pet he seuestUce
scolde to him cumon. and he swa dyde. Da cwsed se kyning
to pan abbode. La leof Ssezulf ic haue geseond sefter pe for
n^ine saule )?urfe. and ic hit wile pe wsel secgon for hwi. Min
broker Peada and min leoue freond Oswi ongunnen an myn-
stre Criste to loue and Sancte Petre. Oc min broiSer is faren
of )7isse liue swa swa Crist wolde. oc ic wile pe ge bidden la
leoue freond f hii wirce aeuostlice on )?ere werce. and ic pe
wile finden )>serto gold and siluer. land and ahte. and al )?et
p8QT to be hofe%. Da feorde se abbot ham and ongan to wir-
oene. Swa he spedde swa him Crist hu'Se. swa }?et in feuna
geare wses f mynstre gare. Da ps, kyning heorda )>8et ge-
secgon. pB, wserS he swiiSe gised. heot seonden geond al his
j^eode aefter alle his psdgne. sefter sercebiscop and sefter bis-
copes. and sefter his eorles and sefter alle ]?a pe Gode luuedon.
})set hi scoldon to him cumene. and seotte ]>a dsei hwonne
man scolde f mynstre ge halegon.

Da man halgode seo mynstre. )?a wses seo kyning Wulfere
}?8er. and his broker MVelred. and his swustre Kyneburg and
Kynesuuith. And seo mynstre halgode seo sercebiscop Deus-
dedit of Cantwarbyrig. and seo biscop of Rofecsestre Ithamar.
and seo biscop of Lundone pe wses Wina gehaten. and seo
Myrcene biscop. leruman wses gehaten. and Tuda biscop.
And p9dT wses Wilfrid preost pe si^iSon wses biscop. and )?8er
wseron telle his Segnas pe wseron on his kynerice.

Da seo mynstre wses ge halgod on Sancte Petres nama and
S. Paules and S. Andr*. pn, stod seo kyning up toforen ealle
his ^aegna. and cwsed luddor stefne. Dancod wurS hit ]?on

THE LAUD MS. (E) 81

fasege JBlmihti Ood f^is wurSscipe f her is gedon. and ic
wile wurSigen 'pis dsei Crist and See Peter, and ic wille f ge
iealle ge ti'Se mine worde. Ic Wulfere gife to dsei See Petre
and )?one abbode Saxulf and )>a munecas of pe mynstre pM
landes and ]?a8 wateres and meres and fennes and weres and
ealle )?a landes )>a )?8er abuton ligge^ %a of mine kynerice
sindon freolice. swa %et nan man na bane )?8er nan onsting
buton seo abbot and se muneces. Das is se gife. fram
Medeshamstede to NorSburh. and swa to "Set stede pet man
cleopeS Folies. and swa ael se feon riht to Esendic. and fra
Esendic to f steode pe man cleope^ FeiSer mu%e. and swa f
rihte weie x mile lang to Guggedic. and swa to Baggewilh.
and fira Raggewilh v mile to pe rihte se pe ga'S to ^Im and
to Wisebece. and swa abutan iii mile to prokonholt. and fra
prokonholt riht )?nrh al %e fen to Dereuorde f is xx mile
lang. and swa to Grsetecros. and fra Grsetecros )?urh an scyr
wseter Bradan se hatte. and ]?eonon vi mile to Paccelade. and
swa forS J>urh selle )?a meres and feonnes )?a liggen toward
Huntendune porte. and pBS meres and laces. Scselfreroere
and Witles mere and selle pn, o]?re pn. }>ar abntan liggan mid
land and mid buses pA sindon on sesthalfe Scselfre mere, and
)>eouen selle )>a feonnon to Medeshamstede. and fra Medes-
hamstede al to Welmes forde. and fra Welmes forde to Cliue.
and ]7eonen to iSstune. and fra iBstune to Stanford, and fra
Stanford swa swa f wseter renneS to seo forenspreconeNorS
burh. Dis sindon pa landes and %a feonnes pe seo kyning
gef into See Petres mynstre.

Da cwseiS seo kyning. Hit is litel )?eos gife. ac ic wille f hi
hit hselden swa kynelice and swa freolice. f J?ser ne be numen
of na geld na gaule. buton to )?a munecan ane. Dus ic wille
freon Jns mynstre )>et hit ne be under )>ed buton Rome ane.
and hider ic wille f we secan See Petre. ealle )>a pa to Rome
na magen faren.

Betwix )>as worde pa geornde seo abb'e )>et he scolde him
ty^^ian ]7et he set him gcorndc. and seo kining hit him tydde.

32 THE LAUD MS. (E)

Ic haue here godefnhte muneces })a wolden drohtien here
lif on anker setle gif hi wisten hwere. Oc her is an igland
f man cleope'S Ancarig. and wile J^es geomen f we
moten )>8er wircen an mynstre See Marie to loue. ]>et hi
moten J^aer wunen )?a'Sa here lif wilen Iseden mid sibbe and
mid reste.

Da andswerode seo kyning and ]?us cwse'S. Saxulf la leof.
ne J?et an f ^u geornest oc ealle J?a |?ing f ic wat pet «u
geomest on ure Drihtnes halfe. swa ic lufe and tySe. And
ic bidde )?e broiSer ^^elred. and mine swustre Cyneburh and
Cynesuuith. for iure sawle alesednesse. pet ge beon witnesse.
and f geo hit write mid iure fingre. And ic bidde ealle J^a
"Sa sefter me cumen. beon hi mine sunes. beon hi mine bre^re.
ou]7er kyningas ]>a sefter me cumen. f ure gyfe mote standen.
swa swa hi willen beon del nimende on ph ece lif. and swa
swa hi wilen setbeorstan ]?et ece wite. Swa hwa swa ure
gife ou]?er o^re godene manne gyfe wansia]?. wansie him seo
heofenlice iateward on heofonrice. And swa hwa swa hit
ece%. ece him seo heofenlice iateward on heofenrice.

Das sindon p2L witnes pe ]?8er wseron. and pR f gewriten
mid here fingre on Cristesmele. and ietten mid here tunge.
Det waes first seo kyning Wulfere pe f feostnode first mid
his worde and si^^on mid his fingre gewrat on Cristesmel.
and J?us cwae*. Ic Wulfere kyning mid J?as kyningas and
mid eorles and mid heorotogas and mid ]78egnas ]?a8 ge wit-
nesse mines gifes toforan J^one sercebiscop Deusdedit ic hit
festnia mid Cristes mel. -f- • And ic Oswi NorJ?himbre kyn-
ing ]7eos mynstres freond. and pes abbotes Saxulf. hit loue
mid Cristesmel. -[-• And ic Sighere kyning hit tySe mid
Cristes mel. + . And ic Sibbi kyning hit write mid Cristes
mel. + . And ic iE^elred pes kyningas broker J?et ilce tyde
mid Cristesmel. -|-. And we J?es kyningas swustre Cyneburh
and Cynesuith we hit louien. And ic Kantwarabyrig serce-
biscop Deusdedit hit ty^e. Si^^an ]7a getton hit selle )>a
o^re pe }?8Br wseron mid Cristes mel. -|- . Det wseron be nam.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 38

Ithamar biscop of Bofecestre. and Wine biscop of Lundene.
«nd leruman se wses Myrcene biscop. and Tuda biscop. and
Wilfrid preost seo wses si'S'Son biscop. and Eoppa preost )?e
zeo kyning Walhfere seonde to bodian Cristendome on Wiht.
and Saxolf abbot, and Immine ealdorman. and Eadberht
ealdorman. and Herefrid seldorman. and Wilberht aeldorman.
and Abon seldorman. ^"Selbold. Brordan. Wilberht. iSIlh-
mund. Fre^egis. )?as and feola o|>re )?a wseron )?8er kyninges
)7eonest men hit geotton ealle. Des writ wses gewriton sef ter
lire Drihtnes acennednesse dclxiiii. ]?es kyningas Wulhferes
seoue'Sende gear. ]?e8 sercebiscopes Deusdedit ix gear. Leidon
]7a Godes curs and ealre halgane curs and al Cristene folces
)?e ani)?ing undyde f ]?ser wses gedon. Swa beo hit. sei[^
alle. Am.

pa yin )?ing wses ge don. ]?a seonde seo kyning to Rome to
seo papa Uitalianus )?e )?a was. and geomde f he scolde
ty^ian mid his writ and mid his bletsinge eal )?is forsprecene
]?ing. And seo papa seonde )7a his writ )?us cwse'Send. Ic
Uitalianus papa geate )?e Wulhfere cyning and Deusdedit
sercebiscop and Saxulf abb' ealle )?e )?ing ye ge geomon. and
ic forbede ^et ne kyning. ne nan man ne haue nan ousting
buton ]?on abb' ane. ne he ne hersumie nan man buton )?one
papa on Rome and se sercebiscop on Cantwarbyrig. Gif hwa
]?is tobreke)? 8eni)?ing. See Petre mid his sweord him ady-
lige. Gif hwa hit hselt. S. Petre mid heofne keie un do him
heofenrice. Dus wses seo mynstre Medeshamstede agunnen.
f man si'Si^on cleopede Burh.

Si'SiJon com an o)?re serceb' to Cantwarbyrig. seo wses ge-
haten Theodorus. swv6e god man and wis. and heold his
sino]? mid his biscopes and mid )?e lerede folc. pa wses Win-
frid Myrcene biscop don of his biscop rice, and Saxulf abb'
was )?ser ge coren to biscop. and Cu'Sbald munec of ]?e selue
mynstre wses coren to abbot, pis sina'S was gehalden sefter
ure Drihtnes acennednesse seox hundred wintra. and iii and
hund seofenti wintra.

F

S4 THE PARKER MS. (S)

658. Her Cenwalh gefeaht set Peonnum wij? Walas.
and hie gefliemde o}? Pedridan. J^is waes gefohten sijv
}?an he of EastEnglum com. he waes ]mT iii gear on
wrece. hsefde hine Penda adrifenne and rices benu-
menne. for}?on he his swostor an forlet.

660. Her ^Egelbryht bisc gewat from Cenwale.
and Wine heold ]?one biscepdom iii gear, and se
iEgelbryht onfeng Persa bisc domes on Galwalum
hi Signe.

661. Her Cenwalh gefeaht in Eastron on Posentes
byrg. and gehergeade Wulfhere Pending dp JEsces
dune. Snd CuJ?red Cuichelming. and Coenbryht
cyning on anum geare for}?ferdun. Snd on Wiht
gehergade Wulfhere Pending, and gesalde Wiht waran
-^J?elwalde SudSeaxna cyninge. forJ?on Wulfhere hine
onfeng set fulwihte. Snd Eoppa msesse preost. be
Wilfer}>es worde and Wulfhere cyning. brohte Wiht
warum fiilwiht serest.

664. Her sunne a}?iestrode and Srcenbryht Gant-
wara cyng for}?ferde. Snd Colman mid his geferum
for to his cy'S^e. py ilcan geare waes micel man
cuealm. Snd Ceadda and WilferJ? waeron gehadode.
and J^y ilcan geare Deusdedit forJ?ferde.

668. Her peodorus mon hadode to ercebisc.

669- Her Ecgbryht cyning salde Basse msesse
prioste Reculf mynster ontotymbranne.

670. Her forJ?ferde Osweo NorJ^an hymbra cyning.
and EcgferJ? ricsode sefter him. Snd HloJ?here feng
to biscepdome ofer Wesseaxan ^Egelbryhtes bisc nefa.
and heold vii gear. J)eodor bisc hine gehalgode. and
se Oswio wees /E}?elferJ?ing.yE)>elferJ?^J?elricing.yEj>el-
ric Iding. Ida Eopping.

671. Her waes J^aet micle fuglawccl.

672. Her forj^ferde Cenwalh and Seaxburg an gear
ricsode his cuen aefter him.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 85

658. Her Cenwealh ge feaht set Peonnum wi]? Walaa. and
heo ge flymde 08 Pedredan. yis waes ge fohton 8}rSi$an he of
EaatEngla com. he wses )?8er iii gear on wreccesii^. hsefde
hine Penda adrefedne. and rices benumene for]?an f he his
swustor forlet.

660. Her ^glbriht biscop gewat fram Cenwala. and Wine
heold "Sone biscop dome iii gear, and seo iEglbriht onfeng
Persa biscop domes on Galwalum be Sigene.

661. Her Cenwealh feaht on Eastron on Posentes byrig.
and gehergode Wulfhere Pending of ^Esces dune, and Cu)7red
Gwichelming. and Centbriht cining on anum geare forSfer-
don. And on Wiht gehergode Wulfhere Pending, and ge
sealde Wiht warum jE'SelwoIde Su'S Seaxena cininga. for)7an
Wulfhere hine onfeng set fulwihte. and Eoppa preost be
WilferSes worde and Wulfheres cininges brohte Wiht warum
fulwiht serost manna.

664. Her sunne a'Sestrode on v no. Mai. and on "Sissum
geare com micel mancwealm on Brytene igland. and on ]?am
cwealme forSferde Tuda biscop. and wses be byrged on Wa-
gele. and Ercenbriht Gantwara cining forSferde. and Ecgbriht
his sunu feng to ]?am rice, and Coleman mid his geferum for
to his cySiJe. and Ceadde and WilferS waeron gehadode. and
on l^am ilcan geare seo sercebiscop Deus dedit forSferde.

667. Her Oswiu and Ecbriht sendon Wigheai'd preost to
Rome, f hine man scolde halgian to aercebiscope. ac he forS-
ferde sona swa he )?ider com.

668. Her Vitalianus se papa ge hadode Theodorus to arce-
biscop. and sende hine to Brytene.

669. Her Egbriht cining sealde Basse preost Baculf. myn-
ster to tymbrianne.

670. Her Oswiu forSferde NorSanhymbra cining on xv k*
Mr. and EcferS his sunu rixade sefter him. and Hlothere feng
to biscop dome ofer WeastSeaxum .Slglbrihtes biscopes nefa.
and heold vii gear, and peodorus biscop hine halgode.

671. Her waes f mycele fugla well.

672. Her forSferde Cenwalh. and Sexburh an gear rixade
his cwen sefter him.

F 2

36

THE PARKER MS. (S)

673. Her Ecgbryht Cant wara cyning forj^ferde and
Jy geare waes seno® aet Heorotforda. and See yEJ>el-
dryht ongon J^aet mynstaer aet Elige.

674. Her feng ^scwine to rice on Wesseaxum. se
wes Cen fusing. Cenfiis CenferJ?ing. CenferJ? CuJ>
gilsing. CuJ^gils Ceolwulfing, Ceolwulf Cynricing.
Cynric Cerdicing.

675. Her Wulfhere Pending, and iEscwine. gefuh-
ton aet Biedan heafde. and }y ilcan geare Wulfhere
forJ?ferde. and yEJ?elred feng to rice.

4 Here the parallel is disturbed a
second time, by the third article on
Peterborough Minster. Like the two
former, it is cemented to the Annal
by the phrase On his time. The
Language is of the same stamp as
before ; and the following remarks are
in continuation of the note at p. 29.

Passing from letters to words, we
see the old habits of Gender, Number,
Case, fiJling out of rule, or dropping
off altogether. The Article is particu-
larly sensitiTe, and exhibits every phase
of the prevailing perturbation. We
meet with tea kyning; )hi kyning; teo
mynstre; ieo eercebiscop; "P ilce for-
giuenesse; se gife; PI. «e muneces;
of \Kme muneca. But we also find
)>e mynstre* and here the germ of
order is already seen in the appearance
of that impassive monosyllable, which
soon levelled all distinctions of a dege-
nerate Accidence, and concentrated in
itself the once divided functions of the
Definite Article. In this the English
made a step, which even French has
not yet come up to.

Verbs and Prepositions no longer
command their wonted Cases. £. g.
nama hit gauen Medeshamstede — ^be-
tahten hit \>a an munec — of p abbod-
rice—be se sercebiscopes reed — to seo

foren sprecone Noi^ burh. In these
instances the Nominative stands where
the old classic Englisc would have had
the Dative. This Case went first; the
Accusative stood longer, and the Geni-
tive has partially remained to our own
day. In the Text, an Accusative often
fills the place of the old Dative ; e. g.
geafon and getton \>one abbot — et Ixme
stede — ^to foran ixme Krcebiscop. An
Accusative even stands for the Nomi-
native ; swa mioel swa iKme abbot wile :
and a Nominative instead of the Acca-
sative ; Ic Agatho . . . grete wel mo . . .
kyning 1

Of the variety of Declensions little
now remains ; a single letter (s) forms
the Plural of Nouns, and likewise their
Genitive Singular. Hence we find the
Genitives gifes; ELyneburges and
KyneawilSes; and the Plurals, sunes,
heorotogas, landes: all in violation
of the andent Grammar.

Akin to the above, is the frequent
rejection of the prefix ge before the
past participle, and some substantives
which it usually accompanied. Thus
we find, flaren, ooren, spreoon,
wroht, and the substantive writ in-
stead of gewrit.

But this decay of an ancient Gram-
mar only makes way for the bursting

THE LAUD MS. (E) S7

673. Her ^Egbriht Cantwara dning forSferde. and Theo-
doras sercebiscop gesomnode sino'S aet Heortforde. and See
.^EiSeldri)? ongan f mynster set Helige.

674. Her feng iEscwine to rice on WestSeaxum.

675. Her Wulfhere Pending and iEscwine Cenfusing ge
fahton set Bedanheafde. and )?a ilcan geare Wulfhere forS
ferde. and iE'Selred feng to rice.

^ On his time )?a seonde he to Borne Wilfrid biscop to J?am
pape ye )7a wes. Agatho he wses gehaten. and cydde him mid
writ and mid worde. hu his brei5re Peada and Wulfhere and
se abbot Saxulf. heafden wroht an minstre Medeshamstede
waes gehaten. and f hi hit heafden gefreod wr6 kyning and
wi'S biscop of ealle )?ewdom. and bed him f he scolde f geten
mid his writ and mid his bletsunge. And seo papa seonde
)?a his gewrite to Englalande ]?us cwe'Sende.

Ic Agatho papa of Rome grete wel seo wurSfulle iE'Selred Itolla pope
Myrcene kyning and se sercebiscop Theodorum of Cantwar *8at9<mto
byrig. and seo Myrcene biscop Saxulf seo ser waes abbot, and
alle )?a abbotes )?a sindon on Englalande Godes gretinge
and minre bletsunge. Ic haue geheord seo kyninges JE9e\-
redes geomange and ]?es sercebiscopes Theodorus. and )?es
biscopes Saxulfes. and )?es abbotes Cuthbaldes. and ic hit
wille f hit on selle wise beo. swa swa ge hit sprecon hauen.
And ic bebeode of Godes half and S' Petres. and ealra
halgan. and ealre hadode heafde. ]>et ne kyning ne biscop ne

forth of A young system which fills, plete. Here we gained a march on
and more than fills, the room of its the cognate dialects, German and
predecessor. An elaborate Accidence Dutch. Let any one try to imagine
is picturesque to the fancy, but to the the great works of English Litera<
operations of the mind it is hampering. ture couched in an inflected Lan-
One necessity of form begets another. guage. In so strait a garment, they
Where the noun miut be in a certain could nerer have attained the ease and
case, it will probably be found neces- expansion for which they are so dis-
9ary to give the cUuse a particular tinguished. Even this raw composi-
shape, and that again will have its tion of the 1 2th century shews a sense
effect on the cast of the entire sen- of new freedom, as it marches along
tenoe. It has been a great advantage regardless of the forms of words, mind-
to us that the Transition took place ing only their sensible worth and lucid
when it did, and that it was so com- collocation.

38 THE LAUD MS. <Z)

eod \ ne iiaa Bun Be haoe bsa onitxiig: ae gille ae gerid

He fef^d'ing^ ne nanes dnnea S^uiouL ne nime ■« of ^

abhotrice of Medeshamstede. Ic beode aee f ^ acjrfaiaeQp

^ ne seo «wa dyratlecc f he ne hading ne halpgfng ae do on

y\9 abbot rice baton teo abbot hit him bidde. ne hiaoopwite

ne iiina^ ne naneakinnea ^ing na bane ^aer man oBatxng.

1M«i(|mf And ie wille f teo abbot beo gebealden for kgat of Rome

tM9imi VMM ^^ ^i ^ iglande. and bwilc abbot ye bej? ^aer coren rf fc

munecan f he beo gebletaad of fan srcebiacop of Cant

warbyrig. Ic wille and tyiSe f hwHc man awa haoeS bdiaten

to faren to Rome and he ne mnge hit forSian. oniSer (or

ODtnimniste. onlSer for laoerdea neode. on^Ser for haneleste.

oti5er for hwilcetcinnes o5er neod he ne mnge )^aer comon.

beo he of Englelande ouiSer of hwilc o^r igland beo he.

cume to f mynstre on Medesham stede. and haue ^ ilce for-

giueuesse of Critte and S^ Peter, and of )?one abbot and of

);one muneca f he scolde hauen gif he to Borne fore. Nu

bidde ic jfe broker Theodoras f )?u lete bedon geond si

Englelande yet seo sina^ wurSe gegaderod. and J^is write

wurSe geredd and gehealdon. Al swa ic beode ye Saxulf

biscop f swa swa yu hit geomest. f seo mynstre beo freo.

swa ic for beode ye and ealle ye biscopas ye sefter "Se cumon

of Criste and of ealle his halgan f ge nan onsting ne hauen

of f mynstre buton swa micel swa J?one abbot wile. Nu

wille io hit segge mid worde f hwa swa halt yin write and

yis bode, y^ wurSe he efre wuniende mid God jSllmihti on

heuenrice. and hwa swa hit tobrecei^. )?a wurSe he aman-

sumed and ani^rod mid ludas and mid ealle deofle on helle

buton he cume to dedbote. Amen.

Das writ seoude seo papa Agatho and an hundred and fif

^TWMi^lf»m^nlT«la•olbove(p.3o) 6 In Cod. Dipl. 990. fiMrSinc

\w \\\^ \\tx^\\mn |H>ftion of the Peter- wionf. Hie Litm text tben gncs
tnm^MlU Ph^v^y. In r^fMNmoe to the the tnie sense;— wm oensiis, wm tri-

xAssymm. U \\s^ .^.^ ^ „,,^ ij^ t|«m serritatis ocMio Use Feotdinc
^HnUrn^ M^^HV U wi^ l>M,i«K. Md .iy*d. ^idiaa, €Mffdif^ miiitmrf

THE LAUD MS. (E) 89

and twenti biscopes bi Wilfrid aercebiscop of Eoferwic to
Englalande. pis W9ds gedon sefter ure Drihtnes acenned-
nesse dclxxx. ]?e8 kininges yi gear iE-Selredes.

Da heot seo kining ]?one sercebiscop Theodorus f he
scolde setton ealle gewitene mot set )?one stede f man
cleope'S Heatfelde. Da hi wseron }?8er gegaderod. )?a leot
he rsedon )?a ge write ]?e seo papa )?ider seonde. and ealle hit
getton and fulfeostnodon.

Da seide se kyning. Ealle )?a )?ing )?e min bro'Ser Peada.
and min bro'Ser Wulfere. and mine swnster Kineburh and
Eynesuith geafon and getton See Peter and )?one abbot )?a
wile ic f stande. and ic wile on min dsei hit secon for here
sawle. and for minre sawle. Nu gife ic See Peter to daei
in to his minstre Medeshamstede )?as landes. and eal f |>ser
to liggei$. ]fet is Bredune. Hrepingas. Cedenac. Swineshaefed.
Heanbyrig. Lodeshac. Scuffanhalch. Costesford. Stretford.
Wsettelleburne. Lufgeard. i3E!)?eIhun]glond. Bar]?anig. Das
landes ic gife See Peter eal swa freolice swa ic seolf hit
ahte. and swa f nan min sefter gengles )?8er nan ]?ing of ne
nime. Gif hwa hit doS. ]?es papa curs of Borne and ealre
biscope curs he hnbbe. and here ealre ]?e her be gewitnesse.
and yis ic festnie mid Cristes tacne. -f-* Ic Theodorus serce-
biscop of Cantwarbjnrig am witnesse of J^as ge write of Medes-
hamstede. and ic festnie mid min ge write, and ic amansumie
ealle J^a )?8er ani^^ing of broke, and ic bletsie ealle )?a )?e hit
healden. + . Ic Wilfrid aerceV of jEferwic ic cam witnesse
of )^as ge write, and ic gsete ]?ses ilce curs, -f-* Ic Saxulf )?e
wss first abbot and nu cam biscop ic gife hi min curs and
ealle min seftergengle ye ]?is tobreket. Ic Ostri'Se M^el
redes cwen hit ty'Se. Ic Adrianus legat hit iete. Ic Putta
biscop of Eofecestre ic hit write. Ic Waldhere biscop of
Lundene hit festnie. Ic Cu'Sbald abbot hit geate swa ]?et
hwa swa hit breket. ealre biscope cursunge and eal Cristenco
feces he hafe. Am. ^1/

40 THE PARKER MS. (S)

676. Her iEscwine for|?ferde. and Hedde feiig to
bisc dome, and Centwine feng to rice, and Centwine
was Cynegilsing. Cynegils Ceolwulfing. Snd JE9e
red Miercna cyning oferhergeada Centlond.

678. Her oJ?iewde cometa se steorra. Snd WilfriJ)
biscop wses adrifen of his bisc dome from Ecgfer]>e
cyninge.

679. Her yElfwine waes ofslsegen. and See yE}>elJ?ry|i
forj? ferde.

680. Her gesset peodorius serce biscop senoj? on
Hce}7felda. forjwn he wolde }?one Cristes geleafan
geryhtan. TCnd py ylcan geare forJ?ferde Hild abbo-
desse on Streones heale.

682. On J^issum geare Centwine gefliemde Bret
wealas op s<e.

685. Her Cead walla ongan sefter rice winnan. Se
Ceadwalla was Coenbryhting. Coenbrhyt Cading.
Cadda CuJ?aing. CuJ?a Ceawlining. Ceawlin Cynricing.
Cynric Cerdicing. TCnd Mul was Ceadwallan broj^ur.
and }x)ne mon eft on Cent forbsernde. TCnd J^y ilcan
geare EcgferJ? cyning mon ofslog. Se EcgferJ? wees
Osweoing. Osweo yE}?elfer}?ing. yEj^elferJ? -^}>elricing.
-^J?elric Iding. Ida Eopping. TCnd HloJ?here J?y ilcan
geare forj? ferde.

686. Her Ceadwalla and Mul Cent and Wieht for-
hergedon.

F. 685. . . . Her weai% od Brytene blodi ren. and meolc and
butere wurdon gewend to blode.

7 The fourth piece of the records of prelacy of Egbalth. Such a notice it
Peterborough, peculiar to E. The in- proper to a monograph, but rerj in-
trusion ia betrayed, not only by the Ian- congruous in a page of the national
guage and the subject, hut also by the story, where the very key-note of the
Synchronizing of Theodorus with the era is Theodoroa.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 41

676. Her j^scwine forSferde. and Hedde feng to biscop
dome, and Centwine feng to West Seaxna rice, and iE^elred
Myrcena ciniug oferhergode Cent land.

678. Her ateowede cometa se steorra on Auguste. and scan
iii mon'Sas selce morgen swilce sunne beam, and WilferS bis-
cop wses adrifen of his biscop dome fram EcferSe cininge.
and man ge halgode ii biscopas on his stal. Bosan to Derum.
and Eatan to Beornicum. and man ge halgode Lindis warum
to biscope Eadhed. se wses on Lindissi serost biscopa.

679. Her man of sloh -^Ifwdne be Trentan jTser "Sser EgferS
and iE^elred ge fuhton. and her forSferde see iE'SeldriS. and
Coludes burh for bam mid godcundum fyre.

680. Her geset Theodorus sercebiscopes sino"? on HseiJ
felda. for]?an ]?e he wolde )?one Cristes ge Isefan ge rihtan. and
yj geare Hild abbo'Sessa on Streones heale forSferde.

681. Her man halgode Trumbriht biscop to Hagustaldes
ea. and Trumwine Pihtum for)?an hy hyrdon ]?a hider.

682. Her on "Sissom geare Centwine geflymde Britwalas
op sae.

684. Her on Sissum geare sende EcgferS here on Scottas.
and Briht his ealdorman mid. and earmlice hi Godes cyrican
hyndan and bsemdon.

685. Her hset EcgferS dning ge halgian CuSberht to bis-
cope. and Theodorus archieps hiue ge halgode on Eoferwic
jfBm forman Eastordsege to biscope to Hagustaldes ham. for
J^am Trumbriht wses adon of Sam biscop dome, and Sy ilcan
geare man of sloh EcgferS cining be norSan sse. and mycelne
here mid him on xiii^ kl' Junii. He wses xv winter cining.
and AldfriS his bro'Sor feng sefter him to rice, and her ongan
Ceadwala winnan sefter rice, and ]?y ilcan geare Lo'Sere Cant
wara cining forSferde. and man ge halgode Johannes on Agust'
to biscope. and he )?8Br wses oHe WilfriJ? in com. SyS'San
feng lohannes to Ceastre biscop dome. forSan Bosa biscop
wses forSfaren. )?a wses WilferS his preost SyS'San ge halgod
Ceastre to biscope. and f for to his mynstre on Derawuda. f i.e. John.

686. Her Ceadwala and Mul his bro^or for hergodan Cent
and Wiht. 7 p£es Csedwala gef into see Petres minstre Medes-
hamstede Hoge. '^ is in an igland Heabureahg hatte. )?a wses
abbot on ]?8ere minstre Egbalth wses gehaten. heo wses se
J^ridde abbot sefter Saxulfe. )?a wses Theodorus serceb' on Cent.

G

42 THE PARKER MS. (JT)

687. Her Mul wear}? on Cent forbaerned. and oj^re
xii men mid him. and fy geare Ceadwalla eft Cent
forhergeada.

688 Her Ine feng to Wesseaxna rice, and heold
and he geiim- xxxvii wifit. TCnd J?y ilcan geare Ceadwalla
brade^menster ^^^ ^^ Rome, and fiilwihte onfeng from
riff. J?am papan. and se papa hme heht Jretrus.

and ymb vii niht he for)? ferde. pon was se Ine Cen-
reding. Cenred Ceolwalding. Ceolwald was Cynegilses
broJ?ur. and J?a waeron CuJ^wines suna Ceaulininges.
Ceaulin Cynricing. Cynric Cerdicing.

690. Her peodorius sercebisc forj? ferde. and feng
Beorhtwald to J?am biscdome. ^Er wserun Romanisce
biscepas. si]?]?an wserun Englisce.

694. Her Cantware ge |?ingodan wij? Ine. and him
gesaldon xxx m'*. for}?on }?e hie aer Mul for baerndon.
Snd Wihtred feng to Cant wara rice and heold xxxiii
wint. Se Wihtred was Ecgbryhting. Ecgbyrht Xr-
cenbryhting. Erconbryht Eadbalding. Eadbald yEj>el-
bryhting.

70s. Her Hedde bisc for}? ferde. and he heold ]?one
biscdom xxvii wint on Winta ceastre.

704. Her yE}?elred Pending Miercna cyning onfeng
munuchade. and J?8Bt rice heold xxviiii wintra. J?a
feng Coenred to.

705. Her SIdfer)? NorSanhymbra cyning forJ?ferde
and Seaxwulf bisc.

709. Her Sldhelm bisc forJ?ferde. se wees be * westan
wuda bisc. and waes todceled in foreweardum Danieles
dagum in tua biscscira WestSeaxna lond and aer hit
wees an. o}?er heold Daniel. oJ?er Sldhelm. ^fter
Sldhelme feng For}? here to. Snd Ceolred feng to

• XXX pundaB. xxx Wsend punds thirty men: probably an oversight. No

to freondscipe F. xxx milia libranim doubt rh stands for TniUft

F. Lai. In Mon. Hist. Brit, the read- x Selewuda B.
ing of "K is given as xxx manna =

THE LAUD MS. (E) 43

687. Her Mul waei^ on Cent bsmed. and o'Sre xii men
mid him. and ^j geara Ceadwala eft forhergode Cent.

688. Her for Ceadwala cining to Rome, and onfeng fulluht
set Sergium )?am papan. and he him scop Petrum to name,
and he sy^'San ymbe vii niht foi^ferde on xii kP Mai under
Cristes clai^um. and he waes gebyrged innan See Petres
cyrican. and Ine feng to rice on WsestSsexna sefter him. se
rixade xxvii wintra. and sySSan gewat to Rome, and ydsr
wunode op his endedsBg.

690. Her Theodoras serceb' forSferde. he wses xxii wintra
b'. and he W8DS bebyrged innan Cantwarbyrig.

692. Her Brihtwold wses gecoren to eercebiscop on kl'
JxxV, he wses ser abbot on Raculfe. ser ]?is8an wseron Roma-
nisce biscopas. and sy^'San wseron Englisce. )^a wseron ii
ciningas on cent. Wihtred. and Waebheard.

693. Her wses Brihtwald gehalgod to sercebiscope fram
Oodune Oalwala biscop on v no Jul', innan J^as tyd Gife-
mund b' forSferde. and firihtwald ge halgode Tobian on his
steall. and Brihthelm wses of lyfe ge Ised.

694. Her Cantwara ge "Singoden wi'S Ine and him ge seal-
don XXX )?u8enda forSan pe hi ser Mul forbsemdon. and
Wihtred feng to Cantwara rice, and heold thre and twenti
wintra.

697. Her Su'Sanhvmbre ofslogon OstryBe -flBSehredes
cwen. Ecgfri'Ses swuster.

699. Her Pyhtas slogon Berht ealdorman.

702. Her Kenred feng to Su^S hvmbra rice.

703. Her Hsedde b* for8ferde. and he heold )?one biscop
dom xxvii wintra on Wintan ceastre.

704. Her iS'Selred Pending Mircena cining onfeng munuc
hade, and pet rice heold xxix wintra. )?a feng Kenred to.

705. Her Aldfri'S Nor]?an hymbra cining forSferde on xix
kr Jan on Driflelda. pSL feng Osred his sunu to rice.

709. Her Aldelm biscop forSferde. seo wses be wsestan
wudu h\ and wses todseled on foreweardum Danieles dagum
on ii biscop scyra Ws^stSeaxna landes. and ser hit wses an.
o'Ser heold Daniel, o^er Aldelm biscop. sefter Aldelme
Forhere feng to. and Ceolred feng to Myrcena rice, and
Cenred for to Rome and Offa mid him. and Cenred wses )>ser
oS his lifes ende. and pi ilcan geare WilferS biscop forSferde

G 2

44 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

Miercna rice, and Ceonred for to Rome and Offa mid
him.

710. Her B€orhtfri\f eatdormon feaht iwj» Peohias. And Ine and Nun hit
mmg gefuhUm vt|> Gerenle Wala eyninj/e.

714. Her for}?ferde Guf>lac se halga.

715. Her Ine and Ceolred fiihton aet Woddes
beorge.

716. Her Osred NorJ^an hymbra cyning wear}? of
slaegen se haefde vii winter rice yaefter Sldfer|>e. )>a
feng Coenred to rice, and heold ii gear. J^a Osric and
heold xi gear. Snd on J^am ilcan geare Ceolred
Miercna cyning for}?ferde. Snd his lie reste}? on
Licet felda. and yE)>eIr<edes Pendinges on Bearddan
igge. and J?a feng yE}?elbaldz to rice on Mercium. and
heold xli winter. ^EJ^elbald wees Slweoing. 3!Iweo
Eawing. Eawa Pybing. Jtsbs cyn is beforan awriten*.

Snd Ecgbryht se arwier}?a wer on Hii J^am ealonde
J^a munecas on ryht gecierde. }?at hie Eastron on ryht
heoldon. and f>a ciriclecan scare.

718. Her Ingild for}?ferde Ines bro|?ur. and hiera
swostur wserun Cuen burg and CuJ? burh. and sio CuJ?
burh }?flet liif set Winburnan arserode and hio wees
forgifen NorJ?an hymbra cyninge Tfld ferj>e. and hie
be him lifgendum hie gedeldun.

721. Her Daniel ferde to Rome, and J^y ilcan geare
Ine ofslog Cynewulf.

722. Her ^Ej^elburg cuen towearp Tantun^ and Ine
sertimbrede. and Sldbryht wr<eccea gewat on SuJ^rige
and on SuJ>Seaxe. and Ine gefeaht wi|? Su)7Seaxum.

and

725. Her Wihtred Cantwara cyning forj^ferde. }?8es

Eadberhtfeng to Centrice,

cyn is beforan «. Snd Ine feaht w\p SuJ^Seaxan. and
Jwr ofslog Sldbryht.

728. Her Ine ferde to Rome, and Jwr his feorh
gesealde and feng iE]?elheard to Wesseaxna rice and

THE LAUD MS. (E) 45

in Undalum. and his lie man Isedde to Ripum. he wses biscop
xlv wintra. ]?one EcgferS cining ser bedraf to Borne.

710. Her Acca WilferSes preost feng to )?am biscop dome
]?e he ser heold. and ]?am ilcan geare feoht Beorht fid's ealdor
man wi'S Pyhtas betwix Haefe and Caere, and Ine and Nun
his maei gefuhton wi'S Gerente Weala cininge®. and J?am ilcan
geare man of sloh Hygebald.

714. Her Gu^Iac seo halga forSferde.

715. Her Ine and Ceolred gefuhton set Wodnes beorge.

716. Her Osred NorSanhymbra cininga waerS of slagen be
su'San ge mssre. se hsefde vii winter sefter Ealdfer)?e. )?a feng
Cenred to rice, and heold ii gear, and )?a Osric and heold xi
gear, and eac on )?am ilcan geare Ceolred Myrcena cining
for]?ferde. and his lie resta'S on Licet felda. and iS'Selredes
Pendinges on BearSan ege. and )?a feng ^'Selbald to rice on
Myrcum. and heold xli wintra. and Ecgbyrht se arwurj?a wer
le hiwan to rihtum Eastrum. and to See Fetres scsere.

718. Her Ingild forSferde Ines broi^or. and heo swustra
waeron Cwenbiirh and Cu'Sburh. and seo Cu^burh f lyf set
Winburnan sererde. and heo wses forgifen NorShymbra cininge
EaldferSe. and heo be him lifigendum gedaeldon.

721. Her Daniel for to Rome, and )?i ilcan geare me of
sloh Cynewulf )?one sj^eling. and her forSferde se halga biscop
loh's. se waes biscop xxxiii geara. and viii monSas. and xiii
dagas. and his lie resta'S in Beoferlic.

722. Her ^E'Selburh cwen towserp Tantun J?one Ine aer
tymbrade. and Ealdbriht wrecca ge wat on Su'Srege. and on
Su'S Seaxe.

725. Her Wihtred Cantwara cining forSferde on ndkPMai.
se rixade xxxiiii wintra. and Ine gefeaht wiS Sui^seaxum,
and }^r of sloh Ealdberht )?one 8e)?eling ]?e he ser utflemde.

726. Her Ine for to Rome, and feng iE'Selheard to West
Seaxna rice his msei. and heold xiiii gear.

J and mtter, the reading of Tl, of his troubles, and assured him that

seems to be an error. he should be king of Mercia. Cf. A.

z This ^)>elbald was forced into Saxon Life of S. Guthlac (Ed. Good-
exile by Ceohred, and had betaken win), cap. 19.
himself to St. Guthlac, the Hermit of « Anno 626. ^ l>e B.
Crowland : with whom he found refuge c Anno 694.
and comfort (gebeorh and frofor). The ^ See Smith and Stevenson on £. H.
holy man predicted a happy issue out v. 18. (§ 410. £d. Ster.)

46 THE PARKER MS. (S)

heold xiiii gear TCnd }?y geare gefuhton /EJ^elheard
and Oswald se <£)7eling and se Oswald was /E}>elbald-
ing. /E}?elbald Cynebalding. Cynebald Cu}?wining. Cu|>-
wine Ceaulining.

729. Her cometa se steorra hiene o}?iewde and Scs
Ecgbryht forJ?ferde.

730. Her Oswald se <£}>eling for}? ferde.

731. Her was ofslaegen Osric NorJ^an hymbra cy-
ning ajid feng Ceoluulf to J?am rice, and heold viii
gear. Snd se Ceolwulf wees Cu|7aing. Cu]7a Cu|>-
wining. CuJ^wine Leodwalding. Leodwald Ecgwalding*
Ecgwald Sldhelming. Sldhelm Ocging. Ocga Iding.
Ida Eopping. Snd Beorhtwald aerce bisc gefor.

TCnd ]>y ilcan geare Tatwine waes gehalgod to aerce
bisc.

733. Her ^}7elbald ge code Sumur tlin and sunne
a}?iestrode.

734. Her wees se mona swelce he waere mid blode
begoten and ferdon for]? Tatwine and Bieda.

736. Her No]?helm aerce biscep onfeng pallium from
Romana bisc.

737. Her ForJ?here bisc and FriJwgiJ? cuen ferdun
to Rome.

738. Her Ead bryht Eating Eata Leodwalding feng
to NorJ^an hymbra rice, and heold xxi wint. and his
bro)x)r waes Ecgbryht Eating aerce bisc and hie resta}?
begen on Eofor wic ceastre on anum portice.

741. Her iEJ>elheard cyning forj? ferde and feng
Cu}?r<ed to Wesseaxna rice and heold xvi wint and
heardlice gewon w'ip yE]>eIbald cyning Snd CuJ?bryht
waes to aerce bisc gehalgod. and Dun bisc toHrofes
ceastre.

743. Her^J?elbald and Cu|>rced fuhton wi)>Walas.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 47

727. Her forSferde Tobias biscop in Bofecestre. and on his
stal Brihtwold sercebiscop gehalgode Aldalf tobiscope.

729. Her atewoden twegen cometan. and pi ilcan geare
Osric forSferde seo wses xi winter cining. and seo halga Ecg-
briht in li. )?a feng Ceolwulf to rice, and heold viii gear.

730. Her Oswald ae^eling foriSferde.

731. Her Brihtwold sercebiscop forSferde on Id' Janr. seo
wses biscop xxxvii wintre. and six mon'Sas and xiiii dagas.
and ]?y Ucan geare man gehalgode Tatwine to sercebiscop.
seo wses ser in Mercum preost in Breodune. hine halgodan
Daniel Wsentan biscop. and Ingwald Lunden biscop. and Aid-
wine Licet felda V. and Aldnlf Bofeceastre h\ die x Junii
mensis.

733. Her iSj^'Selbold geeode Sumortun and sunne ai^es-
trode. and Acca wses adrifen of biscop dome.

734. Her wses se mona swilce he wsere mid blode begoten.
and Tatwine forSferde erceb'. and eac Beda. and man ge
halgode Ecgbriht to biscope.

735. Her onfeng Ecgbriht V pallium set Rome.

736. Her NoJ'helm ercebiscop onfeng pallium firam Ro-
mana biscope.

737. Her ForS here biscop. and FrjrSegi)? cwen ferdon to
Rome, and Ceolwulf cining feng to Petres scsere. and sealde
his rice Edberhte his federan sunu. se rixade xxi winter, and
iG^elwold biscop and Acca forSferdon. and Cynewulf man
ge halgode to biscope. and ]?y ilcan geare iS'Selwold hergode
NorShymbra land.

738. Her Eadbriht Eating Eata Leodwalding feng to
NorShymbra rice, and heold xxi wintra. and his bro'Sor wses
Ecgbriht Eating serceb\ and heo resta^ begen on Eoferwic
ceastre on anum portice.

740. Her -Si5elherd cining foi^ferde. and fseng Cu^red his
mseg to West Seaxna rice, and heold xvi gear, and heardlice
ge wann wi^S iE-Selbold Myrcena cining. and Eadberht wses
to serceb' ge halgod. and Dunn b' to Rofescsestre.

741. Her forbarn Eoferwic.

743. Her -^iJelbald Myrcena cining and CuiJred West
Seaxna cining gefuhton wi'S Wealas.

48 THE PARKER MS. (X)

' 744. Her Danihel gesset on Wintan ceastre and

HunferJ? feng to bisc dome.

745. Her Danihel forJ> ferde. J>a was xliii wint'agan
si}7}7an he onfeng bisc dome.

746. Her mon slog Selred cyning.

748. Her wses ofslaegen Cynric Wesseaxna ce|?eling
and Eadbryht Cantwara cyning forj^ferde. and ^thobfrht

Wihtredes tunu dngetfeng to )Him riee,

750. Her CuJ?red cyning gefeaht uuij> yEJnjlhun
J?one ofermedan aldorman.

752. Her CnJ^red gefeaht J>y xii geare his rices cet
Beorg feorda wij? ^J?elbald.

758. Her Cu^^red feaht wiJ>Walas.

754. Her CuJ>red forJ>ferde and Cyneheard onfeng
bisc dome'aefter HunferJ>e on Wintan ceastre and Cant
waraburg forbaern J>y geare and Sigebryht feng to
Wesseaxna rice and heold an gear.

755. Her Cynewulf benam Sigebryht his rices and
WestSeaxna wiotan forunryhtum dcedum. buton
Ham tun scire, and he haefde )?a oJ> he ofslog Jx)ne
aldor mon J?e him lengest wunode. and hiene ]>a Cyne-
wulf on Sndred adrsefde. and he ]n£v wunade. oJ^J^set
hiene an swan ^ofstang aet Pryfetes flodan. and he
wrsec Jx)ne aldor mon Cum bran, and se Cynewulf oft
miclum gefeohtum feaht uuij> Bretwalum. and ymb
xxxi wint J^ses J>e he rice haefde he wolde adrsefan
anne <ej?eling se waes Cyneheard haten and se Cyne-
heard waes J^aes Sigebryhtes broJ>ur. JTnd J>a geascode
he |?one cyning lytle werode on wif cyJ>J?e on Meran
tune, and hine }>aer berad and J?one bur utan be code
aer hine J>a men onfunden Jtc mid J>am cyninge waerun.
and J?a ongeat se cyning J>aet and he on )?a duru eode
and ]>2L un heanlice hine werede. oj? he on |?one <e)?el-
ing locude and J?a ut raesde on hine and hine miclum
gewundode. and hie ealle on ]x>ne cyning waerun

THE LAUD MS. (E) 49

744. Her Daniel gesset on Wintancaestre. and Un feng
to b'dome. and steorran foran swy^Se acotienda. and WilferS
seo iunga se wses b' on Eoferwic for^ferde on iii kV Mai. se
wses XXX wintra biscop.

745. Her Daniel forSferde. )?a waes xlvi wintra agan sy'S'San
he onfeng biscop dome.

746. Her man sloh Selred cining.

748. Her waes ofslagen Cynric WestSeaxna sej^eling. and*
Eadbriht Gantwara cining forSferde.

750. Her Co'Sred WsestSeaxna cining gefeaht wiiS Mpelhnn
iSone eofermodigan ealdorman.

752. Her Cu}?red Wsest Seaxna cining ge feaht )?y xxii
geara his rices set Beorh forda. wi'S jE^Selbald Myrcena cing.
and hine geflymde.

753. Her Cu^Sred Wsest Seaxna cyning gefeaht wi-8 Wealas.

754. Her Cu^Sred Wsest Ssexna cining forSferde. and Cyne
heard onfeng biscop dome aefter HunferSe on Wintan ceastre.
and Cantwara byrig forbam "Sy geare. and Sigbriht his maeg
feng to Wsest Seaxna rice, and heold i gear.

755. Her Cjmewulf benam Sigebrihte his msege his rice,
and Waest Seaxna witan for unrihtum dsedum buton Hamtun
scyre. and he hafde 'ps, 0"$ he of sloh 'Sone ealdorman )?e him
lengs wunode. and hine }>a Cynewulf on Andred adrefede.
and he )?8er wunode dp f an swan hine of stang set Pryftes
flodan. sse swan wrsec "Sone ealdorman Cumbran. and se
Cynewulf oft feaht mycclum ge feahtum wi'S Britwealas. and
ymb xvi wintra )Jses pe he rice hsefde. he wolde adrsefan
senne se'Seling se wses Cyneheard gehaten. se Cyneheard wes
ptes Sigebrihtes bro'Sor. and pti acsode he |>one cining lyt
wyrede on wifcyS'San on Merantune. and hine pddr berdd.
and )?one bur uton beeodon. ser hine )?a men afundan pe
mid pKOi cyninge waeron. and pH ongeat se cyning f. and he
on ^a duru code and pR un heanlice hine werode. 0*8 he on
]7one se}>eling locade. and pa, utresde on hine. and hine myc-
clum gewundode. and he ealle on ^one cining feohtende

^ a qaodam subnlco juxta Pryfetes- larum Ptraonarwrn (Thope's Ancient
flodan lanceft perforatur. Flor. There Laws of England), the position, duties
were two kinds of swine-herd, the free and rights of each class may be ascer-
and the bond. In Rectitudina Singu- tained.

H

iO THE PARKER MS. (ff)

feohtende oJ>}wt hie hine ofslsegenne hsefdon. ffnd
J7a on J>8es wifes gebeerum onfundon J^ces cyninged
J^gnas ]>2L unstilnesse and ]}2l J^ider umon swahwelc
swa }7onne gearo wear}? and radost Tind hiera se
<e]7eling gehwelcum feoh and feorh gebead and hiera
neenig hit gej>icgean nolde. 3lc hie simie feohtende
weeran op hie alle laegon butan anum Bryttiscum
gisle and se swij^e gewundad wses.

Da on morgenne gehierdun psdt psds cyninges |?eg-
nas }>e him beseftan weenin y«t secyning ofsl<egen
waes J?a ridon hie J?ider. and his aldorman Osric and
WiferJ? his J?egn and J?a men )?e he beseftan him
Isefde aer and Jx)ne <ej?eling on J^aere byrig metton J^aer
secyning ofsleegen laeg and ]?a gatu him to belocen
haefdon and J^a J^aer to eodon. Snd J>a gebead he him
hiera agenne dom feos and londes gif hie him JTses
rices ujx)n. and him cyJ>don J^aet hiera niaegas him
mid waeron }>a }?e him from noldon. Tiind }7a cu<edon
hie JTset him neenig moeg leofra nsere ]>onne hiera
hiaford and hie naefre his banan folgian noldon and
J7a budon hie hiera maegum J^aet hie gesunde from
eodon. Snd hie cucedon }>8et taet ilce hiera gefenim ^
geboden waere pe aer mid J^am cyninge waerun, pa,
cucedon hie }>aet hie hie JTaes ne onmunden ]>onma
pe eowre geferan pe mid J>am cyninge ofslaegene
waerun, Snd hie p^, ymb ^agatu feohtende waeron
oJ>j7aet hie pddv inne fulgon and J?one <£)^Hng ofslogon
and pQ, men pe him mid waerun alle butan anum se
waes pdds aldormonnes godsunu and he his feorh
generede and peah he waes oft gewundad.

Snd se Cynewulf ricsode xxxi wint. and his lie li}>
fiet Wintanceastre and Jws cej?elinges aet !S!scan mynster

^nd hiera ryht feeder cyn g<e}> to Cerdice.

Snd }?y ilcan geare mon ofslog yEj^elbald Micrcna

THE LAUD MS. (E) Sr

Wttron. 0*6 )?et hig hine of slsegen hsefdon. and )^a on ISset
wifea gebsron onfundon yms ciningas J^egnas )^a unstilnessa.
and y^L ]^ider urnon. swa hwilc swa ^onne gearo wearS bra-
iSost. and se se'Seling gehwilcan feoh and feorh bead, and
beo naenig }^icgan noldan. ac beo symle feobtende wseron.
ojf hig ealle of slagene wseron. buton anum Brytwyliscum
gisle. and se swjrSe gewnndod wses.

pa on morgen gebyrdon f J^es ciniges }>egnas ^e bim bsfton
waeron f se cining of slagen wses. ]?a ridon ]7ider and bis eal- .
dorman Osric. and WiferS bis )^egn. and }7a men ]>e be bim
besefton laefde ser. and ]?one se'Seling on )?9ere byrig gemetton
)^8er se cining of slagen laeg. and beo }>a gatu beom to belocen
bsefdon. and "Sa "Ser toeodon. and }>a bead be beom beora agene
dom feos and landes gif beo bim }?9es rices u'Son. and beom
cydde f beora maga bim mid waeron "Sa pe bim fram noldou.
and ya. cweSon big. f beom n^enig mseg leofra nsere }>one
beora blaford. and beo nsefre bis banan folgian noldon. and 'pR
budon bi beora magon f bi beom gesunde fram eodon. And
hi cwaadon f f ilce beora geferum geboden waere pe aer
mid }^am cininge waeron. Da cwsedon bi ^ ^ bi ]7ses ne ge
mundon )?onn ma )?e beora geferen 'pe mid }?am cininge
wseron of slagene. bi ps, ymb ^a gatn feobtende waeron o^
hi ]>ser in flagon, and pone ae}>eling of slogon. and )?a men ^e
mid him waeron ealle buton anum. se waes pes ealdormannes
godsunn. and be his feorh generede. and be waes oft ge
wundod.

And se Gynewulf rixade xxxi wintra. and bis lie ligS
on Wintan ceastre. and pses ae^elingas on Axan mynster. and
beora ribt fisederan cyn gaeiS to Certicc.

And pj ilcan geare man of slob iE'Selbald Myrcene cining on

F. 755. Her Cynewolf benam Sib'te cinge his rice, and Sib'tea
brother Cynehard gehaten. ofsloh Cynewxdf on Merantune. And
he rixode xxxi gear. And t$a8 ylcan geares man ofsloh iE<$elbald
M3nrcena cing on Hreopandune. And Ofla gefeng Myrcena rice,
geflymdon Beornrede.

H 2

52 THE PARKER MS. (TT)

cyning on Seccan dune, and his lie lij? on Hreopa^
dune, and Beornr<ed feng to rice, and lytle hwile
heold and ungefealice. JTnd J^y ilcan geare OfFa feng
to rice, and heold xxxviiii wint. 3[!nd his sunu Eg-

fer heold xli daga and c daga Se OfFa waes pincg
ferj^ing pincgferj) Eanwulfing Eanwulf Osmoding
Osmod Eawing Eawa Pybi^ing Pybba Creoding
Creoda Cynewalding Cynewald CnebVing Cnebba
Iceling Icel Eomsering Eomser 7CngelJ?owing TCngel
J?eow Offing Offa Wsermunding Waermund Wyhtlaeg-
i ing Wihtlaeg Wodening.

758. Her CuJ>bryht arcebisc forJ>ferde.

759. Her Bregowine waes to ercebisc gehadod to
See Michaeles tide.

760. Her ^)?elbryht Cantwara cyning forj^ferde.

M0 wot WihtredeM oing tunu,

761. Her wses semycla wint.

763. Her lanbryht waes gehadod to aerce bisc on
}?one feowertegan daeg ofer midne winter.

764. Her laenbryht aercebisc onfeng pallium.

768. Her for\>ferde EadLerht Eating cing.

772. Her Milred bisc forj>ferde.

773. Her oJ?iewde read Cristes m<el on hefenum
aefter sunnan setl gonge and \>y geare gefuhton Mierce
and Cantware aet Ottanforda and wunderleca n<edran
waeron gesewene on SuJ>Seaxna londe.

B This is the Ceolwulf whose name his abdication and retirement to a mo-
is famous through the Dedication of nastic life in 737. Monachus apnd
the Ecclesiastical History. GLORIO- Lindisfarnensem insuhim factus est.
8ISSIMO REGI CEOLUULPHO (Sim. Durh.) Accounts differ widely
BAEDA PamuluB Christi et Prea- as to the year of his death. He was
byter. We have had his acceswon to canoniied, and placed in the Calendar
the Northumbrian throne in 729, and Jan. 15. (Stevenaon's B»da.)

THE LAUD MS. (E) 5S

Secandune. and his lie resta^ on Beopandune. and he rixade
xli wintra. and }7a feng Beomred to rice, and litle hwile heold
and ungefealice. and )?a ilcan geare Offa geflymde Beomred
and feng to |>am rice, and heold xxxix wintra. and his sunu
EcgferS heold xli daga. and c daga. se Offa waes pinge fer|?ing.

757. Her Eadberht NorShymbra cining feng to scsere.
and Osulf his sunu feng to psm rice, and rixade i gear, and
hine of slogon his hiwan on ix kl' Augusti.

758. Her Cu«briht aerceb' forSferde.

759. Her Bregowine waes to serceb' gehalgod to see
Michaeles tyde. and Moll iE8elwold feng to rice on NorS
hymbrum. and rixade vi wint. and hit )?a forlet.

760. Her ^«elbriht Cantwara cining forSferde. and Ceol-
wolf eac forSferde^.

761. Her waes se myccla winter, and Moll Nor)?hymbra
cining ofsloh Oswine set -ffidwines clife. on octauo id' Au-
gusti.

762. Her lanberht waes ge hadod to serceb' on 'Son xl dseg
ofer mide winter, and Fri'Sewald biscop set Witeme forSferde
on Txd Mai. se wses ge halgod on Geastrum on xviii kV Sept.
)?am vi wintra Ceolwulfes rices, and he waes b' xxix wintra.
)?a man gehalgode Pyh twine to b' aet ^Elfetee on xvi kr
Aug' to Hwiteme.

765. Her feng Alhred to NorShymbra rice, and rixade
eahta winter.

766. Her forSferde Ecgberht aerceb'. in Eoferwic on xiii
kl' Decemb'. se waes b' xxxvi wintra. and Fri'Seberht in Ha-
gustaldese^. se wses biscop xxxiiii wintra. and man gehalgode
JB'Selberht to Eoferwic. and Ealhmund to Hagustaldesee.

768. Her forSferde Eadberht Eating on xiiii kl' Septembris.

769. Initium regni Karoli regis.
772. Her Mildred b' forSferde.

774. Her NorShymbra fordrifon heora cining Alhred of
Eoferwic on Easter tid. and genamon -^iSelred Molles sunu
heom to hlaforde. and se rixade iiii gear, and men ge segon
read Cristes mel on heofenum sefter sunnan setlan gauge, on
'pj geare ge fuhton Myrce and Cantwara set Ottan forda. and
wundorlice nsedran wseron geseogene on Su'Sseaxna lande.

776. Her forSferde Pehtwine biscop on xiii kV Octob'. se
wses b' xiiii wintra.

54

THE PARKER MS. (S)

777. Her Cynewulf and OfFa gefuhton ymb Benes-
ingtun and OfFa nam Jx>ne tuun.

780. Her SldSeaxe and Francan gefuhtun.

F. 777. Her was iE^lbyrht gehalgod to b' to Hwit'ne on Eucr-
wic.

778. Her feng Alwold to rice and rizad x winter.

779. Her iE^lbyrht arb' foi^ferde. and Eanbald was gehalgnd
an his loh. and Cynebald geset in Lindisfama ee.

780. Her Alcmund b' on Hagstd'ee foi^ferde. and Tilb'eht

9 The fifth piece of the records of
Peterborough Minster. It is two old
documents; the first a Lesse of Abbey
Lands, the second an instnunent of
affiliation.

The historian has his originals be-
fore him; he divests them of their
technicalities, and gives them a more
&miliar form. So it was with the
earlier parts also : for we may some-
times discern in them the fragmentary
traces of an older form, though we
know nothing of it firom any other
source. There is a document in ex-
istence concerning the gift of Ceadwala
in 686, but it is spurious. It may be
seen in Mr.Kemble's great work, the
Codex Diplomatious Mvi Saxonioi
(No. 40). But the present insertion
may be compared with extant origi-
nals; Cod. Dipl. Nos. 165. 168. The
former identifies itself completely with
the text^ and forms an excellent illus-
tration.

|X^ In nomine guhemantis dei mo-
narchiam totius mundi! Ego Beonna
abhas gratia dei, cum oonsdentia et
lioentia fratrum deum oolentium in
monasterio quod appellatur Medes-
hamstede^ tradidi Cuthberhto prindpi
terram x. manentium, quae nuncupatur
set Suinesheabde, cum pratis et pascuis
ac silbis cninctisqae ad se pertinenti-
bus. Hajac satem terram ille Cuth-

berht a me digno comparauit pnetio,
id est mille solidis, et singulis annis
mihi meisque successoribua unius noc-
tis pastum aut triginta . . . ranit sides.
Hoc territorium prtefatus prinoeps ea
conditione adquisiuit, ut post oomple-
tionem diei illius, qui ab eo meruere
satagunt hnredibus derelinquat, et hae-
redes praedeoessoris praefatam conditio-
nem conseruent in pastu uel pecunia ;
et post uitam illorum absque offendi-
culo pads ad ius pristinum antenomi-
nata terra reuertatur. Huios autem
rei ita gestae hi fideles testes aderant
et oonscripserunt.

A Ego Offa gratia dd rex Merdo-

rum signo cruds Chiisti propria manu

roboraui. + Ego quoque Ecgferth

rex Merdorum oonsensi et subscripsL

-f Ego Hygeberht archiepiscopus fir-

mando subscripsi. -j- Ego Ce[ol]uulf

episoopus scribendo oonsensi. -{- Ego

Unuuona episoopus scribendo firmaui.

+ Ego Beonna abbas banc meam

munificentiam mgno cruds Christi fir*

mauL + Ego Uu[ig]bald presbyter

et arc consensi. + Ego Beomuuald

presbyter subscribendo consenso. +

Ego Eanred presbyter subscribe et

consenso. -h Ego Till>egn scribendo

firmaui.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 56

777. Her Cjmewulf and Offa geflyton ymb Benesingtun.
and Offa genam ]7one tun. And ^j ilcan geare man gehal-
gode ^'Selberht to biscope to Hwiteme in Eoferwie on xvii
kl' lulii.

^On }^a8 kinges dsei Offa. waes an abbot on Medeshamstede ^^^

Beonne gehaten. se ilea Beonne }>urh ealle )^a munekered J

of }^ere minstre |>a let he Cu'Sbriht ealdorma x bonde land
set Swinesheafde mid Iseswe and mid maedwe. and mid eal
yet }>ser to Isei. and swa f seo Cu'Sbriht geaf }^one abbote l
punde J^serfore. and ilea gear anes nihtes feorme ou'Ser xxx
soyllinge penega. swa eac f eafter his dsei scolde seo land
ongean into ^s, mynstre. At ]>iB gewitnesse wses seo kining
Offa. and seo kining EgferS. and seo sereeV Hygeberht. and
Ceolwulf biscop. and Inwona h\ and Beonna abbot, and feola
o|>re biscopes and abbotes. and feola o'Sre rice men.

On }^es ilea Offa dsei. wses an ealdorman Brordan wses ge
haten. he geomde at se kyning. f he scolde for his luuen
freon his ane mynstre Wodngas het. for}?i 'Set he hit wolde
giuen into Medeshamstede. and See Peter, and }>one abbote
pe )?a was. he was Pusa gehaten. seo Pusa wses sefter
Beonna. and seo kining hine luuede swi'Se. and seo kyning
freode )?a f mynstre Wocingas wi'S cining and wifi biscop
and wi'S eorl. and wi^ ealle men. swa f nan man ne hafde
'p2BT nan ousting, buton S. Peter and }7one ab\ Dis wses
don on ^e cininges tune Freoric buma hatte.

778. Her ^"Sebald and Hearberht ofslogon iii heahge
refan Ealdulf Bosing set Cininges clife. and Cynewulf. and
Ecgan set HelaJ^ymum on xi kl' Apr. and }>a feng Alfwold
to rice, and .£'Selred bedraf on lande. and he rixade x
winter.

Karolus in Hispanias intravit. Karolus Saxoniam venit. Ka-
rolus Pampileniam urbem destruxit, atque Cesar Augustam :
exercitum suum conjunxit, et acceptis obsidibus^ subjugatis
Sarracenis, per Narbonam Wasconiam Franciam rediit.

779. Her Ealdseaxe and Francon gefuhton. and NorS
hymbra heahge refan forbeamdon Beom ealdorman on Sele
tune on ix kr Janr. and j^S'Selberht erceb' forSferde in
Ceastre. and on ]?ses stall Eanbald wses gehalgod. and Gyne-
bald b' ge sset in Lindisfarna ee.

780. Her Alchmund biscop in Hagsta^ee forSferde on vii

56 THE PARKER MS. (S)

784. Her Cyneheard ofslog Cynewulf cyning and
he Jwr wearj? ofslaegen and Ixxxiiii monna mid him
and }?a onfeng Beorhtric Wesseaxna rices, and he
ricsode xvi gear and his lie Wp aet Werham. and his

ryht fcCdren Cyn g<ej> to Cerdice. To \>if9an Uman rixode Ealk
mund cing innon Cent,

785. Her waes geflitfullic senoj? aet Cealchyj?e. and
laenbyrht aercebisc forlet surane d<el his biscdomes.
and from OfFan kyninge Higebryht waes gecoren. and
Ecgfer}? to cyninge gehalgod.

787. Her nom Beorhtric cyning OfFan dohtor Ead-
burge. Snd on his dagum cuomon aerest iii scipu and
}?a se gerefa J>8erto rad and hie wolde drifan to fwes
cyninges tune J>y he nyste hwaet hie waeron. and hiene
rnon ofslog. paet waeron )?a aerestan scipu Deniscra
monna J?e 3[!ngel cynnes lond gesohton.

790. Her laenbryht aercebisc forJ?ferde. and J>y ilcan
geare waes gecoren yE}7eIheard abbud to bisc.

was gecoreD )>an to. and Hibald to Lindisfaranaee. and Alwold cing
sende to Rome sefter pallium to Eanboldes arb' behoue.

782. Her forSferde Cynewulf b* of Lind' and Sino% was at Aclea.

785. Her saet full sino^ at Cealcby^e. and lanberht arb* fiarlet
sum dael of liis b'dome. and fram Offan cinge Higbyrht was gecoren.
and Egfer^ to cinge gehalgod. and on ^is timan waeron serendracan
gesend fram Adriane papan to Englalande to geniweanne ^one gelea-
van. «a scs Gregorius us sende. and hi man mid wurlJscipe undeifeng.

787. Her Brihtric cing nam Offan doht' Eadburhge to wive, and
on his dagan coman aerost iii scipa Nori$manna of Here^alande. f wae-
ran =6a aeroston scipa Deniscra manna tSe Angelc3mnes land gesohton.

788. Her was Sino^S gegaderod on Nordhumbralande set Pincan-
heale.

789. Her was Alwold NorBhymbra cing wear« ofslagen and heo-
vonlice lioht was gelome gesawen «ar «ar he ofslagen was. and
Osred Alcredes sunu feng to rice forSan he was Alwoldes neva. And
mycel smoS was at Aclea.

^^A^^f,!: '^"^y**^^ a^-^' for^ferde. and «as ylcan geares was ge-
coren A^elhard Hludensis monasterii abb' to arb\ and Osred No?S-

feng to%Tce^ """^ ^^^""'^ °^ ""'• "°^ ^^^'^^ A^elwaldes sunu eft
fram !E£rb\lTtl^ ^^ '' ^^"^ ^«^^<^^ -^' -^

THE LAUD MS. (E) 67

id^ Sept. and Tilberht man ge halgode on his steal on vi no
Octob\ and Higbald man ge halgode to biscop aet Soccabyrig
to Lindisfama ee. and iSlfwold cining sende man eefter pal-
lium to Borne and Eanbald dyde to 8erceb\

782. Her forSferde Waerburh Ceolredes cwen. and Cyne
wulf b' in Lindisfarna ee. and seonod wses at Aclea.

784. Her Gyneheard of sloh Cyne wulf cining. and he waerB
pBsr of slagen. and Ixxxiiii manna mid him. and }>a onfeng
Brihtric West Seaxna cining to rice, and he rixade xvi gear,
and his lie \r6 ser Wserham. and his riht faedem cyn gaeiS to
Certice.

785. Her forSferde Botwine abbot in Hripum. and her
waes geflitfullic sino^S aet CealchySe. and lanberht erceb*
forlet sumne dael his biscop domes, and fram Offan cininge
Hygebriht wes gecoren. and EcgferS to cining ge halgode.

And in "Sas tid wseren aerendracen ge send of Rome fram
Adrianum papan to iEngla lande to niwianne )?one geleafan
and J?a sibbe ie scs Gregorius us sende )7urh |>one V Augusti-
num. and hi man mid wurSscipe under feng.

787. Her nam Breohtric cining Offan dohter Eadburge.
and on his dagum comon aerest iii scipu NorSmanna of
Here5a lande. and )?a se gerefia ]78er to rad. and he wolde
drifan to "Ses cininges tune |>y he nyste hwaet hi waeron. and
hine man of sloh )?a. Daet waeron }7a erestan scipu Deniscra
manna pe Angel cjmnes land gesohton.

788. Her waes sinoS ge gaderod on Nor8hymbra lande aet
Fincanheale on iiii no Sept. and Aldberfat abb' forSferde.

Karolus per Alemanniam venit ad fines Bauuarie.

789. Her Alfwold NorSanhymbra cining waes ofslagan
fram Sigan on ix kP Octobr. and heofenlic leoht wses gelome
seogen {Sser ]7er he of slagen waes. and he waes bebyrged on
Hagust'd ee. innan )7sere cyrican. and sinoS waes ge gaderod
aet Aelea. and Osred Alchredes sunu feng to rice aefter him
se waes his nefa.

790. Her lanbriht arcebiscop forSferde. and 'py ilcan geare
waes ge coren Jil^elheard abb' to arceb'. and Osred NcnrSan
hymbra cining waes beswicen and of rice adrefed. and ^'Sel-
red A^lwaldes sunu eft feng to rice.

791. Her waes Baldwulf gehalgod to b' to Hwiterae on xvi
kV Aug. fram Eanbalde arceb*. and fram iEiSelberhtc biscope.

58 THE PARKER MS. (S)

792. Her Offa Miercna cyning het yEJ^elbryhte
rex }?8et heafod ofaslean.

794. Her Sdrianus pap and OfFa cyning for]?fer-
don. and ^J?elred Norfan hymbra cyning wses of
sleegen from his agenre )?eode and Ceolwulf bisc and
Eadbald bisc of J^aem londe aforon. and Ecgfer}> feng
to Miercna rice, and py ilcan geare forJ?ferde. TCnd
Eadbryht onfeng rice on Cent. J>ani was oJ?er noma
nemned Prsen.

796. Her Ceolwulf Miercna cyning oferhergeade
Cantware oJ> Mersc and gefengun Praen hiera cyning
and gebundenne hine on Mierce l<eddon.

797. Her Romane Leone J^aem pap his tungon for-
curfon and his eagan astungon and hine of his setle
afliemdon. and }7a sona eft Gode fultomiendum he
meahte geseon and sprecan. and eft was papa swa he
aer waes.

792. Her OSvl cing het iE^elb'hte cinge f heavod ofaslean.

793. Her waran re^e forebycna cumene on NorShymb' land, and
¥ folc earmlice drektan. ^ weeran ormete ligraescas. and waeran gfe-
sawense fyrene dracan on %am lifte fleogende. and sona jfylygde mycel
hanger, and sefter %ara %es ylcan geares earmlice hae^nra bergung
adyligodan Codes cyrican in Lindisfarenaee.Vurh reaflac and manslyht.

794. Her Adrian' papa and Offa cing for^ferdon. and A^Selred
Nor6h* cing was ofelagen. and Ceolwulf b* and Eadbald b* of ^San
lande foron. and £gcfer% feng to Myrc'rice. and on ^San geare for%
ferde. and Eadb'ht Prsen onfeng rice on Cent.

795. Her was se mona a^stred. betwyx hancre and dagung. and
fku-dolf feng to Nordh'rice. and gebletsod to cing fram Elanbalde arb*
and JE6e\Vhte h'. and Higbalde. and Badewulfe b'.

796. Her on Vyson gearae Ceolwulf Myrcna cing oyerhergode
Cent, and gefeng Eadberht Prsen heora cing and g^bundene Isedde
on Myrce. and let him pycan ut his eagan. and ceorfan of his hand.*

797. 798. 799. . . (b. 797) • • and Alfhun b' forCferde on Sudb'i. he
wear^ bebyrged on Domuce. and TidfritJ weart$ gecoren sefter him. and
SiricEastsexana cing ferde to Rome. In ^ysum ylcan geare Wihtburgc
lichama wearC gefunden eal gehal and unfor . . t . . d a Deorham after
fif and fifte gearon |>a» ^e heo of ¥ysum live gewat. (J sine corrupt
tione, F. Lat.)

THE LAUD MS. (E) 59

792. Her Offa Myrcena cining het ^EiSelbrihte f heafod
of slean. and Oared |?e waes Norl^anhymbra cining sefter wrsec
si^e ham cumennm gelseht wses. and ofslagen on xviii kr
Octobr. and his lie ligS set Tinan mu|>e. and ^S'Selred cining
feng to niwan wife, seo waes i^lfled gehaten. on iii kV Octob.

793. Her waeron reSe forebecna cumene ofer NorSanhym-
bra land, and f folc earmlice bregdon. f wseron ormete lig
rsescas and wsron geseowene fyrene dracan on )>am lyfte
fleogende. pKm tacnum sona fyligde mycel hunger, and litel
sefter )>am j^ses ilcan geares on vi id' Janr earmlice heSenra
manna hergung adiligode Godes cyrican. in Lindisfarena ee.
)7urh reaflac and mansleht. and Sicga forSferde on viii kP Mr.

794. Her Adrianus papa and Offa cining forSferden. and
.S'Selred NorSanhymbra cining wsbs of slagan fram his agenre
]?eode on xiii k^ Mai. and Ceolwulf b^ and Eadbald biscop of
pan lande aforon. and EcgferS feng to Myrcene rice, and ]fj
ilcan geare forSferde. And Eadbriht onfeng rice on Gent }?am
wses olSer nama nemned Prsen. And ^SC'Selheard ealdorman
forSferde on k^ Aug. and ps, hse'Senan on NorShymbrum
hergodon. and EcgferBes mjmster set "Sone mu)7e berefodon.
and ]wr heora heretogena sum ofslsegen wearS. and eac
heora scipu sume ]furh oferweder wurdon tobrocene. and
heora feala psei adruncon. and sume cuce to )?am stse'Se comon.
and ]>B, man sona of sloh set iSsere ea mu'San.

795. Her wses seo mona a'Sistrod betwux hancred and
dagunge on v kP Apr. And Eardwulf feng to Nor}?anhymbran
cine dome on ii id Mai. and he wses syS'San ge bletsod and
to his cine stole ahofen on vii k' Junii on Eoferwic fram Ean-
balde arceb' and ^^elberhte. and Higbalde. and Badewulfe.

796. Her forSferde Offa Myrcena cining on iiii id* Augusti.
se rixode xl wintra. and Eanbald arceb' on iiii id Aug* }>ses ilcan
geares. and his lie lig% on Eoferwic. and )?es ilcan geares for^
ferde Ceolwulf b*. and man gehalgode o]?eme Eanbald on 'p^ea
o'Sres stal on xix kF Sept. and pj ilcan geare Ceolwulf Myrcena
cining ofer hergode Cantware and Mersc ware, and ge fengon
Prsen heora cining. and gebundenne hine Iseddon on Myrce.

797. Her Romane Leone )?am papan his tungan forcurfan.
and his eagan ut astungon. and hine of his setle aflymdon.
and ph Qona eft Gode ge fultumiendum he mihte ge seon and
sprecan. and eft waes papa swa he ser wses. and Eanbald

I 2

60 THE PARKER MS. (S)

799. Her yEj>elheard flercebisc andCynebryhtWes-
seaxna bisc foron to Rome.

800. Her Beorhtric cyning forjxferde and Worr
aldormon. Snd Ecgbryht feng to Wesseaxna rice.
Sind ]>y ilcan daegc rad iE}7elmund aldorman of Hwic-
cium ofer aet Cynemaeres forda. pa mette bine Weox-
tan aldorman mid Wilsaetum. peer wearj? micel ge-
feobt and jm^r begen ofslsegene ]}2l aldormen. and
Wilsaetan namon sige.

802. Her waes gehadod Beorn mod bisc to Hrofes
ceastre.

803. Her ^J>el heard aercebisc forj^ferde and Wul-
fred waes to aerce bisc gehadod. and ForJ^red abbud
for}?ferde.

804. Her Wulfred aerce bisc pallium onfeng.

805. Her CuJ^red cyning for)?ferde on Cantwarum
and Ceolburg abbudesse and Heabryht.aldorman.

812. Her Carl cyning forJ>ferde. and bericsode xlv
wint. Snd Wulfred arcebiso and Wigbryht Wes-
seaxna bisc foron begen to Rome.

818. Her Wulfred aerce bisc mid bledsunge fwes
papan Leon hwearf eft to his agnum bisc dome and

F. 806. .(b).. E&c on ^yse ylcan geare. ii no Iiinii. rode tacn
weai^ ateowed on %am monan. anes Wodnes daeges. innan tSare
dagenge. and eft on tSysum geare iii kl* Sept. an wunderlic trendel
weai% ateowed abutan %are sunnan. {Luna xii, die Dominica, hora
»m« mirabiiis corona in circuitu solis apparuit, F. Lat,)

809. Her seo sunne atSestrode on angynne 9are fifte tide tfas
dseges xvii kal* Aagusti. ii feria. luna xxix.

10 Eodem vero die quo rex Brihtri- toniensibus ascendit contra eum; com-

cufl yitft deceraity oontigit Merciortt/m missoque gravi pnelio, multi ex his et

dnoein ^thelmundnm de Mercia cum ex illis ceddemnt, aBaboque duces ocdsi

suis exiisse, vadumque, quod linguA corruerunt,Yictoriainver6 Wiltonienaea

Anglorum Cymeresford nominatur, habuerunt. (Flor.)

transisse ; cujua adventu cognito, Wil- 1 Wihstan B. Webostan C.

tonienuwii doz Weobstaaus cum Wil- 2 Bribtric's deatb; hntnr 855. *

THE LAUD MS. (E) 61

onfeng pallium on vi id' Sept and iS^elberht V forSferde on
iii kV Nov.

798. Her wses mycel gefeoht on NorShymbra lande on
lengtene on iiii no Apr. set Hweallsege. and }?8er man of sloh
Alric Heardberhtes sunn, and o^Sre maenige mid bim.

799. Her iE«elred arceb' and Cynebriht WaBstSaexna bis-
cop foran to Roma.

800. Her wfes se mona a^Sistrad on "Saere o'Bre tid onniht
on xvii kl' Febr. and Brihtric cining forSferde^. and Worr
sealdorman. And Ecgberht feng to WsestSeaxna rice. And py
ilcan dseg rad -S)?elmund ealdorman of Hwiccum^<> ofer set
Cynemaeresforda. )7a gemette bine Weohstan^ ealdorman mid
Wilssetum and )?aBr wserS mycel gefeoht. and |?aer begen
ofslagene wseron. ^e ealdormen. and Wilssete namon sige.

Karolus rex imperator factus est^ et a Bomanis appellatus
Angnstua; qui illos qui Leonem papam dehonestaverant morte
damnavit, sed precibus papse morte indulta exilio retrusit.
Ipse enim papa Leo imperatorem eum sacraverat.

802. Her a'Seostrade se mona on dagunge on xiii kV Janr.
and Beommod waes ge halgod to b' to Rofeceastre }>y ilcan
geare.

803. Her forSferde Higbald Lindisfarna b' on viii k' Julii.
and man gebalgode on his steal Ecgberht on iii id' Junii. and
M9e]heTd arceb' forSferde on Cent, and Wulfred to arceb'
gehalgod.

804. Her Wulfred arceb' onfeng pallium.

805. Her Cu"8red cining forSferde on Cantwarum. and
Geolburh abb'e. and Heard berht.

806. Her se mona a'Sistrode on kP Sept. and Eardwulf
NorSanhymbra cining wses of his rice adrifen. and Eanberht
HagusteaJdbs forSferde.

810. Karolus cum Niceforo imperatore ConstantinopoP pa-
cem fecit.

812. Her Karl cining forSferde. and he rixade xlv wintra.
and Wulfred arceb\ and Wigbriht WsestSaexna b' foran to
Rome. Cireneius Karolo imperatori legates suos cum pace
mittit. Karolus imperator obiit.

813. Her Wulfred arceb' mid bletsunge {^ses papan Leon
hwearf eft to his agenum biscop dome, and ]>j geare ge her-

62 THE PARKER MS. (X)

py geare gehergade Ecgbryht cyning on WestWalas
from easte weardum oJ> westewearde.

814. Her Leo se<e]7ela pap and sehalga forJ>ferde.
and aefter him Stephanus feng to rice.

816. Her Stephanus pap forJ?ferdc. and aefter him
was Paschalis to papan gehadod. Snd py ilcan geai-e
forborn Ongolcynnes scolu.

819. Her Cenwulf Miercna cyning for}?ferde and
Ceolwulf feng to rice, and Eadbryht aldor mon forJ>
ferde.

821. Her wearj? Ceolwulf his rices besciered.

822. Her tuegen aldormcn wurdon ofslaegene Burg
helm and Muca. and senoj? waes aet Clofes hoo.

823. Her waes Wala gefeoht and Defna aet Gaftil
forda. Sind J>y ilcan geare gefeaht Ecbryht cyning and
Beornwulf cyning on Ellen dune, and Ecgbryht sige
nam. and J>aer waes micel Wccl geslaegen, pa sende
he ^J?lwulf his sunu of }>aere fierde and Ealhstan his
bisc and Wulfheard his aldor mon to Cent micle
werede and hie Baldred Jx)ne cyning norJ> ofer
Temese adrifon. and Cant ware him tocirdon and
SuJ?rige and SuJ?Seaxe and EastSeaxe J>y hie from
his maegum aer mid unryhte anidde waerun.

Snd J>y ilcan geare EastEngla cyning and seo J^eod
gesohte Ecgbryht cyning him to frij?e and to mund
boran for Miercna ege and py geare slogon East
Engle Beornwulf Miercna cyning.

825. Her Ludecan Miercna cyning and his v aldor
men mon ofslog mid him and Wiiglaf feng to rice.

827. Her niona aJ>istrode on middes vvintres maesse
niht.

'Knd py ilcan geare geeode Ecgbryht cyning
Miercna rice and al J?8et be suj^an Humbre waes. and
he waes se eahte}>a cyning sej?e Bretwalda waes. ^Erest
jEWe SuJ>Seaxna cyning se J^us micel rice haefde. se

THE LAUD MS. (E) 63

gode Ecgberht cining on WestWalas fram easteweardum oiS
westewearde.

814. Her Leo se seiSela papa and se halga forSferde. and
sefter him Stephanas feng to rice.

815. Her Stephanas papa forSferde. and sefter him wses
Paschalis to papan ge halgod. And ]fj ilcan geare forbam
Angel cynnes scolu.

819. Her Genwulf Myrcena cining forSferde. and Ceolwulf ^
feng to rice, and Eadberht ealdorman forSferde.

821. Her waerS Ceolwulf his rices bescered.

822. Her twsegen aldormen wurdon of slagene Burhhelm
and Mnca. and sino^ set Glofesho.

823. Her wees Weala gefeoht and Defena aetGafolforda.
And "py ilcan geare gefeaht Ecgberht WestSeaxna cining
and Beomalf Myrcena cining set Elian dune, and Ecgberht
sige nam. and 'psdT wses mycel wsel ge slsegen. pa sende he
iE'Selwulf his sunu of )^sere ferde. and Ealhstan his h\ and
Wolfheard his ealdorman to Cent mycele wserede. and hi
Baldred )?one cining norS ofer Temese adrifen. and Cantwara
him to cyrdon. and SuiSrig. and Su'Sseaxe. and Eastseaxe.
'py hi fram his magum ser mid unrihte anydde wseron.

And py ilcan geare EastEngla cining and seo )?eod gesohte
Ecgbriht cining him to fri'Se and to mandburan for Myrcena
ege. and pi ilcan geare slogon EastEngle Beornulf Myrcena
cining.

825. Her Ludecan Myrcena cining. and his v ealdormen
man ofsloh mid him. and Wiglaf feng to rice.

827. Her se mona a'Sistrode on middes wintres messaniht.

And py geare geeode Ecgbriht cining Myrcena rice, and eal
f besa'San Hnmbre wses. and he wses se eahto'Sa cining se pe
Brytenwealda wses. And serest wses iEUe Sa'Sseaxna cining se

3 Between Cenwolf and Ceolwolf crudelitatis ab Asceberhto, nutritore

was a brief reign of the sainted king^ suo cruentissimo, in vasta sylvaque ne-

Cenhelm : found in no MS. of the morosa sub arbore spinosa occulte tra-

Chronicle. Florence celebrates him : ditur jugulo ; verum qui solo teste coelo

Rex Merdorum S. Kenulphus, .... est jugulatus, coelo teste per columnam

filium suum Kenelmum septennem lucis postmodum est revelatas, &c.

regni reliquit hseredem. Sed paucis Dr. Ingrain quotes an early English

mensibus evolutis, germanse suae Quen- Life of S. Kenelm, from a MS. in the

drythse insidiis, cujus seevam oonscien- Library of Trin. Coll. Oxon. (No. 57.

ttam dira cupido regnandi armarat, ausu Arch. )

64 THE PARKER MS. (S)

seftera wees Ceawlin Wesseaxna cyning. se]?ridda waes
^}?elbryht Cantwara cyning. sefeorjja wses R<edwald
EastEngla cyning. fifta was Eadwine Norjjan hymbra
cyning, siexta wees Oswald se sefter him ricsode.
seofoj^a wses Oswio Oswaldes bro|?ur. eahtc^a w«s
Ecgbryht Wesseaxna cyning.

Snd se Ecgbryht Icedde fierd to Dore wip Noij?an
hymbre. and hie him ]?8er eajjmedo budon and ge-
}>U8ernesse. and hie onj^am tohwurfon.

828. Her eft Wilaf onfeng Miercna rices and yEjiel-
wald bisc for}?ferde and ]>y ilcan geare l^edde Ecgbryht
cyning fierd on Nor}?Walas. and he hie to ea}?modre
hersumnesse gedyde.

829. Her Wulfred serce bisc forjjferde.

830. Her Ceohio}? wees gecoren to bisc and geha-
dod. and Feologid abbud for}?ferde.

881. Her Ceolno]? aercebisc onfeng palHum.

832. Her h<e}?ne men oferhergeadon Sceapige.

833. Her gefeaht Ecgbryht cyning wi}? xxxv scip
hlsesta setCarrum. and peer wear}? micel Wicl geslsegen
and ]>2L Denescan ahton Wcel stowe gewald Snd
Herefer]? and Wigf^en tuegen biscepas forjjferdon and
Dudda and Osmod tuegen akJormen forj^fcrdon.

835. Her cuom micel sciphere on WestWalas and
hie to anum gecierdon. and wi]? Ecgbryht West
Seaxna cyning winnende waeron. pa he j^cet hierde
and mid fierde ferde and him wi}?feaht set Hengest
dune, and Jjser gefliemde geJjaWalas* geJjaDeniscan.

836. Her Ecgbryht cyning forj^ferde and hine hsefde
aer OfFa Miercna cyning and Beorhtric Wesseaxna
cyning afliemed iii gear of Sngel cynnes lande on
Fronclond ser he cyning waere and ]?y fultumode
Beorhtric Offan Jy he haefde his dohtor him to cuenc
3!nd se Ecgbryht ricsode xxxvii wint' and vii mona}?.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 65

]^U8 mycel hsefde. opddv wsbs Ceawlin WestSeaxna cining,
]7ridde iB)?elbriht Gantwara cining. feorSe Redwald East
Engla cining. fifta ^dwine NorJ^an hymbra cining. sixta
wsea Oswald )?e aefter bim rixade, seofa"Be waes Oswiu Os-
waldes bro]>or. eabto^a wses Ecgbriht WestSeaxna cining.

And 86 Ecgbriht laedde fyrde to Dora wi'S NorJ'anhumbra.
and hi him ])8er eadmedo budon. and ]?w8emessa. and hi mid
}^an tohwurfon.

828. Her Wiglaf eft onfeng Myrcena rice, and -SJ^elbald
h' forSferde. and )?y ilcan geare Ecgbriht cining laedde fyrde
on NorSWealas. and he heom eaUe to eadmodere hyrsum-
nesse gedyde.

829. Her Wulfred aerceb' forSferde.

830. Her Ceolno)? waes to b^ gecoren and gehadod. and
Feolagild abbot forSferde.

831. Her CeolnoiS serceb' onfeng pallium.

832. Her hae^ene men oferhergodon Sceapege.

833. Her Ecgbriht cining ge feaht wi^ xxv sciphlsesta set
Garrum. and ]?8er wserh'S mycel wael ge slagen. and )?a Denis-
can ahton waelstowe ge weald, and HereferS and WigferS ii b'
forSferdon. and Duda and Osmod ii ealdormen forSferdon.

835. Her com micel sciphere on WaestWealas. and hi to
anum gecyrdon. and wi^ Ecgbriht WaestSeaxna cining win-
nende waeron. pa fyrdode him to geanes. and wyS him feaht
set Hengestes dune, and )?3er «gSer aflymde ge J?a Wealas
ge J^a Deniscan.

836. Her Ecgbriht cining forSferde. and hine ser hsefde
Offa Myrcena cining and Byrhtric WaestSsexna cining
aflymde iii gear of Angel cynnes lande on Franc land ser
he cining wsere. and se Ecgbriht rixade xxxvii winter, and

« These 'Walas or WestWalas are of Strathclyde, Strsaoled "Walas (875,

the men of ComwalL So 710, 823. 924). The Old High German calls the

They are called Gom'WalaB, 89 1,99 7E. Latin Language, or any of its dialects.

The Gothic folks gave the name "Walas 'Walahisoa ; and the designation still

to strange races on all sides, to the Celts lives in Germ. Walsch, In Mid High

in Graul and Britain, and to those who German it was used as equivalent to

spoke the Roman dialects in the South. not-OerTtian, as, in aUen 'Welsohen

The Saxons called the natives of Gaul, und in Tiutsohen riohen (Ziemaun

GalVITalas: of Britain, Bret Walas; M. H. D. Wort.)at» €Ul the tcorld,

of Cemiu,ComWala8 or'West'Walas; Hence wal'nut,Germ.wallnu88 —foreigu

those north of the Bristol Channel, nut. A. S. wealh, wylen. Cf. Graff, v.

Nor)>Wala8 (922), now w a lks ; those "Walah.

K

66 THE PARKER MS. (S)

5JND FENG EpElwulf Ecgbrehting toWesseaxna
rice. 3fnd lie salde his suna iEj>el8tane Cantwararice
and EastSeaxna and Sujjrigea and SuJ^Seaxna.

837. Her Wulfheard aldorman gefeaht aet Ham
tune wip xxxiii sciphlaesta and jTser mice! w<el geslog.
and sige nom. and \>y geare for|?ferde Wulfheard Snd
]>y ylcan geare gefeaht yEJjelhelm dux wij> Deniscne
here on Port mid Domssetum and gode hwile jK>ne
here gefliemde. and ]>b, Deniscan ahton w<£l stowe ge-
wald and ]7one aldormon ofslogon.

838. Her Herebryht aldormon waes ofslsegen from
h<e]7num monnum and monige mid him on Mersc
vvarum and ]>y ilcan geare eft on Lindesse and on
EastEnglum and on Cantwarum wurdon monige men
ofsliiegene from J>am herige.

839. Her wses micel w^elsliht on Lundenne and on
Cwantawic and on Hrofesceastre.

840. Her ^}>elwulf cyning gefeaht set Carrum wij>
XXXV sciphlsesta. and )?a Deniscan ahton wselstowe
gewald.

845. Her Eanulf aldorman gefeaht mid Sumur
ssetum and Ealch stan bisc and Osric aldorman mid
Dornssetum gefuhton set Pedridan mu]7an wip De*
niscne here and J^aer micel Wdel geslogon and sige
namon.

851. Her Ceorl alder mon gefeaht wi}? hsej^ene men
mid Defena scire set Wicgan beorge and ]7ser micel
wde\ geslogon and sigenamon.

SND pY ILCSN geare MpeUtein cyning and
Ealchere dux micelne here ofslogon set Sondwic on
Cent and ix scipu gefengun and jwi ojjre gefliemdon
and hde}>ne men serest ofer winter sseton.

3fnd py ilcan geare cuom feor^ healf hund scipa
on Temese muj>an. and brcccon Contwaraburg and
Lunden burg and gefliemdon Beorhtwulf Miercna

THE LAUD MS. (E) 67

vii mon^as. And feng M^\wvl( his sunu to WestSeaxna rice,
and ifi^elstan his o^er sunu feng to Gantwara rice, and to
SniSrigan. and to Su'Sseaxna rice.

837. Her Wulfheard ealdorman ge feaht aet Hamtune wifi
xxxiii sciphlesta. and yser my eel wsel gesloh. and sige nam.
and )?y geare foriJferde Wulfheard. and iE)?elhelm ealdorman
ge feaht wi^ )?a Deniscan on Port mid Dorssetum. and se
ealdorman waerS ofslsegen. and ]?a Deniscan ahton wtelstowe
ge weald.

839. Her wees mycel wsel sleht on Lundene. and on Cant
wic and on Rofescasstre.

840. Her -ffi"BeIwulf cining ge feaht aet Carrum wi^S xxxv
sciphlesta. and ]?a Deniscan ahton wselstowe ge weald.

845. Her Eamulf dux mid Sumorsseton. and Ealchstan
b*. and Osric dux mid Dorsseton ge fahton set Pedredau mu-
}mn wrS Denisce here, and ]fxr m ycel wael ge slogon and sige
namon. ^

851. Her Ceorl ealdorman ge feaht wVS heiSene men mid
Defene scire aet Wic gean beorge. and )?aer mycel wael ge
slogon. and sige genamon. and hae^ene men on Tenet ofer
winter gesseton.

And \fj ilcan geare com feorj^e healfhund scipa on
Temese mu]?an. and braecon Cantware burh. and geflymdou
Brihtwulf Myrcena cining mid his fyrde. and foran ]>a su^
ofer Temese on Sn^rige. and him ge feaht wiiS iE^wulf
cining. and ^^elbald his sunu aet Aclea mid WaestSaexna
fyrde. and )?aer f maeste wael ge slogon on haeSene here )?e we
aefre gesecgan herdon. and )?aer sige namon.

And )?y ilcan geare ^^elstan cining. and Ealhere dux ge
fuhton on scipum. and mycelne here of slogon aet Sandwic.
and ix scipu gefengon. and {^a o^re geflymdon.

852. Her on J^is tima leot Ceolred abb* of Medesham 9c
stede and }>a munecas Wulfrede to hande }?et land of *«w>W8a^am
Sempigaham to f forewearde f aefter his daei scolde f

land into pe minstre. and Wulfred scolde gifen f land of
Sliowaforda into Medeshamstede. and he scolde gife ilea
gear into )?e minstre sixtiga foSra wuda. and twaelf foSur
greefan. and sex fo^ur gearda. and twa tunnan fuUe hlutres
aloiS. and twa slaeg naet. and sex hund hlafes. and ten mittan
Willsces aloS. and ilea gear an hors and )?rittiga scillinga.

K 2

68 THE PARKER MS. (X)

cyning mid his fierde. and foron J^a su}? ofer Temese
on Su}>rige and him gefeaht w'ip yEj>elwulf cyning
and ^jjelbald his sunu set Sclea mid WestSeaxna
fierde and Jjser Jjset maeste w^el geslogon on h<e}?num
herige J>e we secgan hierdon op Jjisne andweardan
dceg and }?8er sige namon.

853. Her b<ed Burgred Miercna cyning and his
wiotan yEJ?elwulf cyning jTset he him gefultumade J^aet
him Nor}?Walas gehiersumade He ]>2l swa dyde and
mid fierde for ofer Mierce on Nor}?Walas and hie
him alle gehiersume dydon.
>^ 3fnd J>y ilcan geare sende yE]?elwulf cyning Alfred ^
his sunu to Rome J?a was domne Leo pap on Rome
and he hine to cyninge ge halgode and hiene him to
bisc^psuna nam.

pa J?y ilcan geare Ealhere mid Cantwarum and
Huda mid Su}?rigium gefuhton on Tenet wij? h<e}>-
num herige and serest sige namon and Jwer wear}?
monigmon ofsleegen and adruncen on gehw<€}>ere
bond.

Ond }>8es ofer Eastron geaf /E}>elwulf cyning his
dob tor Burgrede cyninge of Wesseaxum on Merce.

855. Her hde}>ne men eerest on Sceapige oferwifit
ssetun. Srid py ilcan geare gebocude yEj>elwulf cyning
teoj^an d<el his londes ofer al his rice Godc to lofe and
him selfum to ccere bcclo.

Snd py ilcan geare ferdc to Rome mid micelre
weorJ?nesse and J^aer wees xii mona}> wuniende and
ys. him ham weard for and him J^a Carl Francna
cyning his dohtor geaf him to cuene and aeftcr pdun
to his leodum cuom and hie }?aes gefsegene wserun.
Snd ymb ii gear JjsBS'Se he on Francum com he gefor.
and his lie Vip setWintan ceastre and he ricsode nigon
teojje healf gear. Ond se yEj^elwulf wees Ecgbrehting
Ecjgbryht Ealhmunding Ealhmund Eafing Eafa Eop-

THE LAUD MS. (E) 69

and ane nseht gefeormige. Her waes wiiS se cining Burhred.
and Ceolred aerceb'. and Tunberht h\ and Cenred b\ and
AlUiun h\ and Berhtred b'. and Wihtred abb\ and Werht-
herd abb\ u^^elheard ealdorman. Hunberht ealdorman. and
feola o"Bre*.

852. Her Burhred Myrcene cining under iSeodde him
NorSWealas mid jEj^elwulfes cininge fultume.

And ]>y ilcan geare Ealhhere mid Cantwarum. and Huda
mid SulSrigum gefuhton on Tenet wi^ hae^ene here, and )?ser
wseron feala of slaegene and adruncen on segSre hand, and {'a
ealdormen bege dsede.

And Burhred Myrcene cining feng to ^E^Selwulfes dohtor
WestSeaxna cininges.

855. Her hsej^ene men serest on Sceapege ofer winter
sseton. And )?y ilcan geare gebocade iE^Selwulf cining
teo^an dsel his landes ofer eal his rice Gode to lofe. and
him selfum ecre hsele.

And )?y ilcan geare ferde to Rome mid mycclum wurS-
scipe. and J'ser wunade xii mona^. and he feng to Earles
dohter Francna cining ]>a he hamweard wses. and gesund
ham com. and ]?8es ymbe ii gear forSferde. and his lie li^ on
Wintanceastre. and he rixade ix gear. He waes Ecgbrihting.

4 Peterborough Record, No. 6. The set Sempingaham and set Slioforda, and

original is extant, and more, it is in bruce "Sere cirican lafard on Aledesham-

the mother tongue. stede t$es landes set Slioforda, and Wul-

The philologer, as well as the his- fred "Ses on Sempingaham : and he

torian, will be gratified to have at hand geselle eghwelce gere to Medesham-

the document upon which the text was stede tua tunnan fuUe luhtres aloi$,

based. Cod. DipL No. 267. and tua sleg neat, and Fex hund lafes

and ten mittan wselsces a\o1S, and "Sere

p^ In nomine patris et filii et spin- ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ eghwelce gere

tus sancti ! Ceolred abbud and "Sa higan hors and l>rittig scillinga, and liine ane

on Medeshamstede sella^S Wulfrede Set niht gefeormige fiftene mitta luhtres

land set Sempingaham in 1Sas gered- alolS, fif mitta welsoes alo^S, fiftene

nisse ; 'Set he hit haebbe and bruce sua sestras li'Ses : and hi sion symle in

lange sua he life and anum lerfeuuarde allum here life eadmode and hearsume

sefter him ; and elce gere sextig fo'Sra and underj>e6dde, and ofer here tuega

wnda to "Ssem ham on Homan "Stem dseg 'Sonne agefe hio "Set land into

wuda, and tuelf folder grsefan and sex 'Sere cirican to Medeshamstede mid

fb'Sur gerda. End foi^on we him 'Sis freodome ; and we him 'Sis self's mid

land Bella's, "Set he "Ses landes fulne felda and mid wuda and mid fenne sua

friodom bigete in lece serfcwcardnisse Ser to belimpeS. &c.

70 THE PARKER MS. (S)

ping Eoppa Ingilding Ingiid wees Ines broj^ur West
Seaxna cyninges ]>Bds pc eft ferde to See Petre and
\>ser eft his feorb ge sealde and bie wseron Cenredes
suna Cenred wees Ceolwalding Ceolwald Cu)?aing
Cu}>a CuJ^wining. Cujjwine Ceaulining Ceawling
Cynricing Cynric Cerdicing Cerdic Elesing Elesa
Esling Esla Giwising Giwis Wiging Wig Freawining
Freawine FriJ?ogaring Fri}?ogar Bronding Brond B<el-
daeging B^eldseg Wodening Woden FriJ?owalding Fri-
}7uwald Freawining Frealaf Fri}?uwulfing Frijjuwulf
Finning Fin Godwulfing Godwulf Geating Geat
T<etwaing T<et\va Beawing Beaw Sceldwaing Sceld-
wea^ Herenioding Heremod Itermoning Iternion Hra--r
}>raing se waes geboren in J^sere earce Noe Lamach
Matusalem Enob laered Maleel Camon Enos Sed
Mam. primus bomo et pater noster. est Xps Smen.

Ond }>a fengon yE}?elwulfes suna twegen to rice
yE}>elbald to Wesseaxna rice and yEj?elbrybt to Cant
wararice and to East Seaxna rice, and to Su|?rigea and
to Su}> Seaxna rice and ps. ricsode yE}>elbald v gear.

860. Her yEj>elbald cyng forjjferde and bis lie lij?
set Scira human and feng yE}>elhrybt to allum p^tn
rice bis brojjur and be bit beold on godre geJ>uaBr-
nesse and on niicelre sibsumnesse.

'Knd on his daegc cuom micel scipbere up and
abrcccon Wintanceastre. and wip ]?one here gefuhton
Osric aldor man mid Ham tun scire and yE]?elwulf
aldormon mid Bearruc scire and }?one here ge fliem*
don and w<el stowe gewald ahton and se ^J^elbrybt
ricsode v gear and his He \\p act Scire burnan.

865. Her saet b<ej>en here on Tenet and genamon
fnp wi}? Cantwarum and Cant ware him feob geheton
wi]7 )?am fnpe and under J^am frijw and J?am feob
gehate se here hiene on nibt up best<el. and ofer-
bergeade alle Cent eastewearde.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 71

And ^ fengOQ his ii sunu to rice. uS^elbald to WestSeaxna
rice, and to Su'Srigean. And he rixade v gear.

860. Her i9£i$elbald cining forSferde. and his lie liS »t
Scirebuman. and feng iE'Selbriht to eallum pBm rice his
bro'Bor.

And on his dsege com mycel sciphere up. and abrse-
con Wintanceastre. and wi^ )?one here fuhton Osric ealdor
man mid Hamtune scire, and iS^elwulf ealdorman mid Bar-
rucscire and )?one here gefljrmdon. and wselstowe ge weald
ahton. and se jElSelbriht rixade v gear, and his lie li^ set
Sdrbnman.

865. Her sset se hseiSene here on Tenet and genam friiS
wi% Cantwarnm. and Cantware heom feoh be heton wi^ "Sam
fri'Se. and on psm feoh be hate se here hine on niht up be
stael. and oferhergode ealle Cent eastewarde.

B. 855. . (^) . . Itermon Ha^raing. Ha%ra Hwalaing. Hwala Bed-
^g^^S' Bedwig Sceafiog. id est filius Noe se waes geboreo on )>8ere
earce Noes. Lamech. Matusalem. Enoc. Tared. Malalehel. Caroon.
Enos. Seth. Adam primus homo & pater nr. Id est Xps.

F. 861. Her forSferde S.SwKun b*. and iE^elbold cing. and he
IftS on Scirbuman. and i©Selb'ht feng to eallan ^n rice his broker,
snd on his daege com mycel sciphere and abrsecan Wintanceast' and
wi^ %one here fuhtan Hamtunscir and Bearrucscir and %one here
gefl]rmdon. and %es ^E^lbyrht rizode v gear and his lie ]i% at
Scirbuman.

f This pedigree outmns all others higher than 7C ; all up to Soeaf, the

in the Chronicle. It is rare to mount mysterious ancestor of fabled kings,

higher than Woden« the divine father This remote progenitor appears in the

of kings. In 547 we are carried up to Beowulf, but only as the patronym of

Qetkt, which is quite transcendental. Soyld, the oldest personage of whom

Bat here, the lineage strains after the any doings are there related. The Lon-

loftiest attainable elevation, quitting gobards preserved the name of Soeaf

the mythological for the Scriptural at the head of their traditions* as may

genealogy, and from the summit of be gathered from the Traveller's Song,

the latter soaring away into the region line 64. For further information cf.

beyond. Kemble's Prefiice to his Beowulf,

Ib the mythological stage, B. C. D. go vol. ii.

72 THE PARKER MS. (S)

866. Her feng yEj?ered yE}?elbryhtes brojjur to Wes-
seaxna rice 3fnd ]>y ilcan geare cuom micel here on
ffngel cynnes lond and wint'setl namon on East
Englum and jTser gehorsude wurdon and hie him
frij? namon.

867. Her for se here of East Englum oferHumbre
mu}7an to Eofor wic ceastre on Norjjhymbre ffnd
Jwer wees micel un }>u8ernes \>teve J>eode betweox him
selfum and hie heefdun hiera cyning aworpenne Os-
bryht and ungecyndne cyning underfengon ^llan.
and hie late on geare to J>am gecirdon }?8et hie wij>
Jx)ne here winnende wserun and hie }?eah micle fierd
gegadrodon and ]7one here sohton set Eoforwic ceastre
and on ]>b, ceastre br<econ and hie sume inne wurdon
and ]78er was ungemetlic w<el geslsegen NorJ^an hym-
bra sume binnan sume butan. and J?a cyningas begen
ofsleegene and sio laf wi}? Jwne here fri}?nam.

ffnd J>y ilcan geare gefor Ealchstan bisc and he
hsefde J^aet bisc rice l wint' aet Scire burnan. and his
lie li}? }>eer on tune.

868. Her for se ilea here innan Mierce to Sno-
tengaham and Jwer wint'setl namon !Snd Burgr<ed

i{< Miercna cyning and his wiotan bcedon jEpered West
Seaxna cyning and -Alfred his brojjur J^set hie him
gefultumadon Jjset hie wi}? }?one here gefuhton Snd
J>a ferdon hie mid Wesseaxna fierde innan Mierce oJ>
Snotengaham. and J>one here jTser metton on J^am
geweorce. and }>8er nan hefelic gefeoht ne wearj>
and Mierce frij> namon w'ip }?one here.

869. Her for se here eft to Eoforwicccastre and
J?8er sset i gear.

870. Her rad se here ofer Mierce innan EastEngle
and wintsetl namon. set peodforda. 'Knd py wint'
Eadmund cyning him wi|? feaht. and }?a Deniscan

i

THE LAUD MS. (E) 73

866. Her feng iESelred iE^elbrihtes broiSor to West
Seaxna rice. And ]>y ilcan geare com mycel hseSen here
on Angel cynnes land, and winter setle namon set East
Englum. and ]?ser gehorsade wurdon. and hi heom wiS friS
ge namon.

867. Her for se here of East Englum ofer HumbremuiSan.
to Eoferwic ceastre on NorSan hymbre. and J^ser wses mycel
oniSwsemesse Sere ]?eode betwux heom sylfum. and hi hsef-
don heora cining aworpene Osbriht. and ungecynde cining
under fengon iEllan. and hi late on geare to ]?am gecyrdon.
f hi wis ]>one here winnende wseron. and hi Seah myccle
fyrd^ gegadorodan. and ]>one here sohton set Eofewic ceastre.
And ]?a ceastre brsecon. and hi sume inne wurdon. and yeer
^ses ungemet wsel geslaegen NorSanhymbra sume binnan
>nme butan. and J'a ciningaa bsegen of slaegene. and seo lafe
wi* }?one here fiyS nam.

And )?y ilcan geare gefor Ealhstan h\ and he haefde f biscop
rice set Scirebuman l winter, and his lie liS ]?8er on tune.

868. Her for se ilea here innan Myrce to Snotingham.
and \fd&T winter setle namon. and Burhcred Myrcena cining
and his witan bsedon ^Selred West Seaxna cining and
iBlfred his broSor ]?et hi him fultumedon. ytet hi wiS j^one
here gefuhton. and )?a fserdon hi mid WsestSsexa fyrde in
on Myrcene o^ Snotingaham. and )?one here metton J'aer on
J^am ge weoroe. and hine inne be setton. and ]f2eT nan hefilic
gefeaht ne wearS. and Myrce friS namon wiS J^one here.

869. Her for sehere eft to Eoferwic ceastre. and )?8er
s^et an gear.

870. Her for se here ofer Myrce innon East^ngle. and
winter setle namon set Deodforda. and on j^am geare see
Edmund cining him wiS gefeaht. and ]7a Deniscan sige

4 The national force is called flerd, merically defined. If more than 35

f^yrd; and the invading armament is persons band together, it is here : from

bere. The latter word probably meant 7 up to that number it is only bio's :

at first a body of men, a bcmd; and this 7 or less are merely thieves,

linprejudiced sense still lives in the The flerd was the national militia.

Germ. Heer. But in A. S. it con- embodied in each shire under the eald-

tracted the bad notion of a troop; viz. orman: so called from their marching

that of waste, pillage, buccaneering. off on service (fiuraii) ; in Latin named

Hence the words, hersian, hers^uig, expeditio. No property in the coun-

to harry, &c. In the Laws of King try was exempt from the obligation to

hie It has a criminal sense, and is nu- send its contingent to the f^rd.

L

74 THE PARKER MS. (S)

sige namon and }K>ne cyning ofslogon. and ])€tt lond
all geeodon.

Snd \>y geare gefor Ceolno}? fierce bisc. and jE\>ered

WUtunacire hiacop wear^ geeoren to arcebitcpe to Ccmtwtreheri.

871. Her cuom se here to Readingum on West
Seaxe and ]78Bs ymb iii niht ridon ii eorlas up. pa
gemette hie yE]?elwulf aldorman on Engla felda and
him }?8er w'ip gefeaht and sige nam. J^aes ymb iiii
niht yEJ>ered cyning and yElfred his broJ>ur jTser
micle fierd to Readingum gel<eddon and wij? J>ohe
here gefuhton and Jjaer wses micel w<el geslsegen on
gehw<e]?re bond and ^}?elwulf aldormon wear]? of-
slsegen and ]?a Deniscan ahton w<elstowe gewald
3fnd Jjses ymb iiii niht gefeaht ^}?ered cyning and
ij^ iElfred his brojjur w'ip alne )K)ne here on iEscesdune
and hie wserun on twsem gefylcum. on ojjrum waes
Bachsecg and Halfdene }>a h^ej^nan cyningas and on
o]7rum wseron ]7a eorlas. and ]>3, gefeaht se cyning
^Ej?ered wi}? ]7ara cyninga getruman and J?8er wear)?
se cyning Bagsecg ofslsegen. and yElfred his broJ>ur
wij? J>ara eorla getruman and jTser wear]? Sidroc eorl
ofslaegen se alda and Sidroc eorl se gioncga and
Osbearn eorl and Frsena eorl and Hareld eorl and J?a
hergas begen gefliemde and fela J?usenda ofslsegenra
and onfeohtende waeron op niht. Snd J?aes ymb xiiii
niht gefeaht yEj?ered cyning and yElfi-ed his broSur
wi}7 })one here set Basengum and J?8er J^a Deniscan
sige namon Snd Jtsbs ymb ii mona]? gefeaht yEj?ered
cyning and yElfred his broj^ur wij? J?one here aet Mere
tune and hie waerun on tusem gefylcum and hie butu
gefliemdon and longe on daeg sige ahton and Jwr
wear]? micel w^el sliht on gehw8e]?ere bond and J?a
Deniscan ahton w<el stowe gewald. and J?8er wear]?
Heahmund bisc ofsloegen and fela godra monna and
aefter ]?issum gefeohte cuom micel sumorlida. Snd

THE LAUD MS. (E) 75

naman. and )?one cining of slogon. and f land eall geeodon.
and fordiden ealle J^a mynstre {'a hi to comen. on )?a ilcan
tima )?a comon hi to Medeshamstede. beomdou and brscon.
slogon abbot and munecas. and eall f hi )?8er fundon. mace-
don hit )?a f ser wes ful rice. ]>a, hit wearS to nan ]?ing. and
\fj geare gefor Ceolno)? arcebiscop.

871. Her rad se here to Beadingum on Westseaxe. and
'pes ymb iii niht ridon twegen eorlas up. )?a ge mette JSSel
nfulf ealdorman hie on Englafelda. and heom peer wi^ge
feaht and sige nam. and wearS 'peer se o]?er of slsegen. pses
nama wses Sidrac. Da ymb iiii niht iE^elred cining. and
iElfred his broker J^ser mycle fyrd to Raedingum gekeddon.
and wi*S )?one here gefuhton. and )?8er wses mycel wsel ge
•kegen on gehwalSere hand, and iE^elwulf ealdorman wearS
of slsegen. and pK Deniscan ahton wsel stowe ge weald. And
ymb iiii niht ge feaht iEiSered cining and iElfred his broiSor
wi% ealne ^one here on iEscesdune. and hi wseron on twam
gefylcum. on oiSrum wes Basecg and Halfdene ^a hse'Sene
ciningas. and on oSrum wsron ]?a eorlas. and pB, feaht se
cining ^iSered wi^ %ara cininga ge tmman. and ]?8er wearS
se cining Bagsecg of slsegen. and JBlfred his broSor wiS ]?ai*a
eorla getruman and J'ser wearS Sidrac eorl of slsegen se
ealda. and Sidrac se geonga and Osbearn eorl. and Frsena
eorl. and Harold eorl. and )?a hergas begen geflymde. and
feala ]?u8enda ofslagenra. and onfeohtende wseron 08 niht.
And ^ses ymb xiiii niht ge feaht u^'Sered cining. and i^lfired
his broker wii$ )?one here set Basingum. and ]>ar pa, Deniscan
sige genamon. and )>ses ymb twaegen mon'Sas ge feaht JE^e-
red and iSlfred his broSor wi^ J^one here set Mseredune.
and hi wseron on twam gefylcum. and hi butu geflymdon.
and lange on dseg sige ahton. and psx wearS^ mycel wael sliht
on hw8e*Sre hand* and pH, Deeniscan ahton weal stowe ge weald,
and J^ser Hsehmund biscop of slagen and feala godra manna,
and setter )Hsum gefeohte com mycel sumerlida to Beadingum.

L 2

76 THE PARKER MS. (S)

Jwes oferEastron gefor jEpered cyning and he ricsode
V gear and his lie \\]> eet Winburnan.

|J< pa feng ^Elfrcd yE]?elwulfing his bro}?ur to Wes-
seaxna rice and ]>ks ymb anne mona}? gefeaht /Elfred
cyning wi}? alne J?one here lytle weredefif aet Wiltune
and hine longe on dag gefliemde and f>a Deniscan
ahton w<elstowe gewald.

Snd )?8Bs geares wurdon viiii folcgefeoht gefohten
wi]7 }?one here on py cynerice be su]>an Temese and
butan f>am pe him Alfred ]?8es cyninges bro}?ur and
anhpig aldormon and cyninges }>egnas oft rade onri-
don J?e mon na ne rimde and }?8bs geares waerun
ofslagene viiii eorlas and an cyning. Snd \>y geare
namon West Seaxe fri}? vvi}? J^one here.

872. Her for sehere to Lundenbyrig from Read-
ingum and J^aer wint'setl nam. and J?a namon Mierce
{r\\> wifj }K)ne here.

873. Her for se here on Nor}?hymbre. and he nam
wint'setl on Lindesse aet Tureces iege and }?a namon
Mierce frij> w'ip J^one here,

874. Her for sehere from Lindesse to Hreopedune
and ])8dr wint'setl nam. and J>one cyning Burgrccd
ofer See adrsefdon ymb xxii wint' }?»s fe he rice haefde
and Jjaet lond all ge eodon and he for to Rome and
Jjaer gesast^ and his lie hp on Sea Marian ciricean on
Sngel cynnes scole. 'Knd ]>y ilcan geare hie sealdon
anum unwisum cyninges }?egne Miercna rice to
haldanne. and he him af^as swor and gislas salde.
Jjaet he him gearo waere swa hwelcei daege swa hie
hit habban wolden. and he gearo wsere mid him
selfum. and on allum pam pe him laestan woldon. to
pads heres peavfe,

875. Her for sehere from Hreopedune. and Healf-
dene for mid sumum }>am here on NorJ^hymbre.
and nam wint' setl beTinan J^aere ei. and sehere

THE LAUD MS. (E) 77

and }wBr sefter Eastron gefor JE^ered cining. and he rixade
V gear, and his lie li^S set Winburnan mynster.

Da feng JEUrei iE^elwulfing his broker to WestSeaxna f^lfrtJe
rice and |?aps ymb i mona^S ge feaht uElfred cining wi^S ealne
J^one here litle werede set Wiltune. and hine lange on dseg
gefljmde. and pa Deuiscan ahton wselstowe ge weald.

And )?e8 geares ward on ix folcgefeoht gefohten wiS }?one here
on )?am cine rice be suSan Temese. butan ]>^m pe hi iSlfred
)>e8 cinges broiSer. and ealdormen. and ciningas J'segnas oft
rada onriden ]>e man nane rimde and J^ses geares waeron of
alagene ix eorlas. and an cyning. and J^y geare namou West
Seaxa fri^S wiS J?one here.

872. Her for sehere to Lundenbyrig fram Bedingum. and
)^aer nam winter setle. and ]>b, naman Myrce friiS wi$ )?one
here.

873. Her nam sehere winter setle. set Turcesige.

874. Her for sehere of Lindesse to Hreopedune. and )?8er
winter setle nam. and )?one cining Burgred ofersse adrefdon
ymb xxii wintra )?aes )?e he rice haefde. and J?et land eall
ge eodan. and he for to Rome and J'ser sset. and his lie li S
on sea Marian cyrican on Angel cynnes scole. And J?y ilcan
geare hi sealdon Ceolwulfe anum un wisum cynges )?egne
Myrcena rice to healdenne. and he him a^as swor and
gislas sealde. ]?et hit him georo waere swa hwilce dsege swa
hi hit habban woldon. and he geare waere mid him sylfum.
and mid eallum )>am ]?e him ge Isestan wolden to )78es heres
)>aerfe*.

875. Her for sehere fram Hreopedune. and Healfdene
for mid sumum )?am here on NorSan hymbre. and nam
winter setle be Tinan }?8ere ea. and se here )?et land ge eode.

( iEthelwcard says: Erat autem ezi- * LAppenbcrg remarks, that the

guu8 turn Anglorum exercitus propter object of the Danes was not power,

absentiam regis, qui eodcm tempore but plunder. So they did not occupy

ezequiaa fratris impleverat. the vacant thrones, but placed in them

^ har wunode ealto his lifes ende. F. nominal kings to serve as the instru-

' Instead of swa hweloe, B has ments of their rapacity,
•wylco, C swiloe.

78 THE PARKEB US. (X,

l»tt \<aA s:eeode. aEid eft bersT^de on Peobtm^ and on
Scr^bcledWaiia.^- Xnd for Godrum aod Oscvtel and
Xnirynd- fa iii cyningas. of HrecipedoDe lo Grante
br%'cge. mid inicle here, and saetc^n (jom* an gear.

Xnd |?y camera for .Efted cyning at oo sde mid
f^'iphere. and gefeaht wi)? rii sciphljestas. and hiera
an gefeng, and fia ojni gefliemde-

876. Her biene best^el se here into Werbam. Wes-
seaxna fierde. and wi)? J^^ne bere secrning fri)>nam.
and bim fa aj^as sworon on fiam balgan beage. )« bie
flpr nanre J^eode noldon. ]«et bie br^edlice of bis rice
foren« and bie )>a under Jiam bie nibtes best<elon
}iaere fierde segeborsoda bere into Elscan ceaster.

Xnd Jy geare Healfdene Xorf^an b ymbra lond gc
d^elde, and ergende wxron and biera tilgende.

877. Her cuom sebere into Elscan ceastre from
Wcrham. and ^scipbere sigelede west ymbutan. and
l^a mette hie micel yst on 8«c- and )iaer forwearJ> exx
scipa aet Swanawic. and secyning /Elfred aefter
)7am gehorsudan here mid fierde rad o)> Exanceaster.
and hie hindan ofridan nemeahte ser hie on }>am
fffistene wseron. Jwr him mon to ne meahte. and hie
him \f9dv foregislas saldon. swa fela swa he habban
wolde. and micle a)>as sworon. and j^a godne fri}?
heoldon. and j^a on haerfaeste gefor sebere on
Miercna lond. and hit gedceldon sum. and sum
Ceolwulfe saldon.

878. Her hiene bestcel se here on midne wint. ofer
tuclftan niht. to Cippanhamme. and geridon Wes-
seaxna lond and gesaeton. micel }?aes folces ofer s<e

>{< adraefdon. and J^aes o}?res ]x)ne msestan dcel hie gerid-
on. and him to gecirdon. buton J?am cyninge yElfrede.
and he lytic werede. un iej>elice. aefter wudum for. and
on morfaestenum.

Snd J>rcs ilcan wintra waes Inwaeres broJ>ur and

THE LAUD MS. (E) 79

and oft gehei^ode on Pehtas. and on StnetlsedWealas. and
for Oodrum. and Oscjrtel. and Anwend. }?a }?ry ciningas of
Hreopedune to Grantan brjcge. myd mycclum here, and
sseton yser an gear.

And \fy snmera for ^fred cyning ut on sse mid scip here,
and gefeaht wi^ vii scip hlesta. and heora an gefeng. and ]^a
o^re gefljonde.

876. Her hine bestel sehere into Wserham WestSeaxna
fyrde. and si^^an wi^ ]7one here se cyning fri^ nam. and
him }?a gislas sealdon \>e on }?am here weor}?u8te wseron to
)?am cyninge. and him }?a a^as sworon on }?am halgan beage
^e hi ser nanre }?eode don noldon J^et hi hredlice of his rice
foron. and hi }?a under )?am hi nihtes be stselon j^re fyrde
se gehorsade here into Exanceastre.

And \>y geare Healfdene NorSanhymbra land gedselde. and
hergende weron. and heora tiligende wseron. Bollo cum suis
Normaniam penetravit. and regnavit annis liii.

877. Her com se here to Exanceastre fram Werham. and
se scip here seglode west ymbutan. and ]7a gemette hi mycel
yst on sse. and J^ear forwearS cxx scipa set Swanawic. and
se dng jElfred sefter ]7am ge horsedum here mid fyrde r&d
o^ Exanceastre. and hi hindan ofridan ne mihte ser hi on
)?am feastene wseron J^ser him man to ne mihte. and hi him
}?ar fore gislas sealdon swa feala swa he habban wolde. and
mycele a^as sworon. and f^a godne fri^ heoldan. and ]7a on
herfeste gefor seo heora on Myrcena land, and hit gedseldon
sum. and sum Ceolwulfe sealdon.

878. Her hine bestsel sehere on midne winter ofer twelftan
niht to Cippanhamme. and geridan WestSeaxna land and
ge setton. and mycel J^aes folces ofer sse adrsefdon. and J^ses
o^res }?one msestan dael hi geridon butan }?am cynge
^frede litle werede uny^elice sefter wudum for. and on
morfestenum.

And ]fes ilcan wintra wses Iwefes broker and Healf-

80 THE PARKER MS. (K)

Healfdenes on WestSeaxum. on Defena scire, mid xxiii
scipum. and hiene mon J^ser ofslog. and dccc monna
mid him. and xl monna his heres.

Snd jTses on Eastron worhte yEIfred cyning. lytle
vverede. geweorc set yEj>elinga eigge'^. and of Jnim ge
weorce was winnende wij> }x)ne here, and Sumur
saetna. sedcel sej^aer niehst wees, pa on J^aere seofo-
San wiecan ofer Eastron he gerad to Ecgbryhtesstane.

mon

be eastan Seal wyda. and him to eo pe^r ongen
Sumorssete alle and WiUaetan. and Hamtunseir se
dccl sehiere behinon ScC was. and his gefegene waer-
un. and he for ymb aneniht of J>am wicum to
Iglea. and |?fes ymb ane to Ej^andune. and ]78Br ge
feaht \\'\p alne Jx)ne here and hiene gefliemde. and
him cefter rad o]? |>8et geweorc. and psev saet xiiii niht.
and ]>Si salde sehere him foregislas and micle a}>as.
pKt hie of his rice uuoldon. and him eac geheton pset
hiera kyning fulwihte onfon wolde. and hie pest
gelaeston swa. Snd pass ymb iii wiecan com se
cyning to him Godrum ^ritiga sum J>ara monna pe
in J^am here weor}?uste waeron aet Sire, and J^aet is
w'ip yEJjelinggaeige. and his se cyning J^aer onfeng act
fulwihte. and his crismlising was aet We}?mor. and he
was xii niht mid ^am cyninge. and he hine miclum
I and his geferan mid feo weorSude.

879. Her for se here to Cirenceastre of Cippan
hamme. and saet psdv an gear.

Snd Jy geare gegadrode onhio}? wicenga and gesset
aet Fullan hamme beTemese.

!5nd J?y ilcan geare a}?iestrode sio sunne ane tid
daeges.

880. Her for sehere of Ciren ceastre on EUistEngle.
and gesaet J^aet lond. and gedcclde.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 81

denes on WestSexum on Defenan scire, and hine mon J^aer
sloh. and dccc manna mid bim. and xl manna his heres. and
l^ar wses se gu^fana genumen J^e hi rsefen heton.

And ]ftes on Eastron wrohte ^ired cyning lytle werede ge
weorc set ^'Selingaige. and of }?am geweorce wses winnende
mi )?one here, and Sumerssetena se del ]fe yser nehst wses. f'a
on ^ere seofe^an wucan ofer Eastron he gerad to Eegbrihtes
stane be easton Wealwudu. and him comon )?ser ongean
Sumor ssete ealle. and Will saete. and Hamtun scyr se dsel ^e
hire beheonan sse wses. and his gefsegene wseron. and he
for ymb ane niht of f^am wicum to ^glea. and )?aes ymb ane
niht to E^an dune, and yser ge feaht wi^ ealne here and hine
ge fljmde. and him sefter rdd oi ^et ge weorc. and ]?8Br sset
xiiii niht. and }?a sealde se here him gislas. and mycele aSas.
j'et hi of his rice woldon. and him eac ge heton }?et heora
cjng fulwihte onfon wolde. and hi -^ gelseston. and J^aes
ymb iii wucan com se cyng Oodrum. }?rittigum sum. }?ara
manna ^e in |7am here weorSuste wseron set Aire, and f is
wiiS JB^elinga ige. and his se cyng onfeng ]7ser aet fulwihte.
and his crism lysing wses set Wedmor. and he wes xii niht
mid }?am cynge. and he hine mycclum and his geferan mid
feo weorSode.

879. Her for sehere to Cirenceastre of Cippanhamme. and
saet )?8er an winter.

py geare gegaderodon an hlo^ wicinga. and gesset set
Fullanhamme be Temese.
And 'py ilcan geare aj^ystrode seo sunne antid dseges.

880. Her for sehere of Cirenceastre on EaatEngle. and
gesset f land and gedselde.

k The " Isle of PrlnooB" was jewel" was found in Newton Park,

fonned and fortified by the stagnate somewhat north of this spot It is

waters of the Tone and Parrot at their deposited in the Ashmolean Museum

junction. Hence the Tw^'riirm. gronnis in Oxford, and it has often been figured

paludoriflsiina et intransmeabilla and described in books. The legend

of Asser. It is now drained and cul- upon it gives a point to the locality

tivated, and known as Athelney Farm, of the discovery, and invests the ob-

ia the Parish of Stoke St. Gregory, east ject itself with an interest beyond all

of the line of rail from Bridgewater other extant monuments of Saxon Art.

to Taunton, and about seven miles It says: p^'XELVREDUEC UEHT

distant from each of those places. In wvdot-m

the year 1693 the celebrated "Alfred GEWYRCSVN.

M

82 THE PARKER MS. (S)

Snd J?y ilcan geare for sehere ofersce pe aer on
Fullan homme saet on Fronclond toGend. and saet
J>aer an gear.

881. Her for sehere ufor on Fronclond. and }>a

Francan him wi]? gefuhton. and J^aer ^ wear]? se here
gehorsod aefter J)am gefeohte.

882. Her for sehere up on long Maese feor on
Fronclond. and ]?aer saet an gear.

Snd py ilcan geare for /Elfred cyning mid scipum
ut on s<e. and gefeaht wij? feower sciphlsestas Deniscra
monna. and }7ara scipa tu genam. and p2L men ofslae-
gene wseron pe "Ser on wseron. and tuegen scipheras
him onhond eodon. and p2L wseron miclum forslsegene
and forwundode cer hie onhond eodon.

883. Her for se here up on Scald to CundoJ>. and
J>8Br saet an gear.

884. Her for sehere up on Sunnan to Embenum.
and pddv saet an gear.

885. Her to decide se fore sprecena here on tu. oJ?er
d<el east. oJTer dccl to Hrofes ceastre. and ymb saeton
•Sa ceastre. and worhton oJ?er faesten ymb hie selfe.
and hie J>eah J)a ceastre aweredon oJ?]?aBt yElfred

uttm

com ^ mid fierde. J)a code sehere to hiera scipum.
and forlet J^aet geweorc. and hie vvurdon ]?8er behorsude.
and sona ]?y ilcan sumere ofer s<e gewiton.

Snd ]?y ilcan geare sende JElfred cyning sciphere
on EastEngle. sona swa hie comon on StutemuJ>an.
|?a metton hie xvi scipu wicenga. and wi]?'Sa gefuhton.
and J?a scipo alle ger«ehton. and J?a men ofslogon.
J^a hie J?a ham weard wendon mid J^aere here hy]?e. J?a
metton hie micelne sciphere wicenga. and J>a wij? J?a
gefuhton }?y ilcan daege. and |?a Deniscan ahton sige.

py ilcan geare aer middum wintra. forJ>ferde Carl
Francna cyning. and hiene ofslog an efor. and ane

THE LAUD MS. (E) 88

And }7y ilcan geare for se here ofer 8% ]>e on Fullanhamme
saet on Frangland to Gent, and sset )78er an gear.

881. Her for se here ufor on Frangland. and ]>2l Francan
him wi^ gefuhton. and )?8Br )7a warS se here horsad sefter
)>am gefeohte.

882. Her for se here up andlang Msese ofor on Frang land
and }?8er sset an gear.

And }?y ilcan geare for jElfred cyng mid scipum ut on sse.
and ge feaht wi^ iiii scip hlsestas Deniscra manna, and }7ara
scipa twa genamon. and ]7a men of slogon. and twa him on
hand eodon. and )?a men wseron myclum of slagene and for
wundode aer hi on hand eodan.

883. Her for se here up on Scald to Cundo^. and )78er saet
an gear, and Marinus papa sende }?a lignum dm jiElfrede
cjmge. and }?y ilcan geare Isedde Sighelm. and .E-Selstan )7a
selmessan to Rome }?e i^lfred cing ge het ]>ider. and eac on
Indea to see Thome, and to see Bartholomee. ]7a hi saeton
wis poue here set Lundene. and hi J^ser Godes ]>ance8 swySe
bentigSe waeron sefter )7am gehatum.

884. Her for se here up on Sunnan to Embenum. and |?8er
sset an gear.

885. Her to daelde se forsprecena here on twa. cSer east.
olSer dsel to Hrofeceastre. and ymbsaeton ]>2l ceastre. and
wrohton oSer faesten ymb hi sylfe. and hi ]>eah ]>r ceastre
aweredan oS'Set iElfred cyng com uton mid f3rrde. ]>n, code
se here to heora scipum. and forleton ]>et geweorc. and hi
wurdon ]>8er behorsade. and sona \>y ilcan sumera eft ofer
se gewiton.

Dy ilcan geare saende iElfred cyng scip here of Csent on
EastEngle. sona swa hi comon on SturemuSan }7a ge
msetton hi xvi scipa wicinga. and wiS )7a ge fuhton. and }?a
scipa ealle gersehton. and ]>b. men ofslogen. |7a hi ]7a ham
weard waeron mid ]78ere here huSe. ]fh ge metton hi mycelne
sciphere wicinga. and wiS }7a gefuhton )?y ilcan dsege. and \>b.
Deniscan ahton sige.

And \>y ilcan geare aer middan wintra forSferde Carl
Francna cyng. and hine of sloh an eofor. and ane geare ser

F. 884. Her for^ferde se welwillenda b' iE^elwold. Hie obiit
iE^lwoldus episcopus Wentoniensis, et electus est in loco ejus Alfee
qui alio nomine vocabatur Godwinus.

M 2

84 THE PARKER MS. (S)

geare ser. his bro^ur forj^ferde. se haefde eac \net west
rice, and hie wseron begeq HloJ>wiges suna. se haefde
eac psat west rice, and for}?ferde J>y geare }>e sio sunne
aJ?iestrode. se wses Karles sunu pe yEj?elwulf West
Seaxna cyning his dohtor hsefde him to cuene.

Snd ]>y ilcan geare gegadrode micel sciphere on
^IdSeaxum. and ]?ser wear}? micel gefeoht. tua on
geare. and )>a Seaxan hsefdun sige. and ]>asr waeron
Frisan mid.

py ilcan geare feng Carl to J^am west rice, and to
allum J>am west rice behienan Wendel ScC. and be
geondan }?isse Sce. swa hit his )?ridda feeder hsefde.
butan Lidwiccium. se Carl was Hlo}?wiges sunu. se
Hlojpwig was Carles bro}?ur. se wees Iu}>yttan f<eder
\>e yEj>elwulf cyning haefde. and hie wceron HloJ?wiges
suna. se Hlo}?wig was J^aes aldan Carles sunu. se Carl
was Pippenes sunu.

Snd py ilcan geare forJ>ferde se goda papa Marinus.
se gefreode Ongelcynnes scole be yElfredes bene
West Seaxna cyninges. and he sende him micla gifa.
and J^aere rode d<el J?e Crist on J^rowude.

Snd py ilcan geare sehere on EastEnglum brccc
frij> wi}? yElfred cyning.

886. Her for se here eft west pe aer east gelende.
and J?a up on Sigene. and J^aer wint' setl namon.

py ilcan geare gesette yElfred cyning Lunden burg,
and him all Sngelcyn to cirde jTaet buton Deniscra
monna haeftniede was. and hie }» befaeste J>a burg
yEj>erede aldormen to haldonne.

887. Her for se here up J)urh |>a brycge aet Paris,
and pa up andlang Sigene o|> Maeterne. oj? Cariei. and
p'd saeton ]7ara and innan lonan. tu winter on ^am
twam stedum.

Snd J)y ilcan geare forj^ferde Karl Francna cyning.
and * Earn ulf his broj^ursunu vi wicum aer he forJ>ferde

THE LAUD MS. (E) 85

his broiSor forBferde. se heafde eac f west rice, se forSferde
}y geare J^e seo sonne a'Systrode. se wses Carles sunu ]>e
ASelwulf WestSeaxna cyng his? dohtor hsefde to cwene.

Dy ilcan geare forSferde se goda papa Marinus. se gefireode Marin
Angel cynnes scole be iBlfredes bene WestSeaxna cyninges.
and he sende him myocle gifa^. and ]^sere rode dsel 'pe Crist
on iSrowode.

And }?y ilcan geare for se here on Estenglum. and brec
fri^ wi^ iElfred cyning.

886. Her for se here eft west }?e ser east ge lende. and ]^a
up on Sigene. and J^ser winter ssetu namon set Paris ]78ere
byrig9.

Dy ilcan geare gesette iElfred cyning Lnndenborh. and
him eall Angel cyn togecyrde. f butan Deniscra manna
hsefnede wes. and he J^a befeste }?a burh iEj^erede ealdormen
to healdenne.

887. Her for se here up )?urh ^a brycge set Paris, and pa,
up andlang Sigene 0*8 Mseteme. and pa up on Mseteme o^
Caziei. and |?a sseton }7ar innan lonan twa winter on pnm.
twam stedum.

And py ilcan geare forSferde Carl Francena cyng. and
Eamulf his broSorsunu hine vi wncan ser he foriSferde be

7 ** Hft was the son of that Charles present Interrogative and RelatiTe Pro-
fthoH daughter ^Ethelwulf had for his noon who : up to about the year 1 200
queen." it had only the ftinction of question-
When the Language had no distinct ing, but in the early part of the 13th
Relative Pronoun except the indeclin- century it acquired the position of a
able ^9 oblique cases were made out declinable Relative. The two texts of
by a contrivance which is usual in Lajamon illustrate this fitct very weH,
Hebrew, viz. the addition of the Per- instances of Who-Relative occuning in
sonal Pronoun in the case required. the later text, but (?) not in the earlier.
Thus [>e . . . his » whose ^ micele giua on halidome F.

|>e . . . hine* whom 9 This siege of Paris is minutely

l>e . . . hyra a quorum. described by Abbo of Fleury in two

A more succinct Relative Pronoun Books of Latin Hexameters. Cf. Feli-

was at length obtained, by the gradual bien, Histoire de la Ville de Paris, L iii.

employment of a word which had (Ingram.)

hitherto been known only as an Inter- « hin» htefde seems to be wanting

rogative. Such is the history of our here.

86 THE PARKER MS. (S)

bercedne aet J^am rice, and J>a wear]? J^aet rice to
dceled on v. and v kyningas to gehalgode*. past waes
}?eah mid Earnulfes ge]7afunge. and hi cu<edon. p3dt
hie J?9et to his honda healdan sceoldon. forj^aeni hira
nan nses on f<edren healfe togeboren. baton him
anum. Earnulf J>a wunode on J^aem londe be Eastan
Rin. and RoJ?ulf J>a feng to J?aem middel rice, and
Oda to )?aBm west d<ele. and Beorngar and Wi}?a to
Long beardna londe. and to psexn londum on ps, healfe
muntes. and J>8et heoldun mid micelre unsibbe. and tu
folcgefeoht gefuhton. and ptet lond oft and gelome for-
hergodon. and ceghwccj^er oJ>erne oftr<edlice ut dr<£fde.
Snd py ilcan geare pe se here forfor]? up ofer J?a
brycge set Paris. ^}>elhelm aldormon Iccdde Wes-
seaxna celmessan and ^Elfredes cyninges to Rome.

888. Her l<edde Beocca aldormon Wesseaxna cel-
messan and yElfredes cyninges to Rome, and yE}?elswiJ?
cuen. sio waes /Elfredes sweostor cyninges. forj^ferde
and hire lie li]? aet Pafian.

Snd py ilcan geare /EJ^eVed ercebisc and ^}?el-
wold aldormon. for]?ferdon on anum monJ?e.

889. On ^issum geare naes nan fccreld to Rome,
buton tuegen hleaperas yElfred cyning sende mid
gewritum.

890. Her l<edde Beorn helm abb' WestSeaxna cel-
messan to Rome and iElfredes cyninges.

Snd Godrum se nor}7erna cyning forJ?ferde. J^aes fiil-
luht nama waes ^]?el8tan. se waes yElfredes cyninges
godsunu. and he bude on EastEnglum. and J^aet lond
aerest gesaet.

Snd J?y ilcan geare for se here of Sigene to Sant
Laudan. j^aet is butueoh Brettum and Francum. and
Brettas him wij? gefuhton. and haefdon sige. and hie

bedrifon ut on anc ca. and monige adre^cton.

Her tikes Plegemund geooron of Oodt^ and of eaUtn his haUcften.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 87

rsedde set J^am rice, and l^a wearS J^et rice to dueled on v.
and fif cjningas to ge halgode. |7et weas J^seh mid Eamulfes
)?afunge. and hi cwse^on f hi him |7Ct tohanda healdan
scoldan. forSan }?et heora nan naes of fsedrenhalfe geboren
bntan him annm. Eamulf wunode on J^am lande be sestan
Rine. and Hro"8ulf ]>2l feng to }>am middelrice. and 0}?a )?a to
)?am weastdaele. and Beorngar and Wi^a to Langbeardna
lande. and to }?am landum on \>sl healfe muntes. and ^et
heoldan mid my eel unsibbe. and twa folcgefeoht gefuhton.
and f land oft and gelome forhergodon. and seghwelSer
o^eme oftrsedlice utadrsefde.

And |?y ilcan geare \>e se here forfor8 up ofer )7a brycge ^
set Paris. iE^elhelm ealdorman Isedde WeastSeaxnaselmessan £,/emofim
and iElfredes cyninges to Rome. "^ teSitu .

888. Her Isedde Beocca ealdorman WestSeaxna selmessan
and iElfredes cyninges to Rome, and iE'Selfri'S cwsen seo
W8BS iElfredes swustor cyninges. and heo for8ferde^^. and
hire lie Iy6 aet Pauian.

And ]>y ilcan geare ^^^ered arcebiscop^ and Aj^ewold
ealdorman forSferdon on anum monj^e.

889. On J^issum geare nses nan fsereld to Rome buton
twegen hleaperes jElfred cyng sende mid gewritum.

890. Her Isedde Beornhelm abb' West Seaxna selmessan to
Rome, and iSlfredes cynges.

And Godrum se norSerne cyning foi^Sfcrde. |>ses fuUuht
nama wses JE^ehtsLU se wses i^lfredes godsune cyninges. and
he bude on EastEnglum. and ^ land serest gesset.

And )?y ilcan geare for se here of Sigene to Scandlaudan.
}>et is betwix'^ Bryttum and Francum. and Brittas him wi^ge
fuhton. and hsefdon sige. and hi bedrifon ut on ane 4a. and
manige adrencton.

Hie Plegemundus archiepiscopus a Deo et omni populo
electus est.

1 and fif cuigas bar weeron to gehal- rice on Cantwareb'i F.
gode. and j> mid Arnulfes geSafiinge. 10 be Rome wege F. cf. Wendovcr.

and hie beheton "p hi on his handa * se oerceb' of Cantwaraberi F.

healdan sceoldon F. - betweoh A. betuh B. betwyx F.

"• and of eallan folce to bam arb'

88 THE PARKER MS. (3!)

891. Her for se here east, and Eamulf cyning ge-
feaht wi'S^sem rsede** here ser J)a scipu cuomon. mid
East Francum and Seaxum and Bsegerum. and hine
gefliemde.

Snd J>rie Scottas cuomon to yElfrede cyninge. on
anum bate butan cclcum gerej?rum. of Hibemia**. Jx>non
hi hi bestcelon. forlwn J?e hi woldon for Godes lufan
on el^iodignesse beon. hi ne rohton hwser. se bat
waes geworht of J^riddan healfre hyde J?e hi on foron.
and hi namon mid him J^eethihsefdun toseofon nihtum
mete, and J>a comon hie ymb vii niht to londe on
Cornwalum. and foron J)a sona to yElfrede cyninge.
J>us hie wseron genemnde. Dubslane and MaccbethuP
and Maelinmun*!. Snd Swifneh*" sebetsta lareow pe
on Scottum wses gefor •.

?Cnd J?y ilcan geare ofer Eastron. ymbe gang dagas
oppe ser. seteowde se steorra J?e mon on boclseden
hset cometa. same men cwe}7a}? on Englisc J^aet hit
sie feaxede steorra. forj^sem Jwer stent lang leoma of.
hwilum on ane healfe. hwilum on selce heatfe.

898. Her on ]?ysum geare for se micla here, pe we
gefyrn ymbe sprsecon. eft of J^sem east rice westweard
to Bunnan. and }?8er wurdon gescipode. swa J>8Bt hie
asettan him on senne sij? ofer mid horsum mid ealle.
and p3, comon up on Limene mu}?an mid ccl hunde
scipa. se mu^a is on easte weardre Cent, set J^aes
miclan wuda eastende pe we Sndred hata®. se wudu
is east lang and west lang hund twelf tiges mila lang
o}?}w lengra. and J^ritiges mila brad, seo ea pe we jer
ymbe sprsecon liS ut of J^sem wealda. on }7a ea hi
tugon up hiora scipu oJ)}x)ne weald, iiii mila fram
)?8em mu}7an utanweardum. and J>8er abrsecon an ge
weorc. inne on ]?cem faestenne sseton feawa cirlisce
men on and waes samworht.

pa sona aefter padin com Hsestcn mid Ixxx scipa
up on Temese mu'San. and worhte him ge weorc vot
Middeltunc. and se oj^er here aet Spuldre.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 89

892. Her for se myccla here |?e we gefym aer ymb sprscon
eft of ]^am east rice weastward to Bunan. and f^aer wurdon
ge scipode swa f hi isaetton hi on senne si^ ofer mid horsum
mid ealle. and ]7a comon up on Limine mu'San mid J^ridde
healfhund scipa. se mu{$a is on eastwarde Cent set }?es
mycclab wuda east enda }?e we Andned hata*. se wudu is
west lang and east lang bund twelftig mila lang. o'S^e lengre.
and XXX mila brad, se ea J?e we ser ymb sprsecon. ]rS ut of
}?am wealda. on \>e &t hi tugon up heora scipa o^'Sone weald
iiii mila fram J^am mu]7an utanweardum. and ymr abrsecon
an geweorc inne on %am fsenne^ saeton feawa cyrlisce men
on. and wses sam worht.

pfi sona sefter ]>a,m com Hsesten mid Ixxx scipa up inne
TsemesemuJ^e and worhte him geweorc set Middeltune. and
seo o^er here aet Apuldre.

Hie obiit Wulfhere NorSanhymbrorum arceps.

3 fkstenne B. festene C. D. fennc
S.A.F. faenneE.

Though four of the MSS. have
fenne (fisBime) against three that ex-
hibit fiBostenne (fadstene): yet from
the context, and from the evidence
of the Latin historians, there can be
no doubt that the latter is the true
reading. The Editors of the Kon.
Hist. Brit, restored it to the text,
and it may be regarded as established,
^thelwerd says : in Limneo portu con-
stituunt puppes, Apoldre looo condicto,
orientali CantiK parte; destruuntque
ibi prisoo opere castrum, propter quod
rustics manus exigua quippe intrinse-
cus erat. Florence thus: quamdam
aroem semistructam, quam pauci inha-
bitabant viUani, diruerunt; aliamque
sibi firmiorem in loco qui dicitur Apul.
treo, construxemnt.

■> rade B. rad D. contra pedettrem
exercitum Flor. This was an import-
ant battle, and by it the kingdom of
Amolph was rid of the devastators.
It was fought on the river Dyle, near
Louvain, Septr. i. 891 : a day long
afterwards kept up in memory of the
victory. Cf. Lappenberg, vol. i. p. 341.

In the next year they had to flee
before the famine which their own
ravages had caused, and they fell back
on those western provinces which were
under the sway of less doughty war-
riors than Amolph. Guided by Hast-
ing, a viking of great renown, they
burst upon England like a storm, — the
last which agitated the eventful life of
Alfred.

The concerted invasion, and the
promptness of the king to meet the
foe wherever his dominion was as-
sailed, are here told in a narrative
which has all the freshness and reality
of contemporary writing.

« YrUnde F.

P Maccbe1$a'5 B. Machbe1$u C. Mac.
be«u D. F.

4 Maelinmuin B. Maelinmumin C.
Maelmumin D. F aaTC.

r Suifhe B.

■ At this point ends the first hand-
writing in "X ; and the narrative is con-
tinued in a new hand, and on a greatly
enlarged scale. At the same time, £
shrinks into the smallest compass : and
this untoward coincidence will throw
out the parallel for many pages.

N

90 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

894. On J>y8 geare. J?8et wses ymb twelf monaS fees

pe hie on }7sem east rice geweorc ge worht hsefdon.

Nor}?hymbre and EastEngle hsefdon ^Elfrede cyninge

a}7as geseald. and ElastEngle foregisla vi and \>eh

ofer J>a treowa. swa oft swa J>a oj^re hergas mW ealle

herige utforon. J^oii foron hie. oJ>)>e mid o}?J>e on

heora healfe an. pa gegaderade iElfred cyning his

fierd. and for J>8et he gewicode betwuh J^sem twam

hergum. J^ser J^ser he niehst rymet hsefde. for wudu

fsestenne ond for wseter faestenne. swa Jwt he mehte

»gj>eme gersecan gif hie senigne feld secan wolden.

J>a foron hie si^^an aefter J>aem wealda hloJ>um and

flocraduin. bi swa hwaj?erre efes swa hit Jtoii fierdleas

waes. and him mon eac mid o|>rum floccum sohte

niaestra daga aelce. o]>]>e on niht. ge of J^aere fierde. ge

eac of Jpaem burgum. haefde se cyning his fierd on

tu tonumen. swa J>aet hie waeron simle healfe set

ham. healfe ute. butan padtn monnum \>e ]>2l burga

healdan scolden. ne com se here oftor call ute of

padm setum }>on tuwwa. o|>re si}?e }?a hie aerest to

londe comon. aer sio fierd gesamnod waere. oJ?re si)?e

pB, hie of I'sem setum faran woldon. pa hie gefengon

micle hereby®, and J?a woldon ferian norJ>weardes

ofer Temese in on EastSeaxe ongean |?a scipu. pa

forrad sio fierd hie foran. and him wvS gefeaht aet

Fearnhamme. and J>one here gefliemde. and J>a here

hyj>a ahreddon. and hie flugon ofer Temese buton

aelcum forda. pa up be Colne on anne iggaS. pa

besaet sio fierd hie J^aer utan pa. hwile pe hie J^aer

lengest mete haefdon. ac hie haefdon pa heora stemn

gesetenne. and hiora mete genotudne. and waes se

cyng }?a }7iderweardes on faere. mid J^aere scire pe mid

him fierdedon. pa he J>a waes J?iderweardes. and sio

THE PARKER MS. (X) 91

oJ>eru fierd waes ham weardes. and Sa Deniscan saeton
Jwer be hindan. for}wm hiora cyning waes ge wundod
on p^m gefeohte. }>aBt hihine ne mehton ferian.

pa gegaderedon }?aj?e in Nor]? hymbrum bugeaS.
and on EastEnglum. sum bund scipa. and foron 80*8
ymbutan. and sum feowertig scipa nor}? ymbutan.
and ymb saeton an geweorc on Defna scire be J^aere
nor|> sae. and J?a)7e suS ymbutan foron. ymb saeton
Exancester. Da se cyng }7aet hierde. Jjawendehe
hine west wi^ Exanceastres mid ealre }?aere fierde.
buton swipe ge waldenum daele easte weardes J>aes
folces.

pa foron fotS oJ^J^e hie comon to Lundenbyrg. and
)?a mid }?aem burgwarum and J?aem fultume pc him
westan com. foron east to Beamfleote. waes Haesten
]?a J?aer cumen mid his herge. pe aer aet Middel tune
saet. and eac se micla here waes pa J^aer to cumen.
}?e aer on Limene mu)?an saet aet Spuldre. haefde
Haesten aer ge worht J?8et geweorc set Beam fleote. and
waes pa. utafaren on herga}?. and waes se micla here
aet ham. pa foron hie to and gefliemdon Jwne here,
and ]?aet geweorc abraecon. and ge namon eal J^set j^aer
binnan waes. ge on feo. ge on wifum. ge eac on
beamum. and brohton call in to Lundenbyrig. and
pa scipu eall dSpe tobraecon. oJ)J?e forbaerndon. o]7j?e
to Lundenbyrig brohton oJ?J?e to Hrofes ceastre. and
Haestenes wif and his suna twegen mon brohte to
J>8em cyninge. and he hi him eft ageaf. forj^aem pe
hiora waes oj^er his godsunu. o}?er JESeredes ealdor
monnes. haefdon hi hiora onfangen aer Haesten to
Beam fleote come, and he him haefde ge seald gislas
and aSas. and se cyng him eac wel feoh sealde. and
eac swa J>a he }>one cniht agef and J^aet wif. ac sona
swa hie to Bleam fleote comon. and }?8et geweorc ge

N 2

92 THE PARKER MS. (S)

on

worct waes. swa hergode he ^ his rice }7one ilcan ende
pe iE}>ered his cum pseder healdan sceolde. and eft
oJ>re sij>e he w8bs on hergaS gelend on J^set ilce rice.
)7a|>a mon his geweorc abrsec.

pa se cyning hine J)a west wende mid Jjcere fierde
wi^ Exancestres. swa ic cer scede. and se here J?a burg
beseten hsefde. pa he |?«er togefaren waes. }>a eodon
hie to hiora scipum.

]?a he JTa wiS }x)ne here J?8er wsest abisgod waes. and
J>a hergas wseron ]?a gegaderode begen to Sceobyrig
on EastSeaxum. and J?8er geweorc worhtun. foron
begen astgaedere up be Temese. and him com micel
eaca to. Bdgpev ge of EastEnglum. ge of Nor}? by m-
brum. Foron }?a up be Temese oJ)J>8et hie gedydon
set Saeferne. J?a up be Sseferne. pa gegaderode ^J>ered
ealdormon. and iE}>elm ealdorman. and ^Ej^elno}? eald-
orman. and }7a cinges }7egnas ]>e pa set ham set }7sem
ge weorcum wseron. of selcre byrig be eastan Pedredan.
ge be westan Seal wuda ge be eastan. ge eac be
nor)?an Temese. and be westan Ssefern. ge eac sum
dsel JTses NorSWealcynnes. pa hie ^a ealle gegaderode
wseron. pa, offoron hie |>one here hindan set Butting
tune, on Ssefeme sta)?e. and hine J?ser utan besseton
on selce healfe. on anum fsestenne. pa hie "Sa fela
wucena sseton on twa healfe {>ser e. and se cyng wses
west on Defnum wij? }?one sciphere. J^a wseron hie
mid metelieste gewsegde. and hsefdon miclne dsel J?ara
horsa freten. and J?a o}?re wseron hungre acwolen. }>a
eodon hie ut to 'Ssem monnum pe on east healfe f>8ere
e wicodon. and him wiip geftihton. and J^a Cristnan
hsefdon sige. and |>8er wearS Ordheh cyninges J>egn

cu

of slsegen. and eac monige oj^re cyninges J>egn ofslseg-
en. and se dsel pe JTser aweg com wurdon on fleame
generede. pa hie on EastSeaxe comon to hiora ge

THE PARKER MS. (S) 93

weorc. and to hiora 9cipum. ps, gegaderade sic laf eft
of EastEnglum. and of NorShymbrum. micelne here
onforan winter, and be feeston hira wif and hira scipu
and hira feoh on EastEnglum. and foron an streces
deeges and nihtes. jTset hie gedydon on anre westre
ceastre on Wirhealum. seo is Legaceaster gehaten.
pa ne mehte seo fird hie na hindan of faran, aer hie
waeron inne on JTan ge weorce. be sseton J?eah jTset
ge weorc utan sume twegen dagas. and genamon ceapes
call jTflet jTfler buton wees, and )>a men ofslogon pe hie
foran forridan mehton butan ge weorce. and )?8et com
call forbaerndon and mid hira horsum fretton on
aelcere efeneh'Se. and jTset waes ymb twelf mona'S
J>8BS pe hie cer hider ofer see comon.

895. Ond J>a sona aefter Jwem. on ®ys gere. for se
here of Wirheale in on NorSWealas. forjwm hie ^aer
sittan ne mehton. Jwt wees forSy \>e hie waeron be
numene aeg^er ge J?8bs ceapes ge psds comes. "Se hie
ge hergod hasfdon. pa hie ®a eft ut of Nor® Wealum
wendon mid Jwre hereby^ \>e hie "Saer genumen haef-
don. J?a foron hie ofer NorShymbra lond and East
Engla. swa swa sio fird hie geraecan ne mehte. o)))?aet
hie comon on EastSeaxna lond easteweard. on an
igland ptet is ute on J^aere sae. ]fsdt is Meres ighaten.

Snd J^a se here eft ham weard wende. pe Exanceas-
ter beseten haefde. pH, hergodon hie upon Su^Seaxum
neah Cisse ceastre. and pa burg ware hie gefliemdon.
and hira monig hund ofslogon. and hira scipu sumu
genamon.

Da }7y ylcan gere onforan winter pa Deniscan pe
on Meres ige saeton. tugon hira scipu up onTemese.
and pa up on Lygan. paet waes ymb twa ger Jws }>c
hie hider ofer see comon.

896. On J?y ylcan gere worhte se foresprecena
here ge weorc be Lygan xx mila bufan Lundenbyrig.

1

94 THE PARKER MS. (S)

pB. jTses on sumera. foron micel dsel ])ara burgwara.
and eacswa oJ?res folces. ptet hie gedydon set Jwira
Deniscana geweorce. and jTser wurdon gefliemde. and
sume feower cyninges }>egnas ofslaegene. pa J?8bs on
hterfaestc. ))a wicode se cyng on neaweste ))are byrig.
pa, hwile \>e hie hira corn gerypon. \net }>a Deniscan
him ne mehton J^ees ripes forwiernan. pa sume daege
rad se cyng up be psere e®. and geha\^ade hwaer mon
mehte J?a ea forwyrcan. J^eet hie ne mehton pa, scipu
ut brengan. and hie pa, swa dydon. worhton ®a tu
geweorc. on twa healfe jTsere eas. Da hie ®a J>8et ge
weorc fur|7um ongunnen hsefdon. and J?8er togewicod
htefdon. pa onget sehere jTset hie ne mehton J?a scypu
ut brengan. pa forleton hie hie. and eodon ofer land
pB^t hie gedydon set Cwatbrycge be Saefern. and pd^v
gewerc worhton. Da rad seo fird west aefter ]?8em
herige. and J?a men of Lunden byrig ge fetodon J)a
scipu. and J^a ealle pe hie alaedan ne mehton tobraecon.
and J?a pc Jwr stsel wyrSe wceron binnan Lunden byrig
gebrohton. and J?a Deniscan haefdon hira wif befsest
innan EastEngle aer hie ut of J^aem ge weorce foron.
pa saeton hie jK)ne wint' aet Cwatbrycge. paet waes
ymb J?reo ger J^aes pe hie on Limenemu'San comon
hider ofer see.

897. Da )?8es on sumera on "Sysum gere to for se
here, sum on EastEngle. sum on Nor^hymbre. Tfnd
J)a pe feoh lease waeron him ))aer scipu begeton. and
su'S ofer sae foron to Sigene.

Naefde se here. Godes Jx)nces. Sngel cyn ealles for
swi'Se gebrocod. ac hie waeron micle swijK)r gebrocede
on l^aem J?rim gearum mid ceapes cwilde and monna.
ealles swiJ?ost mid Jjaem J^aet manige )?ara selestena
cynges )?ena pe Jjaer on londe waeron. forSferdon on
|?aem J?rym gearum. J>ara waes sum SwiSulf biscop on
Hrofes ceastre. and Ceolmund ealdormon on Cent.

THE PARKER MS. (!C) 95

and Beorhtulf ealdormon on EastSeaxum. and Wulf-
red ealdormon on Hamtun scire, and Ealhheard biscop
aet Dorce ceastre. and Eadulf cynges |?egn on SuS
Seaxum. and Beornulf wicgefera on Winte ceastre.
and Ecgulf cynges hors)>egn. and manige eac him
peh ic ®a geSungnestan nemde.

}}y ilcan geare drehton J^a hergas on EastEnglum
and on NorWhymbrum WestSeaxna lond. swi'Se be
)?aBm su^stfirfSe. mid staelhergum. ealra swi|7ust mid
%8em aescum pe hie fela geara jer timbredon. pa hot
Slfrcd cyng timbran langscipu ongen ®a sescas. ps.
wceron fulneah tu swa lange swa p3, o'Sru. sume htef-
don Ix ara. sume ma, J>a waeron cegSer ge swiftran
ge unwealtran. ge eac hicran jK)nne J^a o'Sru. naeron
nawSer ne on Fresisc gesceepene. ne on Denisc. bute
swa him selfum ®uhte }?8et hie nytwyrSoste beon
meahten. J)a set sumum cirre J^aes ilcan geares.
comon jTfler sex scipu to Wiht. and ))8er mycel yfcl
gedydon. aeg^er ge on Defenum ge wel hwser be "Saein
sae riman. pa het secyng faran mid nigonum to
J^ara niwena scipa. and forforon him }K)ne mu'San
foran on uter mere. |?a foron hie mid )?rim scipum
ut ongen hie. and ))reo stodon set ufeweardum J^ajm
mu'San on drygum. waeron |?a men uppe onlonde of
agane. J^a gefengon hie j^ara )?reora scipa tu aet "Sajm
mu'San uteweardum. and J?a men ofslogon. and ];aet an
0*8 wand, on J^aem waeron eac ]>b. men ofslaegene buton
fifum. )?a comon forSy onweg Se "Sara oj^erra scipu
asaeton. J>a wurdon eac swi'Se une'Sehce aseten.
J?reo asaeton on "Sa healfe ]?aes deopes Se "Sa Deniscan
scipu aseten waeron. and )?a o'Sru eall on oJ?re healfe.
Jwt^hira nemehte nan to o®rum. ac "Sa pdst waeter
waes ahebbad fela furlanga from J?aem scipum. J>a
eodan "Sa Deniscan from J^aem pnm scipum to ))8em
oSrum J?rim J?e on hira healfe beebbade waeron.

96 THE PARKER MS. (If)

aod ^ )» |»r gefVihton. J«r weariS ofela^en Lucumon
cjTiges gerefm. and Wulf heard Friesa. and ^bbe Fri-
esa. and .^ESelhere Friesa. and JESe\ fei« cyiiges ge-
neat, and ealra monna. Fresiscra and Engliscra Ixii
and Jnura Deniscena cxx. pm, com )wai Deniscum
scipum peh aer flcxl to. ar )m Cristnan mehton hira
atascofon. and hie fbrtSy otoSSreowon. )» waeron
hie to ]wni gesargode. J»t hie ne mehton SoSSeaxna
lond utan be rowan, ac hira )»r tu ss on lond wearp.
and \nL men mon Isdde to Winteceastre to Jnem
cynge. and he hie ISkt abon bet. and )n men comon
on EastEngle. pe on )iam anum scipe waeron. swi^
forwundode.

Dy ilcan samera fbrweafS nolss )N>n xx scipa mid
monnam mid ealle. be {'am sut^riman.

Dy ilcan gere foififerde Wulfiric crnges horsSegn.
se wws eac Wealh gefJwra.

898. Her on fysom gere gefor ^£Selni. Wikun scire
ealdormon. nignn nihtum aer middum sumere. and her
forSferde Heahstan. se w«s on Luncienne biscop.

901. Her gefor ^£Ured !]()iulting:. syx nihtum aer
ealra baligra maessan. Se wses cynin^ ofer eall Ongel
cyn bntan "Sam daele pe under Dena oo i% aide waes.
\f and he heold )«et rice o))nim heaUum bes J>e xxx
wintra. Ind )n feng Eadireard bis sanu to rice-
Da gerad .£Selwald his l^edran sunn. )oiie haum aet
Winbaman. and at Tweosnueam. butan "Soes cvtunges
leale and his witena. pk rad se cyiiin«r n^ firde oS
he gewicode aet Baddanbyrig wi? Wmbamaiu and
^i^elwald sst binnan )wm ham mid )«rai momium
|ie bim togebugpn. and harikie ealVe )^ geatu forworht
io to him. and saede fwt he woUie o$^ c£^ boer
libban oSRSe )wr began. )w. uinWr >wm >m bestael
be l^^ine oouiht onweg. an^ ge:$c4ite ^ooe here ou
Xof--^ hy™*M"™^ «nd se cirmg bet ndaaoi aefter. and

THE LAUD MS. (E)

97

901. Her gefor iElfred cyning vii kl'Noveb*. and he heold
\^t rice xxviii wintra and healf gear, and ]>a feng ^Edward
his sunu rice'^.

F. 901. Her ge foiiSferde JEUred ctng. vii id' Noub'. and he heold
f rice xxviii wintra and healf gear, and %a feng Eadward his sunu
to rice. Rex iElfred' ob' & fili* ei' Edward' suscep' regnu. iElfred'
regnau xxviii annis.

D. 901. Her gefor iElfired cyning vii k' Nouembris and heold Jjone
rice xxviii wintra and healf gear. And |>a feng Eadweard his sunu
to rice.

And )>a [gerad] iE)>elwold aet^eling his faederan sunu ]>one ham set
Win human, and aetTweoxn&m jws cynges un]>ances and his witena.
pa rad se cyning mid fyrde. o^e he gewicode aet Baddan byrig wi$
Win human, and A]>elwold saet binnan |>am hame mid ]>am monnum
ye him to gebugon. and he hsefde ealle ]>a gatu forworhte into him.
and saede f he wolde o]>]>e %aer libban o^S^ ]>9er licgean. )»a under
|iam ]>a rad se dspeling onniht aweg and gesohte ]>one here on
NortShymbmm. and hi hine under fengon him to cyninge and him

4 Famosttfl bellicosus victoriosas, vi-
doaram pupillomm orphanorum paa-
pemmque provisor studiosus, poetarum
Saxonicomm peritissiinus, sue genti
carisaimusj affabilis omnibus, Uberalis-
simus; pmdentia fortitudine justitia
temperantia pneditus ; infirmitate qua
assidue laborabat patientissimns, in
exequendis judiciis indagator discretis-
simas, in semdo Dei vigilantissimns
et derotissimus, AngulSaxonum rex
iELFREDUS, piissimi regis Athulfi
filius, xxix annis, sexque mensibus regni
ani peractis, indictione quarta, mortem
obiit, feria quarta, v kal' Novembris
[28 Oct.], et Wintonise in Novo Mo-
nasterio sepultus, beatte immortalitatis
stolam, et resorrectionis gloriam cum
justis expectat. Huic filius suooessit
Eaowardub, cognomento Senior, lit-
terarum cnltu patre inferior, sed digni-
tate potentia pariter, et gloria supe-
rior; nam, ut in sequentibus clarebit,
multo latius quam pater fines regni sui
dilatavit, siquidem dvitates et urbes
iBttltas Rdificavit, nonnullas vero de-

structas reedificavit; totam EastSaxo-
niam, EastAngliam, Northhymbriam,
pluresque etiam Mercise provincias,
quas Dani multo possederant tempore,
manibus illorum extorsit; Merciam,
post obitum suse germanse iEgeUIede,
totam obtinuit et possedit; Scottorum,
Cumbrorum, Streatgledwalorum, om-
nesque Ocddentalium Britonum reges
in deditionem accepit; reges et duces
ab eo, proelio victi, cesique quamplu-
rimi. Ex muliere nobilissima Ecgwyna
filium suum primogenitum ^thbl-
STANUif J ex regina autem sua Eadgiva
filios tres Eadwinum, Eadmundum,
Badredum, filiamque> Deo derotissi-
mam virginem, Eadburgam, tresque
insuper habuit filias; quarum unam
Otto, Romanorum iraperator octogesi-
mus nonus, alteram vero in oonjugem
habuit rex Ocddentalium Francorum
Karolus ; cujus amitam, Karoli scilicet
imperatoris filiam, uxorem duxit rex
Ocddentalium Saxonum Athulfus; ter-
tiam autem filiam in uxorem habuit rex
Northanhymbrorum Sihtricus. (Flor.)

98 THE PARKER MS. (S)

pa ne mehte hine mon of ridan. pa berad mon pxt
wif jTffit he hsefde cer genumen butan cynges leafe and
ofer J^ara biscopa gebod. forWon ®e heo waes aer to
nunnan gehalgod.

Snd on Jjys ilcan gere forSferde JEpered. waes
on Defenum ealdormon. feower wucum aer iElfred
cyning.

903. Her gefor3^ulf ealdormon. EalhswiSe bro^r.
and Uirgilius abbud of Scottum. and Grim bald msesse

preOSt. via idua luUi.

904. Her com ^E'Selwald hider ofer sae mid psem
flotan pe he mid waes on EastSexe.

905. Her aspon ^"Selwald jK)ne here on East
Englum to unfri'Se. past hie hergodon oter Mercna
land o® hie comon to Creccagelade. and foron padv
ofer Temese. and uamon aegSer ge on Bradene ge
•Saer ymbutan eall )?8et hie gehentan mehton. and
wendan "Sa eft hamweard. pa for Eadweard cyning
aefter. swa he ra'Sost mehte his fird gegadrian. and
oferhergade eall hira land betwnh dicum and Wusan.
eall 0*8 "Sa fennas norS. J)a he "Sa eft }K)nan ut faran
wolde. J^a het he beodan ofer ealle |?a fird ]78et hie
foron ealle ut aetsomne. pa aetsseton "Sa Centiscan
pddv be aeftan ofer his bebod. and seofon aerend racan
he him haefde to asend. pa befor sehere hie "Saer.
and hie "Saer gefuhton. and }?aer wear® Sigulf ealdor
mon ofslaegen. and Sigelm ealdormon. and Eadwold
cynges ®egen. and Cenulf abbod. and Sigebreht
Sigulfes sunu. and Eadwald ^ccan sunu. and monige
eac him. J^eh ic "Sa ge^ungnestan nemde. Snd on
®ara Deniscena healfe wearS ofslaegen Eohric hira
cyng. and ^"Selwald aeSeling. "Se hine to J^aem unfri'Se
gespon. and Byrhtsige BeornoSes sunu aeSelinges.
and Ysopa hold, and Oscytel hold, and swi^e monige
eac him. pe we nu genemnan nemagon. Snd J^aer

THE PARKER MS. (5C) 99

wses on gehwseSre bond micel wsel geslaegen. and
J'ara Denescena J^eer wear% nia ofslsegen. peh hie wsel
stowe gewald ahton.

Snd Ealh swi'S gefor ]>y ilcan geare.

(F) 903. Her for^ferde Gribaldi )>e8 sac' and ]>y8 ylcan geares was ge
halgod Niwe mynster on Wincest'. and S' ludoces cyme. Ob' S*
Gribaldi sac'. & aduent' S' ludoci. & dedicat' Noui Monast' Went'. "^

[D) tobugon. pa berad man f wif ]>et he hsefde sir genumen butan
)>8e8 cynges leafan and ofer )>9era biscopa gebodu for|>am heo wses
ser to nunnan gehalgod.

And on ]>ys ilcan geare foi^ferde iE)>ered wss on Defenum ealdor
man. iiii wucan aer iElfred cyning.

903. Her gefor A)>ulf ealdorman. Ealhswy^e bro^or. Eadweardes
moder cynges. and Uirgilius abbud of Scottum. and Grimbald msesse
preost.

904. Her com At^elwold hider ofer sse mid eallum ]>am flotan ]>e
be begitan mihte and bim to gebogen wses on EastSeaxe.

905. Her cometa aeteowde xiii k' Nouembris.

Her gelspdde A]?elwold |>one here on EastEnglum to unfritSe. f
hi gehergodon ofer call Myrcna land ot$ hi comon to Creoccgelade.
and foron ]wer ofer Temese and namon 8eg])er on Braedene ge pser on
baton, call f hi gehentan meahton. and wendon )>a east hamweard.
pa for f^dweard cyning lefter swa he rat$ost mihte his fyrd gegade-
rian. and oferhergode call hyra land betweoh dicum and Wusan call
66 fennas nor5. pa he eft ]>anon faran wolde. ]>a het heo beodon
ofer ealle )>a fyrd. f hi foron ealle ut setsomne. pa setsaeton )>a
Centiscan }>aer beaeftan ofer his bebod. and vii aerendracan he him
hsfde to asend. pa befor se here hi ]>aer. and hi ^aer gefuhton. and
ymc [weai%] Sinlf ealdorman ofslaegen. and Sihelm ealdorman. and
f^dwold cynges |>eng. and Kenulf abb', and Sigebryht Siulfes sanu.
and Eadwold Accan sunu. and manige eac to him. |>eah ic ]>a ge
}>angene8tan nemde. And on )>aera Deniscena healfe waes ofslaegen
Eoric cjmng. and A^elwold 8e]>eling )>e hi him to C3minge gecurum.
and Beorht sige Beorht no^es sunu 8e|>elinges. and Ysopo hold, and
Oskytel hold, and swi^e maenige eac mid him. ]>e we nu genemnan
nemagon. And J^aer waes on gehwse^ere hand my eel weel geslaegen.
and )>eera Deniscna wearS ma ofslaegen. }>eah hi wael stowe ge weald
ahton. And Ealhswii^ gefor yy ilcan geare.

o 2 ; ;

100 THE PARKER MS. (5C)

906. Her on ])ys geare gefor iElfred waes set
Ba'Sum gerefa. Snd on Jjsem ilcan gere mon fcest-
node jK)ne fri® set Yttinga forda. swa swa Eadweard
cyng gcraedde. cegSer wiS EastEngle ge wiS Noi^
hymbre,

908. Her gefor Denulf. «e waes on Winteceastre
biscop.

910. Her feng Fri'Sestan to biscop dome on Winte
^ ceastre. and Ssser biscop gefor oefter •Sflem. se wses at

Scire buman biscop,

Snd J)y ilcan gere sende Eadweard cyng firde aeg^er
ge of WestSeaxum ge of Mercum. and heo gehergade
swi'Se micel on |?8Bm nor® here. aegSer ge on mannum
ge on gehwelces cynnes yrfe. and manega men ofslogon
);ara Deniscena. and J?8er waeron fif wucan inne.

911. Her braec sehere on NorShymbrum }?onc
fri'S. and forsawon aelc friS pe Eadweard cyng and
his witan him budon. and hergodon ofer Mercna
lond. and se cyng hsefde gegadrod sum hund scipa.
and wses pa. on Cent, and J^a scipu foran be suSan
east andlang sae togenes him. ))a wende se here peat
his fiiltumes se maesta dael waere on psdxn scipum.
and padt hie mehten faran un be fohtene J)a*r J^aer hie
wolden. Jja geascade se cyng J>8Et J^set hie ut on
hergaS foron. J?a sende he his fird aeg^er ge of West
Seaxum ge of Mercum. and hie offoron "Sone here
hindan. p2L he hamweard waes. and him pa, wi'S gefuh-
ton and jK)ne here gefliemdon. and his fela )>usenda
ofslogon. and J^aer waes Ecwils cyng ofslaegen.

912. Her gefor JESered ealdormon on Mercum.
and Eadweard cyng feng to Lundenbyrg and to Oxna
forda. and to "Saem landum eallum pe Jjar tohierdon.

913. Her on J)ys geare ymb Martines maessan.
het Eadweard cyning atymbran pa nor«ran burg aet

THE LAUD MS. (E) 101

906. Her gefestnode Eadward cyng for neode fri% segSer
ge wHS EastEngla here, ge wi^S NorShymbre.

910. Her Englehere and Dene gefuhton set Teotanheale.
And JE^erei Myrcena ealdor forSferde. and Eadward cyng
feng to Lunden byrig. and to Oxnaforda. and to ealle j^am
landam ]>e ]>8er to gebyredon. And mycel sciphere hider com
su]?an of Lidwicum. and hergedon swiiSe be Sefsem. ac hi Jiser
msest ealle si^iSan forforon.

[F) 909. Her gefor Denulf b' of WinceMf . Denalf' Sps Wentan* ob'. <•/"«

910. Asser b' of Sdrb' ob'. Her Eadward dng feng to Lundenb'i and to jJS^
Oxanaforda and to ealla ISS landon )>e ISarto hyrdon. Hie rex Eaduuard' suscep'
Limdoni& & Oxanaford & 5ms trfta q* illis adjacent. Fridestan' suscep' ep'ata
WentoniensS.

I)) 906. Her wses see Oswaldes lichoma alseded of Beardanigge.
Her on )>yssoD geare Alfred gefor. wses aet BatSumtune gerefa. And
on |>am ylcan geare man gefsestnode }>one frit$ set Ytingaforda. ewa
swa Eadward cyoing gersedde. seg]>ser ge wit$ East^nglum ge wit$
NortS bymbrae.

909. Her Myrce and WestSeaxe gefuhton wi^ Jwne here neh
Teotan heale. on viii idus Agustus. and sige hsefdon. and ]>y ilcan
geare i£]>elflsed getimbrode Bremeeburh. Her gefor Denewulf se
wae8 on Wintan ceastre b*.

910. Her feng Fri^stan to biscopdome on Winta ceastre. and
Asser gefor sefter |>am. se waes set Scire human biscop.

And ]>y ilcan geare sende Eadweard cyning fyrde seg|>er ge of
WestSeaxum ge of M3rrcum. and he gehergode swy^e mycel on
)>am nor% here. 8eg)>ser ge on mannum ge on hwylcum yrfe. and ma-
nege men ofslogon ]>sera Dseniscra. and ]>ser wseron v wucan inne.

Her iEngle and Dene gefuhton set Totan heale. And iEfielred
Myrcna ealdor for^ferde. and Eadward cyning feng to Lunden byrig.
and to Oxnaforda. and to eallum )>am landum ]>e |>ser to hyrdon. And
mycel sciphere hider com su^an of Lidwicum. and hergodon swy^e
be Ssefern. ac hi ]>8er msest ealle sy))]>an forforan.

911. Her brsec sehere }>one fri^ on Nor^hymbrum. and forsawon
celc riht }>e Eadweard cyning and his witan him budon. and hergodon
ofer Myrc land. And se cyning hsefde gegaderod sum hund scipa.
and waes |>a on Cent, and ^a scipu foron be su^an east andlang sse
togeanes him. pa wende se here f his fultum wsere se msesta dsel
on )mm scipum. and ]>8et hi mihton unbefohtene faran ))ser]>8er hi
woldon. pa geahsode se cyning ]>set |>8et hi on hergea^ foron. ]>a
sende he his fyrd aeg^r ge of WestSeaxum ge of Myrcum. and hy
of foron ]>one here hindan. )>a he hamweard waes. and him wi^ |>a
gefuhton. and ]>one here geflymdon. and his feola of slogen. and }>8er
wses Ek)wih8C cyng ofslaegen. and Healden cyng. and Ohter eorl. and
Scurfa eorl. and A)>ulf hold, and Agmund hold.

912. Her gefor iE|)elred ealdorman on Mjrrcum. and Eadweard
cyning feng to Lunden byrig and to Oxnaforda. and to eallum )>am
landum )>e ]>aer to h3a'don.

913. Her iE)>elfled getimbrode TameweqrSe. and eac Stafforda

102 THE PARKER MS. (S)

Heorotforda. betweox Menieran and Beneficcan and
Lygean*.

Snd ]7a aefter p^m Jws on sumera. betweox gang
dagum and middum sumera. J>a for Eadweard cyning
mid sumum his fultume on EastSeaxe to Maeldune.
and wicode Jwer ))a hwile J>e man )?a burg worhte and
getimbrede aet Witham. and him beag god dcel J>8bs
folces to \>e aer under Deniscra manna anwalde wseron.
and sum his fiiltum worhte Jja burg J>a hwile at
Heorotforda on sujjhealfe Lygean.

917. Her on ]>ys gere rad se here ut ofer Eastron
of Ham tune and of Ligera ceastre. and brcecon }>one
frip. and slogon monige men aet Hoc nera tune, and
}?8er onbutan. and J?a swi'Se rstpe aefter J^aem. swa J^a
oJ>re ham comon. Jja fiindon hie oJ)re flocrade. }?aet
rad ut wi'S Lygtunes. and Jja wurdon ps, landleode
his ware and him wij? gefuhton. and gebrohton hie
on fullum fleame. and ahreddon eall J^aet hie ge
numen haefdon. and eac hira horsa and hira waepna
micelne dael.

918. Her on J^ysum geare com micel sciphere hider
ofer su]?an of Lid wiccum. and twegen eorlas mid.
Ohtor and Hroald. and foron west onbutan ptet hie
gedydon innan Saeferne mujjan. and hergodon on
NorJ)Wealas aeghwaer be Jjam sae. J^aer hie }>onne on
hagode. and gefengon Cameleac biscop on Ircinga
felda. and laeddon hine mid him to scipum. and p2t,
aliesde Eadweard cyning hine eft mid xl pundum.
pB, aefter )?am for se here eall up. and wolde faran Jwi
giet on herga)? wi'S Ircinga feldes. J)a gemetton pa,
men hie of Here forda and of Gleaweceastrey. and of
jTam niehstum burgum. and him wi'S gefuhton and
hie gefliemdon. and of slogon }K)ne eorl Hroald and
J?aes oJ)res eorles brojjor Ohteres. and micel J?aes heres.
and be drifon hie on anne pearruc. and be saeton hie

THE LAUD MS. (E) 108

918. Her iB^elflsed forSferde Myrcena hlffifdige^.

D) barb. Her on )>y88um geare ymbe Marlines meessan bet Eadward
cyning atimbrian )>a nor^an barb set Heort forda. be tweob Meran
and Beneficean and Ligean.

And )>a aefter )»am )>9es onsamera. betwax gang dagam and middan
samera for Eladweard cyning mid sum am bis fultume on EastSeaxe
to Meeldune. and wicode )>8er ]>a bwile ]>e man ]>a barb worbte and
ge trymode set Witan bam. and bim beab god deel }>es folces to ^e
ser under Daeniscra manna anwealde wseron. and sum bis fultam
worbte |>a burb aet Heort forda on sui^bealfe Lygean.

914. Her on gere rad se bere ut ofer Eastron of Ham tone and
of Ligere ceastre. and brsecon }>onne fri5 and slogon manegan maen
set Hoccenere tune, and )>8er abuton. And J)a bwile swy^e ra^e
sefter }>am. swa o|>re bam comon. ]>a fundon bi ot$re floe rade f rad
€t wit$ Lig tunes, and }>a wurdon |>a land leode bis gewser and him
wi^ gefuhton. and gebrobton bi on fullan fleame. and abneddon
eall f bi genumen baefdon. and eac beora borsa and beora wsepna
mycelne dsel.

915. Her on ))ison geare wses Wserincwic getimbrod. and com
mycel scipbere bider ofer su^an. of Lio^wicam. and ii eorlas. mid
Obter and mid Hraold. and foron jwi west abuton f bi gedyde innon
Ssefern mu^an. and bergodon on Nor^Wealas segbwaer be J>am
sta^um |>aer bi )K}nne on hagode. and ge fengon Camelgeeac bisceop
on lercinga felda. and laeddon bine mid bim to scipe. and ]>a alysde
Eadweard cyning bine eft mid xl pundum. pa oefter |>am )>a for se
bere eall up. and wolde faran ]>a git on bergea^ wi% lercinga feldes.
pa gemytton by of Here forda and of Gleawe ceastre and of ]>am
nyxtan bargum. and bim y/v6 gefubton and bi geflyrodon. and of
slogon ]>ane eorl Hraold. and ]>ses o)>res eorles bro}>or Obteres. and
mycel |>aes beres. and be drifon bi on anne pearroc. and be saeton bi

X This and the notice of Hertford ft on the opposite bank of the heA, and

few lines lower describe the site of that there stands Hertford Castle,
town as it is at this day. Part of it is 7 ** There came against them the

north of the Lea, between the points men of Hereford and of Gloucester."
of its junction with the Maran and the ^ See below, pp. io8, 109.

Beane. The south part of the town is

104 THE PARKER MS. (S)

|?8er utan. "oJ^lTe hie him sealdon gislas. Jwet hie of
Eadweardes cyninges andwalde afaran woldon. Snd
se cyng hsefde funden^ J^aet him mon s«t wi®. on suj?
healfe Saefern mu|7an. westan from Wealum. east oj?
Sfene muj^an. Jjaet hie ne dorston ))8et land nawer ge
secan on ^a healfe. t)a bestaelon hie hie }>eah nihtes
upp set sumum twam cirron. aet oJ?rum cierre be
eastan Waeced. and set o)?rum cierre set Portlocan.
pa slog hie mon aet 8eg]?rum cirre. psdt hira feawa on
weg comon. buton J)a ane ]>e pser ut aetswummon to
J^am scipum. and ])a saeton hie ute on J^am iglande
aet BradanRelice. op Jwne first J?e hie wurdon swife
mete lease, and monige men hungre acwaelon. forjwn
hie ne meahton nanne mete geraecan. foran Jwi
]?onan to Deomodum. and pB, lit to Irlande. and ^is
waes on haerfest.

Snd Jja aefter J^am on J^am ilcan gere foran to
Martines maessan. ®a for Eadweard cyning to Buc-
cingahamme mid his firde. and saet J>aBr feower
wucan. and geworhte Jja burga buta on adgpeve healfe
eas aer he J^onon fore, and purcytel eorl hine ge
sohte him to hiaforde. and ]?a holdas ealle. and ]?a
ieldestan men ealle maeste. "Se to Bedanforda hierdon.
and eac monige |?ara ]>e to Ham tune hierdon.

919. Her on ]>ys gere Eadweard cyng for mid
fierde to Bedan forda. foran to Martines maessan. and
beget J)a burg, and him cirdon to maest ealle J)a burg
ware pe hie aer budon. and he saet J^aer feower wucan.
and het atimbran ]>a, burg on suj) healfe J^aere eas. aer
he ]7onan fore.

920. Her on J)ys gere foran to middum sumera.
for Eadweard cyning to Maeldune. and getimbrede J)a
burg and gestaSolode aer he ]x)non fore.

!5nd py ilcan geare for purcytel eorl ofer see on
Froncland. mid |7am mannum J^e him gelaestan wold-
on. mid Eadweardes cynges frij^e and fultume.

921. Her on ))ysum gere foran to Eastron. Ead

THE LAUD MS. (E) 105

921. Her Sihtric cyng ofsloh Niel his bro)>or.

(F) 921. Her Sihtric cing of sloh Niel his brotJer. Rex Sihtric' occi-
dtt frem saam Niellu.

(D) ^r utan otS hi him sealdon gislas. |>st hi of ysds cynges anwealde
fiEU-an woldon. And 8e cyBg haefde fanden f him men saet wi$. on
8ut$ healfe Ssefemmu]»ui westan fram Wealum. east o^ Afene
mu^n. Yddi hi ne dorstan )»9et land nawaer on }»a healfe gesecean.
pa bestaelan hi )>eah nihtes up set samum twam C3nrrum. aet o]>rum
cyrre be eastan Weced. act o|>rum cyrre aet For locan. pa sloh hi
moD aet 8eg)>eram C3rrre. f hyra feawa on weg comon baton ]>a ane

^rutoVsw3nximan mihton to )»am scipum. And )>a saeton hi ute
on )mm iglande aet Steapan Reolice o% )>one fyrst pe hi wurdon swyye
mete lease, and manege men hungre acwaelon. for|K)n hi ne meahton
naenne mete geraecan. foron ]>a }>anon to Deomedum. and ]>anon to
Yrlande. and pvi waes on haerfest.

And ]>a aefter ]>am on ]>am ilcan geare foran to Martmes maessan.
]>a for Eadweard cjming to Buccingahamme mid his fyrde. and saet
^aer feower wacan. and geworhte )>a byrig buta on aeg)>aer healfe eas
aer he Jianon fore. And purcytel eorl hine ge sohte him to hlaforde.
and )»a eorlas ealle. and ]>a yldestan maen ]>e to Beda forda hyrdon.
and eac maenige ]>aera ]>e to Ham tune hyrdon.

91 7* Her iE]>elflaed Myrcna hlaefdige Gode fultumiendum foran to
hlam maessan begeat ]>a burh mid eallum ]>am }>e )>8er to hyrde. pe is
gehaten Deoraby. |>8er waeron eac ofslaegene hyre ]>aegna feower )>e
hire besorge waeron binnan )»am gatan.

918. Her heo begeat on hyre geweald mid Codes fultume on
foreweardne gear )»a burh aet Ldgrancoastre. and se maesta dael )>aes
herges ye )>aer to hyrde wearS hyre under |>eod. and haefdon eac Eofor
wicyngas hyre gehaten. and some onwedde geseald sume mid a]mm
gefaestnod f hi on hire raedinge beon woldon.

ft Het B. o'S CD. B is fond of oppoong their landing on the south
^%=^vnUl, tfuofntteA that, where 0*8 coast of the sestuary of the Severn;
is more nsual : cf. 937. from Cornwall westward, to the month

^ ** And the king had arranged for of the Avon eastward."

P

106 THE PARKER MS. (S)

(A.D.921) weard cyning het gefaran J?a burg aet Tofeceastre.
and hie getimbran. S!nd Jja eft aefter J>am. on Jwim
ilcan geare to gangdagum. he het atimbran }?a burg
set Wigingamere.

J)y ilcan sumera betwix hlafmsessan and middum
sumera. se here breec }?one fnp of Ham tune and of
Ligera ceastre and )7onan nor}7an. and foron to Tofe
ceastre. and fuhton on J^a burg ealne daeg. and }>ohton
)?8et hie sceoldon abrecan. 3lc hie Jjeah awerede ]nti
folc pe J?8er binnan wees o]? him mara fultum to com.
and hie forleton Jja )>a burg and foron aweg. Snd
))a eft swi'Se raj>e aefter Jjam. hie foron eft ut mid
stael herge nihtes. and comon on un ge arwe men.
and genomon utiytel. 8eg)?er ge on mannum ge on
ierfe. betweox Byrne wuda and ^Eglesbyrig.

py ilcan sipe for se here of Huntandune. and of
EastEnglum. and worhton J^aet geweorc aet Tccmese
forda. and hit budon. and bytledon. and forleton J^aet
oj^er aet Huntandune. and ))ohton J^aet hie sceoldon
])anon of mid ge winne and mid unfri'Se eft }?aes landes
mare geraecan. Snd foran J^aet hie gedydon aet Bedan
forda. and )?a foran ]>a, men ut ongean pe |?8er binnan
waeron. and him wi]? ge fuhton and hie gefliemdon
and hira godne dael ofslogon.

pa eft aefter J)am J^agiet gegadorode micel here
hine of EastEnglum and of Mercna lande. and foran
to J^aere byrig aet Wiginga mere, and ymb saeton hie
utan. and fuhton lange on daeg on. and namon ]>one
ceap onbutan. ?[nd pa men aweredon pcah pa, burg
pe pBdv binnan waeron. and pa forleton hie pa burg
and foron aweg.

pa aefter Jjam Jjaes ilcan sumeres gegadorode micel
folc hit on Eadweardes cynges anwalde. of |?am nieh«
stuip burgum. pe hit ^a gefaran mehte. and foron to
Tcemese forda. and besaeton ^a burg, and fuhton ]>aer

THE PARKER MS. (X) 107

on qHS hi hie abraecon. and ofslogon ]H)ne cyning an(l(A.D.92i)
Toglos eorl and Mannan eorl his sunu and his bro-
J>or. and ealle )?a pe J^aer binnan waeron and hie
wergan woldon. and namon J^a oj^re and eal J^aet psdv
binnan waes.

pa aefter J^am Jws forhra}>e gegadorode micel folc
hit on hserfest. sdgper ge of Cent ge of SuJ) rigum ge
ofEastSeaxum geseghwonan of }?ani nihstum burgum.
and foron to Colneceastre and ymbsaeton ]>2l burg,
and }?8Br on fiihton o)? hie J^a geeodon. and jTset folc
eall ofslogon. and ge namon eal padt padv binnan waes.
buton }>am mannum J?e psdr ojjflugon ofer Jjone weall.

pa aefter J^am }7a giet pees ilcan hserfestes gegador-
ode micel here hine of EastEnglum. aegpev ge pvds
landheres ge Jjara wicinga pe hie him to fultume
aspanen haefdon. and )?ohton padt hie sceoldon ge
wrecan hira teonan. and foron to Maeldune. and
ymb saeton pa, burg, and fuhton J^aer on. oJ> Jjam burg
warum com mara fultum to utan to helpe. and forlet
se here pa burg and for fram. and pB, foron pa men
aefter ut of psdve byrig. and eac pa pe him utan comon
to fultume. and gefliemdon Jwne here and ofslogon
hira monig hund. 8eg}?er ge aesc manna ge of^erra.

pa p8ds forhraJ)e J^ses ilcan heerfestes for Eadweard
cyning mid WestSexna fierde to Passan hamme. and
saet J?8er Jja hwile pe mon worhte J>a burg aet Tofe
ceastre mid stan wealle. and him cirde to purfer}?
eorl and J^a holdas and eal se here pe to Ham tune
hierde. nor]? o]? Weolud. and sohton hine him to
hlaforde and to mundboran.

Snd J?a se firdstemn for ham ))a for oJ>er ut and
ge for J?a burg aet Huntan dune, and hie ge bette and
geedneowade J^aer heo aer tobrocen waes. be Ead
weardes cyninges haese. and Jjaet folc eal }?8et J^aer to

p 2

108 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

lafe wees )>ara landleoda. beag to Eadwearde cyninge
and sohton his fri]? and his mundbyrde.

pa giet aefter Jmna Jws ilcan geres foran to Martines
msessan. for Eadweard cyning mid WestSexna fierde
to Colneceastre ^. and gebette J?a burg and geed-
neowade pter heo ser tobrocen wses. and him cirde
micel folc to. segj^er ge on EastEnglum ge on East
Seaxum. \>e ser under Dena anwalde wses. and eal
se here on EastEnglum him swor annesse. ]78et hie
eal ]78et woldon pedt he wolde. and eall J^set frij^ian
woldon }>8et se cyng frij^ian wolde. fieg]>er ge on sse
ge on lande. and se here pe to Grantan brycge
hierde. hine ge ces synderlice him to hlaforde and to
mund boran. and ))8et fsestnodon mid a}7um. swa swa
he hit J^a ared.

922. Her on "Sysum gere betweox gangdagum and
middan sumera. for Eadweard cyng mid firde to
Stean forda. and het gewyrcan "Sa burg on su'S healfe
®8Bre eas. and Saet folc eal "Se to Saere nor}>erran
byrig hierde. him beah to. and sohtan him hine to
hlaforde.

'Knd )7a on pttrn setle "Se he J^ser seet. pa gefor
yEj^elflsed his swystar aet Tame worJ?ige^ xii nihtum
ser middum sumera. ^nd pa, gerad he J^a burg aet
TameworJ?ige. and him cierde to eall se J>eodscype
on Myrcna lande. pe Mpel^ttde aer under]>eoded waes.
and p2L cyningas on Nor]>Wealum. Howel and Cledauc
and leoj^wel. and eall NorJ?Weall cyn hine sohton him
to hlaforde.

pa for he }H>nan to Snotingaham and gefor pa burg,
and het hie gebetan and gesettan. aegj^er ge mid
Engliscum mannum ge mid Deniscum.

5Jnd him cierde eall psdt folc to pe on Mercna lande
ge seten waes. aeg]>er ge Denisc ge Englisce.

923. Her on J^ysum geare for Eadweard cyning

THE LAUD MS. (E)
923. Her Begnold cjnig gewan Eoferwic

109

(F) 923. Her Reguold cing gewann Euorwic. Rex Regnold' deuicit
Eboraca.

(D) Ac 8wy%e hnedlice )>se8 }>e hi }>us geworden hsefde heo gefor. zii
nihtum (pridie id' iunii) ser middan sumera. binnan Tamweor^ }>y
eahto^San geare J^ses )ie heo Mjrrcna anweald roid rihte hlaford dome
healdende waes. aud hire he h^ binnan Glewe ceastre innan }>am east
portice see Petres cyrcean.

919. Her eac wear6 i£)>elredes dohter Myrena hlaford es selces
anwealdes on Myrcum benumen. and on WestSeaxe aliieded. }>rym
wacum 8er middan wintre. se wses haten ^Ifwyn.

921. Her Eadweard cyning getimbrode }ia barh set Cledemu]>aD.

923. Her Regnold cyning gewan Eoforwic.

c At Colchester, Edward " repaired
and restored the fortress wheresoever
it had a breach." No mention of new
oonstmctions as elsewhere (gewyrcan
ane burg), for the fortifications date
from Roman times. It seems to be
established now that Colchester is the
R. Colony of Camulodonum (Tac. An.
ziv. 31), which was surprised and
stormed by the infuriated Boadicea,
A.D. 61. See ''The Military Anti-
quities of the Romans in Britain" by
Maj. Gen. Roy, p. 187, and " Colches-
ter Castle" by Rev. H. Jenkins. Quar-
terly Review, No. 193.

The walls, of which particular men-
tion is nuule on the previous page^
form a parallelogram, longer on the
north and south sides; measuring
about if m. round. According to
Maj. Gen. Roy, they are based on a
Roman vallum, and the whole position
is such as the Romans would choose —
a commanding point of land, formed
by the Colne on one side and a ravine
on the other.

Such being the strength of the place,
it was a spirited act of the men of
Kent, Surrey, and Essex to dislodge
the Danes, and recover a stronghold
of so much importance. In this we

see the good effect of the king's vigor-
ous conduct upon the temper and reso-
lution of his people.

d ^thelflsd, the Lady of Merda,
died at Tamwortb, which seems (from
the language of some Charters) to have
been the Residence of the kings of
Merda.

JBthelflsed had governed with more
than feminine energy; she had hum-
bled the Welsh, and fortified her terri-
tory against the Daneii. The Latin
Chroniders make a point of giving her
fnatctUine tides, as Henry of Hunting-
don says: Hsc igitur domina tantK
potentis fertur fuisse, ut a quibusdam
non solum domina vel regina, sed etiam
Bex vocaretur ad laudem et ezcellen-
tiam mirificationis sui, &c. So D. has,
mid rihte hlaford dome.

Holinshed styles her "the martial
ladie and manlie Elfleda." Speed calls
her " another Zenobia."

On the death of his sister, Eadweard
occupied Merda, and united it finally
with Wessez. A line drawn from the
mouth of the Mersey to that of the
Welland, with a fr«e outward curve,
would now describe the Saxon frontier
towards the Briton and the Dane.

110 THE PARKER MS. (S)

mid fierde on ufan haerfest to pelwsele. and het ge
wyrcan j^a burg and ge settan and ge mannian. and
het oJ?re fierd. eac of Miercna J>eode. ]>a hwile ]>e he
J?8er sset. gefaran Mameceaster on Nor]>hymbrum.
and hie gebetan and ge mannian. Her for\>ferd^ PUgcmwud

arcebuceop.

924. Her on ]>ysum gere foran to middum sumera.
for Eadweard cyning mid fierde to Snotingaham. and
het ge wyrcan J?a burg on su]> healfe J^sere eas. ongean
J7a o]?re. and J?a bryege ofer Treontan betwix ]>am
twam burgum. and for }?a }H>nan on Peaclond to
Badecan wiellon. and het ge wyrcan ane burg ]>aBr
on neaweste. and ge mannian. and hine geces }>a
to feeder and to hlaforde Scotta cyning and call
Scotta ]>eod. and Regnald and Eadulfes suna and
ealle ]?a}?e on NorJ?hymbrum bugea}?. aegj^er ge
Englisce ge Denisce ge Nor]>men ge o|?re. and eac
Strsecled Weala cyning and ealle Strsecled Wealas.

925. Her Eadweard cing for}?ferde. and ^J^elstan

his SUnU feng to rice. AndSceDumtan wear^ ahenned, and Wul/dm
feng to ]>an arcehiacoprice on Ccmtuarehyri,

931. Her mon hadode Byrnstan bisceop to Wintan
ceastre iiii kl' lunii. and he heold J?ridde healf gear
bis'dom.

932. Her forJ?ferde Fry}?estan bisceop.

983. Her for iEj?elstan cyning in on Scotland. fEgJ>er
ge mid land here ge mid scyphere. and his micel
oferhergade. !Snd Byrnstan bisp forJ?ferde on Wintan
ceastre. to Omnium Scorum.

934. Her feng iElfheah bisp. to bisceopdome.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 111

924. [Her -Edward cyning forSferde. and iEJ^elstan his sunu
feng to rice.]

925. Her Wulfelm biscop wes gehalgod. and J>y ilcan
geare Edward cyning forSferde.

927. Her jEJ^elstan cyning fordraf 6u^Sfrii5 cyng. and her
Wulfelm arcb* for to Rom.

928. Will*m suscepit regnum. et xv annis regnavit.

933. Her adranc -^dwinese^Seling onsse.

934. Her for ^J^elstan cyning on Scotland, ge mid land
here, ge mid sciphere. and his mycel oferhergode.

(F) 924. Her wear> Eadward cing geooren to &edere and to hlauorde of Scotta
cinge and of Scotton. and Begnolde cinge and of ealla NorShabrQ. and eac
Streaclede Wsla cinge. and of eallon Streclsed Wealan. Hie Eduuard' fili'
Alfiredi elect' e' a rege Scotie & ab Smib* Scottis in patrS & dnm. & a Begnoldo
rege k a cunctis de Nor5 hQbra. &, a Streclsede rege Uualor' k a poplo ei*.

925. Her Eadward cing for>ferde. and .<S!^estan his sunn feng to rice, and
Wulfelm wear)> gehadod to arb* to Cant* and S' Dunstanus was geboren. Hie
ob' Eaduuard' rex fili* Alfiredi reg* & ^EtJestan auscep' regnQ & Wlfelm' ordinat'
e' ad ar'ep'atQ Cantie

& beatus Dunstanus natus e\ *^

927. Her ^EtJeetan cing fordraf Gu>fri1S cing and her Wulfelm arb' ferde to
Rome. Bex ^Sestan' pepulit GuthfridQ regS. & Wlfelm* ar'Sps perrex' Rome
p* pallio.

928. Willelmua feng to Kormandi. and heald xv gear. Willelm* sucep' Nor-
manniS regendft et xv annis tenuit.

931. Her forSferde Fril^estan b' Wentanus. and Bymstanus weai^ gebletsod
on his loh. Fri'Sestan' Sps Wyntoniensis ob*. et Bymstan' ordinat' loco ei*.

934. Her for .^£1$eetan cing to Scotlande mid land here ge mid sciphere. and
his mjcel ouer hergode. Rex J&5eetan' vadit in Scotia cum magno &c.

935. Her feng ^Elfeah to b' stole on Wine. ^Ifheg' suscep' pontificata W . . .

(D) 924. Her Eadweard cyning gefor on Myrcum set Famdune. and
^Ifweard his sunu 8wy)>e hra^e ]>8e8 gefor ymbe xvi dagas set
Oxanforda. and hyra lie ]x6 set Wintanceastre. and iE]>el8tan wses
geooren to C3mge of Myrcum. and set Cyngestune gehalgod. and he
geaf bis sweostor Ofise EaldSeaxna cynges suna.

925. Her JE^eistan cyning and Sihtric Nor% hymbra cyng heo
gesamnodon set Tameweor%}>ige. iii k' Februarius. and iEjielstan his
sweostor him forgeaf.

926. Her o^eowdon fyrena leoman on norSdsele jjsere lyfte. and
Sihtric acwsel. and i£)ielstan cyning feng to Nor% hymbra rice,
and ealle )>a cyngas ^e on }>y88um iglande wseron he gewylde.
serest Huwal WestWala C3ming. and Cosstantin Scotta cyning. and
Uwen Wenta cyning. and E^dred Ealdulfing from Bebban byrig.
and mid wedde and mid a]>am fry}> gefsestnodon. on }>sere stowe }>e
genemnedis set Eamotum. on iiii idus lalii. and selc deofolgeld to
cwsedon. and sy}>}>am mid sibbe tocyrdon.

934. Her for iE|>el8tan cyning on Scotland mid here ge mid
sciphere. and his mycel ofer hergode.

yjJt ZS3. 3.13332. iL^ X

i#»;iriii ifinT £^ - Hilt 11 s? maitir at ~

ttir^orta it»a»: IID£l^ - lamtrn. itma* "

Lord axid rA"";jrt^ H«fc:3f!iii ^mz^^sa ~
Scetyna lacOa* - add jtfpircm -

tec^M hwateC - sTpan ssnae ^ *

glad €Atr gnindas * Gc^ies coodel bcoriit -

ccei Dribtnes • *o5 $io «J^fle gcsoaft •

fab to setle. J:^rr he^ secg numig'

gainm ageted^ ' guma Dorfxema *

ofer Knld scoCen. swilcc Scittisc eic *

frcrrig friges^ saed. WesSeaxc fortS*

ondlongne daeg • eorodcistoml*

on last legdon * lajmin Jieodiim.

hcowan herefleman* • hindan Jwarie •

rriccum mylen scearpan ■. Mjrrce ne wy rndon

^bccardes bondplegan - hsle)» nanum *

^)« mid ^lafe * ofer sera geblaod^ *

on tides'' bosme * land gesohtun -

fage to gefeobte. Fife laegon •

on Jwim campstede • c)nainges giunge* *

sweordum aswefede. swilce seofene eac •

corlas :Xnlafe8. unrim heriges* •

flotan and Sceotta. |)8Br geflemed weartS •

NofS manna brcgu" • nede gebeded* •

to lides stefiie • litle weorode •

THE LAUD MS. (E) 113

937. Her .^B^elstan cyning kedde fyrde to Brunanbyrig.

W) 937. Her iEVestan cing and Eadmund his broker Isedde fyrde to
Brunanbyri. and ]>ar gefeht wi% Anelaf. and Xpe fultumegende sige
haefde. Hie factu e' illud magnu & famosu bellu in Brunanbyri &c.

* ge8l6gui et sake B. gefllohgon et
seoce A.

^ heowanhea'Solinda hameraUfiimD.
« eafonn B. aforan C. eoforan D.
' gealgodon D.

* crangon Scotta leode B. C. D.

' dennade B.C. dexmode D. dyn-
ede A.

* secga swate B. C. D; and this
seems the genuine text.

>* t» seo B; as abo^e 918. a.

* garum forgranden B.
k wiggesBa

1 andlangne daeg eoredcystumB.C.D.
■^ here flyman B. hereflymon C.
heora flyman D. herefliman A.

" soearpumB.C. mycelscearpum D.

* heardes B. C. D. heordes A. ; the
true reading.

P >e A. )>ara'Se B. C. >cra)>e D.
« eargebhind B. C. ear- D.
» li«es C.
" geonge A. B. C. iunga D.

* and unrim herges C.
» brego B. C. D.

' gebsded B. neade gebseded C. D.
nyde A. See below 943. c

This national song of victory is a
fine sample of the genius and art of
Sazon poetry, and a noble memorial
of the life of our fore&thers. Much of
the Chronicle has the merit (too rare
in Sazon prose) of being genuine and
homespun, firee from the intrusion of
strange ideas, and the infection of
foreign models. But these verses shew
us the native spirit in its more excited
mood ; they speak the tumultuous joy
of brave and simple patriots with the
rage of battle still tingling in their
veins. Such glowing words could not
become extinct: they have scored
themselves indelibly on the tablet of
literature.

Gibson appreciated the poetry, though
in his day the sense had not been per-
fectly made out. He notes : " Idioma
hie ei ad An. 942 ^975 perantiqutim
et horridumt mquU Whdocut. Peran-
tiquum proculdubio, horridum interim
hand dicendum; quippe quod stylum

Csedmonianum, elegantissimum pUne,
et in quo Ducum res gestte ob ejus
sublimitatem decantari antiquitus sole-
bant, aliquatenus saltem referat."

The song is preserved in five out of the
seven MS8.; viz., S. A. B. C. D. The
later Chronicles E and F omit it : under
Norman rule it had no longer any in*
terest. Of the Latin historians Henry
of Huntingdon alone has embodied this
gem into his work. His version has
many happy renderings, and Ukewise
many curious mistakes, speciously pa-
raphrased. For the sake of ready
comparison it is appended here; the
more glaring faults being printed in
Italics.

' Rex Adelstan, decus ducum, nobi-
libus torquium dator, et frater ejus
Edmundus, Umga stirpis aerie splen-
derUes, percusserunt in belle, acie gla-
did apud Brunesburh. Scutorum muros
fiderunt, nobUea ceciderwnt, domesticce
reliquiae defwncti Edwardi. Sic nam-
que iis ingenitum faerat a genihut
cognationum, ut bellis frequentibus
ab infestis nationibus defenderent pa-
triae thesauros et domos, pecuniat
et xenia, Grens vero Hibemensium,
et puppium habitatores, fatales cor-
ruerunt ; colles resonuerunt. Sudave-
runt armati, ex quo sol mane prodiit,
micans hilariter, Imtificam profunda,
Dei luminare, fax Creatoris, usque quo
idem nobilis ductor occasu se occuluit.
Ibi viri jacuerunt multi a Dada ori-
undi, telis perforati, sub scutis lanoeati,
simul et Scotti bello fatigati. Gens
vero Westsexe, tota simul die, priva
electi, post ijidefem, invisie gentis glo-
bos Btraverunt; viri elegcmtea, hakaa
csedebant, viri Mercenses acuta jactUa
mittebamt, duro manus ludo. Sanitat
iH nvUa his qui cum Anlavo trans
maris campos in ligni gremio terram
petierunt, Marte morituri. Quinque
occubuerunt in loco belli reges juvenes,
gladiis percussi, ducesque septem regis
Anlavi; absque numero ceciderunt
Scotti, deperiitque Normannorum tu-
mor. Nee enim paucoi ad litem bdli,
duxerarU aecum : cum paucis vero

114 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

■cread cnearen flot • cyning utgewat •
on fealene flod • feorh ge nerede.

Swilce J^aer eac sefroda ' mid fleame com *
on his cy^}?e nortS • Costontinus *
har hildering. hreman ne J?orfte •
^maecan gemanan. he waes his maega sceard *
freonda gefylled • on folcstede •
^beslagen aet saecce • and his sunu forlet*
on wselstowe • wundun fergrunden^*
giungne aet guSe. gelpan ne ]>orfte'
beorn blandenfeax • bilgeslehtes •
eald inwidda®. ne Snlaf }7y ma.
mid heora herelafum • hlehhan ne J?orftun •
]>aBt ^heo beaduweorca • beteran wurdun •

•el cumhd

on campstede • Rculbodgehnades *

garmittinge • gumena gemotes •

waepen gewrixles ' J^aes ^ hi on wsel felda •

in maris fluctus rex nayi provectus, escam paratas. Ergo comu niger, ore

iiUrinaecus gemehat. Simul et Froda comutus, et buffo li?ens, aqoila cum

ductor NorvMVMMU, cumqw mis notis mil?o, canis lupusque mixtus colore,

dux Constantinus, de Martis congressu, his sunt delidis diu recreati. Non fait

jactare nequierunt, ubi cognationis suae bellum hac in tellure majus patratum,

fragmen apparuit, ubi amici sui corrue- nee csedes tanta praecessit istam, post-

ranty in statione popnli bello prostrati, quam hue venerunt, trans mare latum,

et filium suum in loco proelii Tulneri- Saxones et Angli, Brittones pulsuri :

bus demolitum carum reliquit. Nee clan Martis fabri, Walenses vicemnt,

Chde JDacus, declamare potuit, licet reges fugaverunt, regna susceperunt.'
verbis hlandut, et mente vetustus. Nee His causa recreandi interpositis ad

Anlaf ipse, cum reliquiis suis, merUiri historiam redeamus.
potuit, quod ad hoc negotium aui pra- • Great D. cnear on A. B. C. D. 6n

itiUrirU in campo belli, ictuum imma- D. flod A. D.

nitate, telorum transforatione, in eon- b mecea B. meca C. mecga D. For

cilio probortm, Matrea vera et nurua He wbbs B and C have Her ^

planxerwU $uot belli cdea cum Edwardi « forslegen B. beslegen C. beslsf -

filiis lusisse; cum Normanni, navibus en D.

clavatis, et ^nte/tabefiwtus, ultra pro- « wundum forgmnden A.B.C.D.

fundum flumen, terras suas, moesto •inwittaB.C. inwuda D.

animo, repetissent. Postea frater uter- ' hi CD. hieA.B.

que rediit Westsexe, belli reUquias «cumbelA. cumbolgehnaateaB.CD.

post te deseientes, oames vironun in ^ j^ ^^^ jx

THE PARKER MS. (Jt) 116

vfip Eadweardes • afaran plegodari.

Gewitan him J>a NorJ?men • ^ncegledcnearrum *
dreorig dara'Salaf • on •'dinges mere •
ofer deop weeter • 'Difelin secan •
and eft hira land™ • eewiscmode.

Swilce J7a gebro}>er • begen a^t samne *
cyning and 8eJ>eling • cyj?]>e sohton •

Wesseaxena land • wiges hramige.

Letan him behindan * "hrae bryttian '
saluwigpadan • J>one sweartan hraefn •
hyrned nebban • and J^ane hasewan® padan •
earn seftan hwit • ceses brucan •
graedigne guS hafoc • and ]?8Bt graege deor •
wulf on wealde. Ne wear® wael mare *
on J?is eiglande • aeferP gieta •
folces gefylled * beforan ]?issum '
sweordes ecgum. J?8es \>e us secgaS bee •
ealde uSwitan. si]7]?an eastan hider •
Engle and Seaxe ' upbecoman •
ofer bradbrimu^ • Brytene sohtan •
wlance wigsmi'Sas • Wealles*" ofercoman •
eorlas arhwate • eard begeatan,

* ne^ed C. dse^led on garum D. In Ellis^s Specimens qf Early English
^ dynges B. djniges D. dinnes A. Poets is a ' metrical version' in the style
1 Dyflen B. Dyflin C. Dyflig D. of the 14th century, which Coziybearo
B and heora land A. YraUnd €. D. (Illustrations of Angio Saxon Poetry,
■ Hraw B. hra D. p. Ixxxi) praises as a successful imi-

• haso B. hasu CD. hasean A. tation.

9 sfre B. C. D. A faint echo of its sense comes back
4 brade B. C. D. brjrmum brad A. to us from the region of British Legend,
' Wealas B. C. D. as represented in the verses of Laja-
This Ode has been often done into mon. It is in the reign of ^^Istan
English, and it has been the work of that the story of British nationality is
many hands to smooth its difficulties brought to its plaintive close, when
for the modem student. See Guest's their wand^ing prince is taught in a
History of English Jihythms,Yo\.u; and dream to cease his vain attempts against
the improved Ed. (1840) of Price's War> the power of the Saxon, and to wait
toii'Bffist,£ngl. Poetry, vol. i; where is a the promised day foretold by their pro-
rich ooUeci^oB of notes and iUostrations. phet Merlin.

A 2

116 THE PARKER MS. (S)

941. Her ^JTelstan cyning fortSferde ■ on vi kV
Nov', ymbe xli wintra. butan anre niht. J?8bs J?e Alfred
cyning forJ?ferde. Snd Eadmund aej^eling feng to
rice, and he waes J?a xviii wintre. and -ffij?elstan cyning
rixade xiiii gear and *x wucan. Pa vhu Wvi/dm arcdnicop

OH Cant.

942. "Her Eadmund cyning • Engla J?eoden •
^maga mundbora • Myrce geeode *
dyre daedfruma • swa Dor scade}?*
hwitan wylles geat ' and yHumbra ea*
brada brim stream • burga fife *
Ligoraceaster • and Lindcylene^-

and Snotingaham • swylce Stanford eac •
• Deoraby. ^Daene waeran aer*
under NorSmannum • nyde gebegde^ '
on haej^enra • haefteclommum •
lange J?raga^ • oj? hie alysde eft •
for his weorJ?scipe ' wiggendra hleo *
afera Eadweardes • Eadmund cyning •
onfeng !S!nlafe cyninge aet fulluhte. and py ylecan
geare ymbtelamicelfaec. he onfeng Rcegenolde cyning
aet bisceopes handa arcebUeeop.

943. ^[Her Eadmund cing S. Dunttane OUtt'jHngeberig heiaihU "Sat \€
ty^^an (Brest aJbbtid icfar'S.

944. Her Eadmund cyning geeode eal Nor}?hym-
braland him to^gewealdan. and aflymde ut twegen
cyningas. Snlaf Syhtrices sunu. and Raegenald GuS
ferjjes sunu.

945. Her Eadmund cyning ofer hergode eal Cum-
braland. and hit let to eal Malculmefl^ Scotta cyninge.
on jJ gerad** jJ he waere his midwyrhta aBgJ?er ge on
sse ge on lande.

946. Her Eadmund cyning fortSferde on Scs !Sgus-
tinus maessedaege. and he haefde rice seofoJ?e healf
gear. !Snd J?a feng Eadred aej^eling his brojH>r to
rice, and gerad eal Nor}? hymbra land himtogewealde.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 117

940. Her ^^{Selstan cyning forSferde. and feng iEdmund
to rice his bro^or.

942. Her Anlaf cyning forSferde.

Et Ricardus vetus suscepit regnnm. et regnavit an lii.

944. Her ^Edmund cyning geeode ealle NorShymbre. and
ut aflymde twegen cyneborene msen Anlaf and Begnald.

945. Her ^Edmund cyning oferhergode eall Cumbraland.
948. Her Edmund cyning wearS ofstungen. and feng

JSdred his bro^or to rice, and he sona gerdd call NorS-

D. 941. Her NorShymbra alugon hira getreowa^a. and Anlaf
of Yrlande him to cinge gecuron.

942. " Her Eadmund cyning . . (S) . . Eadmund cyning."

943. Her Anlaf abrsec Tamewur)>e. and micel wsel gefeol on
segjira hand, and }ia Denan sige ahton and micele herehuj^e mid
him aweg Iseddon. yxr wses Wulfnin genumen on ]>9ere hergunge.

Her Eadmund cyning ymbsst Anlaf cyning and Wulfstan arce«
biscop on Legra ceastre. and he hy gewyldan meahte. naere f hi
on niht utne xtburston of ]>aere byrig. And sefter ^xm begeat
Anlaf Eadmundes cynges freondscipe. and se cyning Eadmund
onfeng jia Anlafe cyninge set fulwihte. and he bim cynelice gyfode.
And %y ilcan geare. ymbe tsela mycelne fyrst. he onfeng Regnalde
cyninge set bisceopes handa.

944 (S). 945 (S).

946. . . (S) . . cUege, f wses wide cu^. hu he bis dagas geendode.
f Liofa bine ofstang. set Puclancyrcan. And ^}>e1flsed set Domer-
hame. iEIfgares dohter ealdormannes. wses }ia his cwen. and he
furfde SfC.

■ on Gleawe ceastre D. Christianity. This done, they reigned

* teon D. awhile, Anlaf Sihtricson in the North

* Eadmund had much ado to secure division, and Regnald GuiSfer^son in
his inheritance. The Danes made a the South district of which York was
new effort to escape from the yoke of the capitaL

Wessex. They called over Anlaf of » msecgea B. mecga C. m8eg>a D.

Ireland, the discomfited champion of ^ Humbran B. Hunbran C Him-

Brunanburh, to be their deliverer and bran D.

their king. Eadmund was defeated at ■ Lindkylne B. Lindcylne C. Lin-

Tamworth, but he besieged his enemy colne D.

in Leicester. Through the two Abps * and B.C.D.

(of whom each side had one) a peace ^ Denum B. Dene A. C. wseron

was made, which confined Eadmund aeror B. C. D.

South of Watling Street, and made « gebeeded B. gebaeded C. D. Cf.

Anlaf king of all the North. But 937. x.

the death of Anlaf soon enabled Ead- ^ )>rage A. B. C. D.

mund to recover his lost dominion, * The words within brackets are from

and to take a firmer hold on those F to complete the sentence which in

outlying dependencies. Then were the a is broken.

Five Burghs reduced to submission, ' gewealde A. B. C. D.

and the two ' kinglets' of the North > Malculfe D.

were awed into the profession of ^ gearsed D.

118 THE PARKER MS. (3C)

and Scottas him aj^as sealdan. ^ hie woldan eal f
he wolde.

951. Her for]?ferde JGIfheah Wintan ceastres bisc.
on See Gregories maessedaeg.

955. Her forJ?ferde Eadred cining. on See Cle-
mentes maessedaeg. on Frome. and he rixsade teo]?e
healf gear, ^nd )>a feng Eadwig to rice. Eadmundes

8UnU cinges. And ht c^/Uemde See VwMtan ut of landed,

958. Her fortSferde Eadwig cyng on kl* Octobr'.

and Eadgar his brci^or feng to rice\ he icente efter See Dunstane, and g^hm
^at Vrice on Wigracattre. and iSar after \>at b'rice on Lvndene,

(D) 947. Her com Eadred cyning to Taddenes scylfe. and \mT Wul-
stan Be arcebiscop. and ealle Nor% hymbra witan. wBS )K)ne C3ming
hi getreowsoden. and biunan litlan fsece bit eall alugon. ge wed and
eac a)>a8.

948. Her Eadred cyning oferhergode eall Nor^ hymbra land, for
)>9em )ie hi hsefdon genumen him Yrye to cyninge. and \%, on )>sere
hergunge waes ^ msere mynster forbsernd at Rypon. f See
WilfertS getimbrede. And j>a se cyning hamweard was. J>a offerde
se here innan Heoforwic. waes })3e8 cynges fyrde hindan aet Ceaster
forda. and jiaer mycel wael geslogon. Da wear8 se cyning swa gram
^ he wolde eft infyrdian. and }>one eard mid ealle fordon. pa
Nor^ hymbra witan f ongeaton. |)a forlaeton hi Hyryc and wiK
Eladred cyning gebeton )>a daede.

952. Her on }>y8sum geare het Eadred cyning gebringan Wol-
Btan arcebiscop in ludanbyrig on )>aem faestenne. for]>sem he waes
oft to )>am cyninge forwreged. and on {yyssum geare eac het ae
cyning ofslean mycel waell on )>sere byrig Deotforda. on ]>aes abbodea
wrece Eadelmes. )>e hi aer ofslogon.

* 956. Her waes Dunstan abb' fram wintre. B. c.

Edwie cinge adriuen ut of Engla 1 This Anlaf is distinct from the two

laode. F. mentioned on pp. 116, 117. In tba

^ and Eadgar cing wear)> sfter him Annals of Ulster (Rerum Hiber. Scrip-

ouer eal Brytene. F. ag«er ge on tores Ed. O'Conor, voL iv) he appears

West Seaxnm ge on Myrcum ge on as Amlaibli Ouaran, under the yean

NorS hymbnun. and he wns ]p^ zyi 944, 946.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 119

hymbraland Urn to gewealde. and Scottas him a^as sworon

f hi eall wolden f he wolde.

949. Her com Anlaf Cwiran on NorShymbra land ^

952. Her NorShymbre fordrifan Anlaf cyning. and under

fengon Yric Haroldes sunn.

954. Her NorShymbre fordrifon Yric. and iEdred feng to
NorShymbra rice.

955. Her ^dred cyning forSferde. and feng Eadwig to
rice Eadmundes sunn.

956. Her forSferde Wulstan arcb*.

959. Her Eadwig cyning forSferde. and feng Eadgar his
brofior to rice.

^' On his dagum hit godode georne. and God Tempore istias
him geufie f he wunode on sibbe J?a hwile J?e he » a^ioi^, i
leofode. and he dyde swa him J?earf wes. earnode Sj^^oiST'^ut
bes georne. He arerde Godes lof wide, and Codes <J»»«>diu riveret

' *^ status pacts in

lage lufode. and folces trVS bette swiiSost bara nuuo su laeaus.

4 , . :i f 1 Sine bello omnia

cyninga pe ser mm ge wurde be manna gemyude. m juris eustodi.
and God him eac fylste f cyningas and eorlas JJJJ; ^;^J"^
georne him tobugon. and wurden under };eodde ^^***!j*'' ^S^f
to ]7am ye he wolde. and butan gefeohte eal he bat, legem Dei in.
gewilde ]7et he sylf wolde. He wear^ wide geond tor, meditando
}?eodland 8wi«e geweorSad. for};am pe he weorS- SJ*P*^„eir^i
ode Godes naman georne. and Godes lage smeade ">»>Jectis secun.

^ ° . dumDeumetea-

oft and gelome. and Godes lof rserde wide and euium sapienter

side, and wislice rsedde oftost asimle for Gode ~"**"°"*
and for worulde eall his J^eode. Ane misdseda

[D) 954. Her Nor^ hymbre fordrifon Yric. and Eadred feng to Nor¥
hymbra rice. Her Wulfstan arcebiscop onfeng eft biscop rices on
Dorceceastre.

955. . . (S) . . Frame, and he rest on Ealdanmynstere. And Ead-
wig feng toWestSeaxena rice, and Eadgar his bro})or feng toMyrcena
rice, and hi wserou Eadmundes suna cyninges and See iElfgyfe.

957. Her forSferde Wulfetan arcebiscop on xvii kl' lanuar. and
he w«8 bebyrged on Undelan. And on )>am ylcan geare waes Dun-
stan abb' adnefed ofer sse.

958. Her on {nssum geare Oda arcebiscop totwsemde Eadwi cyning
and iElgyfe. for^sem ^ hi wseron to gesybbe.

120

THE PARKER MS. (S)

961. Her gevnU Odo arceb*. and See Dumtanfeng to arcA^rice.

962. Her fortSferde iElfgar cinges msdg on Defenum
and his lie rest on Wiltune. Snd Sigfer^ cyning
hine offeoll. and his lie lig® aet Wimburnan. Snd
}7a on geare waes swi'Se micel man cwealm. and se
micela manbryne waes on Lundene. and Paules myn-
ster forbarn. and Jy ilcan geare wearS eft gestaj^elad.

On ]>ys ilcan geare for !S!j?elmod msesse preost to
Rome and pedv fortSferde. xviii kP SeptemK.

963. Her fortSferde Wulfstan diaeon. on Cilda
maesseda&ge. and aefter Jx)n for^ferde Gyric maesse
preost.

On ]?ys ilcan geare feng 3!j>elwold abbod to peem
bisceop rice to Wintan ceastre. and hine mon gehal-
gode IN uiGiLiA Sci !S!ndree. waes sunnan daeg on daeg.

1 This, No. 8. of the Peterborough
Record, contains the Reviyal of that
Abbey, after a long eclipse. Na 7.
told of its ruin by the Danes, An. 870,
the year in which they slew " Edmund
King and Martyr," and in the period
when their ravages were most exten-
siye and desolating. All the Religious
establishments North of the Thames
perished; and before a time of renewal
came about, their lands had found other
proprietors. But AlJelwoW, Bishop of
Winchester, succeeded in reviving the
old foundation of Medeshamstede, and
in recovering its ancient possessions,
immunities, and privileges.

Important writings, we are told, were
found in the old walL This is enough
to set criticism on the alert as to the
soundness of the antecedent history.

But here a new chapter opens. The
^dcU of the present movement, and
the ensuing prosperity of Burch, are
well described by Gunton (Hist, of the
Church of Peterb. 1686) :

"TheMonastery thus re-e^fied, King
Edgar desirous to see it went thither,
with Dunttane then Archbishop of

Canterbury, and Otwald Archbishop
of Torht attended also with most of
the Nobility and Clergy of England,
who all approved and applauded both
the place and work. But when King
Edgar heard that some Charters and
Writings, which some Monks had se-
cured from the fury of the Ikine$, were
found, he desired to see them, and
having read the priviledges of this
place, that he had a second Rome
within his own kingdom, he wept for
joy : And in the presence of that As-
sembly he confirmed their former pri-
viledges and possessions; the King,
Nobles, and Clergy offering large obla-
tions, some of lands, some of gold and
silver. At this glorious assembly the
name of the place was changed from
Medethamtttd to Burgh; and by rea-
son of the fair building, pleasant situa-
tion, large priviledges, rich possessions,
plenty of gold and sUver, which this
Monastery was endowed withal, there
was an addition to the name, as to be
called GUdtnburgK, though in reference
to the dedication it hath ever since been
Itnown by the name of Ptitethvtrghr

t^fete?

THE LAUD MS. (E) 121

he dyde J^eah toswi^Se f he 8el)?eodige unsida
lufode. and hse^ene J^eawas innan J^ysan lande
gebrohte tofaeste. and utisendisce hider intihte.
and deoriende leoda bespeon to )?y8an earde. Ac
God him geunne f his gode dseda swjrSran
wearSan )7onne misdseda. his sawle to gescyldnesse
on langsuman sySe/^

963. Her fram Eadgar cvning to ^e biscopdome on
Wintanceastra wes gecoren See A^Selwold. And J^e arc-
biscop of Cantwarbyrig See Dunstan him gehalgod to biscop
on J?e fyrste sunnondseg of Aduent. f wses on iii kl* Decemb*.

On yes o^er gear syJ^J^on he waes gehalgod. J^a makode he
feola minstra. and draf ut )?a clerca of )?e biscop rice, forj^an
f hi noldon nan regul healden. and saetta ^sdr muneca.
He macode )?8er twa abbot rice, an of muneca o^er of nunna.
f wees call wi{$ innan Wintanceastra. Sy^^an |?a com he
to se cyng Eadgar. bed him )?et he scolde him giuen ealle J^a
minstre ps, hse^ene men hsefden eer tobrocon. forSi )?et he
hit wolde geeadnewion. and se kyng hit blij^ehce ty^Sode.
And se biscop com 'pn. fyrst to Elig. )?8er See iEiSeldri^ IVS,
and leot macen ]7one mynstre. geaf hit )?a his &n munac
Brihtno^S waes gehaten. halgode him )?a abbot, and seette
}?8er munecas Gode to J^ewian. );ser hwilon waeron nun. bohte
\f€L feola cotlif set se king, and macode hit swySe rice.

1 SyS'Son com se biscop A^elwold to J^aere mynstre J?e waes I3arc^
gehaten Medeshamstede. 'Se hwilon waes for don fra he^ene
folce. ne fand )?8er nan J^ing buton ealde weallas and wilde
wuda. fand pA hidde in J^a ealde wealle writes pet Headda
abb* heafde ser gewriton. hu Wulfhere kyng and iE^elred
his bro'Sor hit heafden wroht. and hu hi hit freodon vfVS
king and wi'S b' and wiiS ealle weoruld J^eudom. and hu se
papa Agatho hit feostnode mid his write, and se arcb' Deus-
dedit. Leot wircen ]7a f mynstre. and saette )?8er abbot
se waes gehaten Aldulf. macede );aer munecas J^aer aer ne waes
nan ]nng. Com )?a to 'pe cyng. and leot him locon )?a ge
write pe aer waeron gefiinden. and se kyng andswerode ^a
and cwed.

Ic iEdgar geate and gife todaei toforen Gode and toforen
]7one aerceb' Dunstan freedom See Petres mynstre Medes-
hamstede of kyng and of V. and ealle )?a )?orpe8 pe 'Saerto

R

1«2

THE LAUD MS. (E)

lin. f is iEstfeld. and Dodes thorp, and Ege. and Pastun.
And swa ic hit freo yet nan biscop ne haue J^cer nane hsese.
buton se abbot of ]7one minstre. And ic gife ]>one tun pe
man cleopa* Vndela, mid call );et );aertoli«. f is }?et man
cleope^S Eahte hundred, and market and toll, swa freolice
f ne king ne b^ ne eorl ne scyrreue ne haue J^aer nane
haese. ne nan man buton se abbot ane and J?am J?e he ]?aer to
sfiet. And ic gife Crist and See Peter, and J^urh J^es b* bene
A«elwold. J?as land, f is Barwe. Wermingtun. iEsctun. Keter-
ing. Castra. EgleswurSe. Waltun.WiSringtun. Ege. Thorp, and
an myneter in Stanford. Das land and ealla J?a oiSre )>e
lin into ]fe mynstre )?a cwede ic scyr. |>[et is] saca and socne.
toll and team and infangenj^ef. pas rihting and ealle oiSre 15a
eweiSe ic scyr Crist and S. Peter^. And ic gife |?a twa dael of
Witlesraere mid watres and mid wseres and feonnes. and
swa )?urh Merelade on an to ^ waeter f man cleope^
Nen. and swa eastweard to Cyngesdself. And ic wille f
markete beo in ]?e selue tun. and ^ nan opev ne betwix

2 "These lands and all the others
which belong to the minster do I de-
clare to be a shire ; viz., (with) Sao
and Soon, ToU and Team, and In-
fiuigenthef. These rights and all
others grant I to be the shire of Christ
and St. Peter." The Latin charter is
given in Dugdale (No. ix) and in Cod.
Dipl. No. 575, where it is marked by
Mr. Kemble as spurious. The passage
which corresponds to the above stands
thus : " Sint ergo tarn istse villse quam
ceterse omnes quee ad ipsnm monaste-
rium pertinet, cum univerais rebus et
rationibus suis, et totum quod appella.
tur Saca et Socne, ab omni regali jure
et ab omni seculari jugo in seternum
liberse, et in magnis et in minimis, in
silvis campis pascuis pratis paludibus
yenationibus, omnimodis mercadoni-
bus, theloneis, omnium rerum procu-
rationibus Dei beneficio provenienti-
bus." These terms convey to the
Abbot and Monks a complete territo-
rial jurisdiction within their extensive
domains. Not only were they to enjoy
that independence of episcopal authority
which religious houses commonly had ;
but further, there was to be no Ealdor-
man or aoirgerefa (scirreue in the
text, theriff) exercising jurisdiction
within their bounds.

The business of the scyr was trans-
iM^ted m the •cyrgemot, held twice a

year ; and it was presided over jointly
by the Bishop and the Ealdorman. Ac-
cording to the terms of this document,
no Bishop or Ealdorman could sit within
the Royalty of Burch ; the Abbot and
his Society would have the power all in
their own hands. The Latin copy has
the following near the close: ** Hanc
igitur totius Abbatie tarn in longinquis
quam proximis possessionibus regificam
Ubertatem ab omnibus approbatam, ex-
cepta modo rata expeditione et pontia
arcisve restauratione, satagimus per ip-
sum devotissimum hujus descriptionis
auctorem Athelwoldum 2k sede aposto-
lidl Romanse ecclesias, juxta primitivam
ejusdem monasterii institutionem, per-
petu6 corroborare." It is remarkable
in connection with this claim, that in
the Latin Chronicle of Peterborough
(Ed. Sparke), one of the many descend-
ants of this Chronicle, Saxulf the first
Abbot is styled Ooxnes at the opening
of the work. This title comprehended
(at the date of the writer) all the tem-
poral rights here specified; and looks
like an attempt to ground them upon
hereditary proprietorship.

On the constitution of the scir there
is a chapter in Kemble's ** Saxons in
EngLukl" (book i. c. 3) which contains
much rare information. On the terms
Sac and Socu, Toll and Team, and In-
fimgenthef, cf. Intr. to Cod. Dipl. p. xlr.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 123

Stanford and Huntandnne. And ic wiUe ^et )ms be gifen
se toll, fyrst fra Wytles insere call to J?e cinges toll of Nor8-
mannes cros hundred, and eft ongeanward fra Witlesmsere
J^urh Merelade on an to Nen. and swaswa f wseter reon-
ne"8 to Crulande. and fra Crulande to Must, and fra Must
to Cyngesdself and to Witles msere. And ic wille f ealle
}>a freodom and ealle ]7a forgiuenesse pe mine forgengles
p' geafen pet hit stande. and ic write and feostnige mid Cristes
rode tacne. + •

Da andswerade se arcebiscop Dunstan of Cantwarbyrig
and sseide. Ic ty^e f ealle J^a J^ing ye her is gifen and
sprecon. and ealle ]7a ]7ing ]7e J^in forgengles and min geatton.
}?a wille ic f hit stande. and swahwaswa hit tobreco^. pn.
gife ic him Godes curs and ealra halgan and ealre hadede
heafde and min. buton he cume to dsedbote. And ic gife
tocnawlece See Peter min messehacel and min stol and
min raef Criste to J?euwian. Ic Oswald arcebiscop of Eofer
wic geate ealle )?a8 worde ]7urh ]7a halgorode fet Grist wses
onJ?rowod. +• Ic A^elwold biscop blaetsige ealle J?e J?is
healdon. and ic amansumie ealle ye yis to brsecon. buton he
cume to dsedbote. Her wses ^Ifstan biscop. ApuU h\ and
Escwi abbot, and Osgar abb', and ^E^elgar abb\ and ^Ifere
ealdorman. ^I5elwine ealdorman. Brihtno]?. Oslac ealdorman.
and feola oSre rice men. and ealle hit geatton. and ealle hit
writen mid Cristes mael. + • ©is wses ge don syiSI5on ure
Drihtnes acennednesse dcccclxxii. J^es kinges xvi gear.

Da bohte se abbot Aldulf landes feola and manega. and Be Slllulfd
godede ]>vl f mynstre swilSe mid ealle. and wses J^ser ]7a swa
lange f se arcebiscop Oswald of Eoforwic wses forSgewiton.
and man cses him J^a to erceb\ And man cses ]?a sona oSer
abbot of ye sylfe mynstre. Kenulp wses gehaten. se wses
sySISon biscop in Wintan ceastre. And he macode fyrst )?a
no wealle abutan ]7one mynstre. geaf hit ]7a to nama Burch. ye
im ser het Medeshamstede. wses jTser swa lange f man sette him
to biscop on Wintan ceastre. pa cses man oSer abbot of ]?e
silue minstre. ye wses gehaten Mlfsi. se ^Ifsi wses J^a abbot
syS^on fiftig wintre. He nam up Sea Kyneburh and S.CtjjrjbcatT
Kynesui? J^e Isegen in Castra. and S. Tibba ye Isei in Rihala. i^finebutg L
and brohte heom to Burch. and offrede heom call S. Peter
on an dsei. and heold ]?a hwile ye he ]?ser wses.

R 2

124 THE PARKER MS. (S)

964. Her draefde Eadgar cyng )>a preostas on
Ceastre of Ealdanmynstre. and of Niwan mynstre.
and of Ceortes ige. and of Middel tune, and sette by
mid munecan. and he sette Mpelg^v abbod to Niwan
mynstre to abbode. and Ordbirht to Ceortes ige. and
Cyneweard to Middel tune.

971 • Her for^ferde Eadmund seSeling. and his lie
lis set Rumesige.

973. Her Eadgar wses ' Engia waldend *

corSre ^micelre • to cyninge gehalgod •
on "Ssere ealdan byrig • TCcemannes ceastre.
™eac hi igbuend • oSre worde beomas •
Ba'San nemna]>. pser waes blis micel •
on }>am eadgan daege • eallum geworden •
)>onne niSabearn • nemnaS and cigaS"
Pentecostenes dseg. paer waes preosta heap •
micel muneca Sreat • mine gefrege •
gleawra gegaderod. and Sa agangen wses '
tyn hund wintra • geteled rimes •
fram gebyrdtide • bremes cyninges*
leohta hyrdes • buton Sser tolafe •
"}>a agan waes winter ge teles • J?as "Se gewritu secg?
seofon and twentig. swa neah wses sigora frean*
Susend aurnen • Sa)?a Sis gelamp.
Snd him Eadmundes eafora haefde •
nigon and xx • niSweorca heard •
wintra onworulde • ®}?is geworden waes *
and )>a on Sam xxx * wses Seoden gehalgod.
975. Her geendode • eorSan dreamas •

Eadgar Engla cyning. ceas him oSer leoht • .
wlitig and wynsum • and )?is wace forlet •
lif )?is laene. NemnaS leoda beam •
men on moldan • J^aene monaS gehwaer •
in Sisse eSeltyrf. }>a}>e ser waeran •

1 mycclum B. C. » eac hie egbnend B. C. hie buend A.

» «a get WKs B. C. » "Sa J>iB B. * i. e. iEIfSrytJc : csf. Ftor.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 126

964. Hie expulsi sunt canonici de veteri monasterio.
966. Her pored Ounneres sunu forhergode West moringa
land, and ^i ilcan geare Oslac feng to ealdordome.

969. Her on J^issum geare Eadgar cyng het oferhergian
eall Tenet land.

970. Her fortSferde Eadmund sdpeling.

972. Her wses Eadgar ej^eling gehalgod to cyninge on
Pentecoste msesse dsei on y id' Mai. }?e xiii geare ^e he to
rice feng. set Hataba^um. and he wses )7a ana wana xxx
wintra. and sona sefter J^am se cyng geleadde ealle his scip
here to Lsegeceastre. and fddr him comon ongean vi cyningas.
and ealle wi^trywsodon f hi woldon efenwyrhton beon on
89B and on lande.

975. Her Eadgar gefor

Angla reccent

WestSeaxena wine

and Myrcene mundbora.
Cu^ W8BS J7et wide

geond feola J^eoda*

f aferan Eadmund

ofer ganetes hsc6
Cyningas hine wide

worSodon side*

bugon to cyninge

swa wses him gecynde.
Naes se flota swa rdng*

ne se here swa Strang.

f on Angel cynne

ses him gefetede.

pK hwile ]fe se sBpelh cyning

cynestol gerehte.

D. 965. Her on {^issum geare Eadgar cyning genam '"^Elfy^e him
to cwene. heo wses Ordgares dohtor ealdormannes.

B. 971* Her for^ferde Oskytel arcebisceop. se waes aerest to Dorke-
ceastre to leodbisceope gehalgod. and eft to Eoferwic ceastre be
Eadredes cinges unnan and ealra his witena. f he wses to
sercebisceope gehalgod. and he wses xxii wintra bisceop. and he
forSferde on ealra halgena msessenibt x nihton ser Martines msessan.
set Tame. And purkytel abb' his mseg ferede )>se8 bisceopes lie to
Bedanforda. forSan ]>e he wses ]>ser t$a abbud on t$one timan.

126 THE PARKER MS. (35)

on rimcraefte • rihte getogene.

lulius monoS • jJ se geonga gewat •

Pon Jx)ne eahteSan daeg • Eadgar of life •

beorna beah gyfa. Snd feng his beam sy®San •

to cynerice • cild unweaxen*

eorla ealdor * )>am wses Eadweard nama.

5tnd him tirfsest hseleS * tyn nihtum cer •
of Brytene gewat • bisceop se goda •
}?urh gecyndne crceft • Sam wees Cyneweard nama.

Da wses on Myrceon • mine gefrsege •
wide and welhwser • Waldendes lof *
afyUed on foldan. fela wearS todraefed •
gleawra GodesSeowa. jj wees gnomung micel •
}7am)>e on breostum wseg ' byrnende lufan •
Metodes on mode. pa waes MaerSafruma •
to swiSe forsewen*i • Sigora waldend *
rodera Rsedend. pa man his riht tobraec.
and \>B, wear® eac adraefed • deormod haeleS •
Oslac of earde • ofer ySa gewealc'' •
ofer ganotes baeS. gamolfeax haeleS* •
wis and wordsnotor. ofer waetera geSring •
ofer hwaeles eSel • hama bereafod.

'Knd }?a wear® aetywed • uppe on roderum •
steorra on staSole * }?one sti'SferhJ^e •
haeleS higegleawe • hata'S wide •
cometa be naman • craeftgleawe men •
wise soSboran^ Waes geond werSeode •
Waldendes wracu • wide gefrege *
hungor ofer hrusan * jj eft heofonaWeard •
gebette Brego engla • geaf eft blisse •
gehwaem egbuendra • }>urh eorSanwestm.
978. Her wear® Eadweard cyning of slegen. on pis
ylcan geare feng iESelred aeSeling his broSor to rice.

P eahtoiSan B. C. eahtateot$an A. « fonswen B. C. ' gewalc B. C.

■ gomol B. C. * woUbormn B. C.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 127

And her Eadward Eadgares sunu feng to rioe. and ]>a
sona on yvnn ilcan geare on herfeste seteowde cometa se
steorra. and com )^a on ]7am eaftran geare -swi^e mycel
hungor. and swjrSe maenigfealde styrunga geond Angel cyn.
*and ^Ifere ealdorman het towurpon swySemanig munue
lif \fe Eadgar cyng het »r )?one halgan biscop A^elwold
ge sta'Selian.* and on }?am timan wses eac Oslac se msera eorl
geutod of Angel cjmne.

978. Her on }?issum geare ealle J?a yldestan Angel cynnes
witan gefeoUan set Calne of anre upfloran. butan se halgan
Dunstan arcebiscop ana aetstod uppon anum beame. and
same J^ser swi^e gebrocode wseron. and sume hit ne^ ge
dygdan mid J^am life.

D. 976. . . . * On his dagum •
for hifl iugotSe •
Godes wi>ser8acan *
Grodes lage braecon*
^Ifere ealdorman *
and o)>re manega*
and munuc regol myrdon*
and mynstra tostaBncton*
and munecas todnefdon*
and Gk»des)>eowa8 fesedon*
)>e Eadgar kyning het sr*
)>one halgan biscop*
A)>8elwold gestalian.
and wydewan bestryptan*
oft and gelome*
and fela unrihta*
and yfelra unlaga*
arysan up si^'San.
and aa sefler )>am*
hit yfelode swi'Se.*

B. 976- Her waes se micla hungor on Angelcynne.

977. Her waes f myccle gemot set Kyrtlingtune. ofer Eastron,
and ]>8er forSferde Sideman bisceop. on hrsedlican dea|>e. on ii kl'
Mai. 86 waes Defna scire bisceop. and he wilnode f his licraest
eceolde beon set Cridiantune. set his bisceop stole, pa het Eadweard
cing. and Dunstan arcebisceop. f bine man ferede to Sea Marian
mynstre. f is aet Abbandune. and man eac swa dyde. and he is
eac arwyr^lice bebyrged on ))a nor^healfe on Sc^ Paul us portice. §

C.978. . .(?f). . And he waes on |)am ylcan geare to cinge gehalgod.
On ]>am geare for^ferde Alfwold se waes bisceop on Dorsaetum. and
his lie lil5 on ))ara mynstre aet Scire burnan.

1 nyge dydon D. gebohtan F. $ Here ends MS. B.

128 THE PARKER MS. {K)

988. Her for^ferde JElfhere ealdorman.

(C) 979. On )>y8 geare waes JE^elred to cininge gehalgod. on |>onc
sunnan daeig feowertyne niht ofer Eastron. set Cinges tune, and |>aer
waeron aet his halgunge twegen ercebisceopas. and tjm leodbisceopas.
py ilcan geare waes gesewen blodig wolcen on oft sit$as. on fyres
gelicnesse. and f waes swy^ost on middeniht o))ywed. and swa on
mistlice beamas wses gehiwod. jionne hit dagian wolde. )K)n to
glad hit.

980. Her on jjys geare. waes JEpelgdLr abbod to bisceope gehalgod.
on vi Nonas Mai. to ]>am bisceop stole aet Seolesigge. And on )>am
ylcan geare waes Sut$hamtun forhergod fram scipherige. and seo
burh warn maest ofslegen and gehaeft. And ]>y ilcan geare waes
Tenet land gehergod. And }>y ilcan geare waes Legeceaster scir
gehergod fram Nor^ scipherige.

981. Her on ))is geare waes See Petroces stow forhergod. and |>y
ilcan geare waes micel hearm gedon gehwaer be )>am saeriman.
aeg]>er ge on Defenum ge on Wealum. And on |>am ylcan geare
for%ferde iElfstan bisceop on Wiltunscire. and his lie li9 on |>am
mynstre aet Abbandune. and Wulfgar feng ]>a to t$am bisceopdome.
And on J>am ylcan geare fort$ferde Womaer. abbod on Gent.

982. Her on ]>ys geare comon upp on Dorsaetum iii scypu wicinga.
and hergodon on Portlande. py ilcan geare forbam Lundenbyrig.
and on }>am ylcan geare for^ferdon twegen ealdormenn. ^)>elm8er
on Hamtun scire and Eadwine on SutSSeaxum. and iE^lmaeres lie
li% on Wintan ceastre on Ni wan mynstre. and Eadwines on ]>am
mynstre aet Abbandune. paes ylcan geares for^ferdon twa abbod-
essan on Dorsaetum. Herelufii on Sceaftes byrig and WuLfwin on
Werham. And |>y ilcan geare for Odda Romana casere to Grec
lande. and ]>a gemette he |>ara Sarcena mycele fyrde cuman up of
sae. and woldon |>a faran on hergo^ on ]>aet Cristene folc. And )>a
gefeaht se casere wi% hi. and |>8er waes micel wael geslaegen on
gehw8ef)ere hand, and se casere ahte waelstowe geweald. and
hwae^ere he ))aer waes miclum geswenced aer he ]>anon hwurfe. and
pa. he hamweard for. |)a foi^ferde his broj>or sunu. se waes haten
Odda. and he waes Leodulfes sunu ae}>elinge8. and se Leodulf waes
J>aB9 ealdan Oddan sunu and Eadweardes cininges dohtor sunu.

983. Her forSferde iElfhere ealdorman. and feng JEUric to |>am
ilcan ealdordomscipe. And Benedictus pp' for]>ferde.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 129

979. Her wses Eadward cyng of slagen ^on sefentide set
Gorfes geate on xv k' Apr. and bine man bebyrigde set
Wserham butan selcum cynelicum wurSscipe.

Ne wearS Angel cynne nan wsersa deed gedon*

)7onne )7eos waes*
ajTSISon hi seres t* Bry ton land gesohton.

Men bine of myrSrodon*
ac God bine msersode.

He wses on life* eorSlic cing*
he is nu sefter dea^e* beofonlic sanct.
Hine nolden his eorSlican
magas wrecan-
ac bine bafa^ his heofonlica fseder*
swilSe gewrecen.
pa eorSlican banan* woldon bis gemynd*
on erSan adilgian-
Ac se nplica Wrecend- bafalS his gemynd*
on beofenum and on eorSan tobrsed.

pa J?e nolden ser*
to his libbendum licbaman onbugan*

pVL nu eadmodlice*
on eneowum abugalS* to his dsedum banum.

Nu we magon ongytan*
f manna wisdom*
and smeagunga-
and beore rsedas*
syndon nabtlice
ongean Oodes ge]7eabt.
And her feng i¥!l^elred to rice, and he wses sefter fwni swi'Se
braedlice mid mycclum gefean Angel cynnes witon ge halgod
to cjminge set Cyningestun.

980. Her on ]?isum geare ^ ^Ifere ealdorman gefette yes
halgan cyninges^ licbaman set Wserham. and geferode lune
mid mycclum wurSscipe to Scseftesbyrig.

981. Her comon serest )?a yii scipu and gehergoden
Hamtun.

983. Her forSferde -^Ifere ealdorman. and feng iElfric to o

}^am^ilcan ealdordome.

2 at Corf geate F. ^ F hat S. Dunstan and ifilfere.

4 F has S. Eadwardes lichama.

130 THE PARKER MS. (X)

984. Her fortSferde se wellwillenda bisceop SSel-
wold, and seo halgung ]nts sefter filgendan bisceopes
JElfheages. seWe oBran naman waes geciged Oodwine.
W8es xiiii kl' No. and he gesaet J>ofi bisceop stol an
J^ara twegra apostola doege Simonis and ludse. on
Wintan ceastre.

(C) 984. Her forSferde A)idwold b' on kl' Aguatus.

985. Her wses iElfric ealdorman ut adrsefed of earde. And on
|>am ilcau geare waes Eadwine to abbode gehalgod to )»am mynstre
set Abbandune.

986. Her se cyning fordvde f b'rice wt Hrofeceastre. Her com
serest se micla yrfcwealm on Angel cjn.

988. Her wa» Wecedport geheregod. and Goda se Defenisca
^gen ofslagen. and mycel wsl mid bim. Her gefor Dunstan arcb'.
and iE^elgar b* feng sefter him to arcestole. and he lytle hwile aefter
)>sem Mode, botan i gear and iii mon}>a8.

990. Her Sigeric waes gehalgod to arceb*. And Eadwine abb'
forSferde. and Wulfgar abb' feng to )>am rice.

991. Her waes Gypeswic gehergod. and aefter Jwn. swi^ ra^e.
waes Brihtno^ ealdorman ofslegen aet Mseldune. And on )>am geare
man geraedde f man geald aerest gafol Denescum mannum. for
9am miclan brogan )>e hi worhton be t$am saeriman. f waes aerest
z t$usend p. )>8ene rsed geraedde aerest Syric arceb'.

992. Her Oswald se halig^ arceb' forlet )>is lif. and geferde f
heofenlice. and jE]>elwine ealdorman gefor on }>am ilcan geare. Da
geraedde se cyning and ealle his witan f man gegadrede «alle %a
scipu ye ahtes waeron to Lunden byrig. And se cyning )>a betaehte
|>a fyrde to laedenne ^Ifrice ealdorman. and Dorede eorlle. and
^Ifstane b'. and iEscwige b'. and sceoldon connian meahton hy
)K)ne here ahwaer utan betrepan. Da sende se ealdorman iElfric.
and bet warnian t$one here, and )» on t$8ere nihte ^e hy on done
daeig togaedere fon sceoldan. )>a sceoc he on niht fram )»8ere fyrde.
him sylfum to myclum bysmore. and se here %a aetbaerst botan an
scyp )>8er man ofsloh. And ))a gemette se here ^a scypu of East
Englum and of Landene. and hi %aer ofgeslogan micel wael. and f
scyp genaman eall gewaepnod and gewaedod f se ealdorman dn
waes. And ^ aefter Oswaldes arceb' fort$8i)»e. feng Ealdulf abb' to
Eoferwic stole, and to Wigema ceastre. and Kenulf to ^Sam abbad
rice aet Burah.

F. 992. Her Oswold se ediga arb' foi^ferde. and Eadulf abbtid feng to
Euerwio and to Wigorceastre. And her gersBdde se oing and ealle his witan
"p man gegaderode ealle ISa soipa )>e ahtes wseran to Lunden byri. to "San p
man scolde &ndian gif man mihte betraeppan )>ane here ahwar wi^utaur Ac
JElfno ealderman. an of )>am )>a se cyng nsfde miest truwe to. het gewamian
"Sone here, and on ISare nihte 'Sa hi soolde anmorgen tog^teder* ouman. te 8yl&
iElfric 8C0C fram "Sare fyrde. and se here "Sa «tb«rsi.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 181

984. Her forSferde se halga biscop ^ AiSelwold muneca ®'ibc Al)]^cl[
fseder. and her wses Eadwine to abb' gehalgod to Abban-

dune.

985. Her iClfric ealdorman ws&s utadrsptfed.

986. Her se cyning fordyde )^et biscop rice set Hrofeceastre.
And her com serest se myccla yrfcwalm on Angel cyn.

987. Her Wecedport wes gehergod^

988. Her wses Goda se D8e[fe]nisca J^segn ofslagen and
xnycel wsel mid him. and her Dnnstan se halga arcb' forlet )?is
lif. and geferde f heofonlice. And iE^Selgar V^ feng sefter
him to arcb'stol and he Htle hwile sefter ]mm leofode. bntan
an gear and iii monSas.

989. Her iEdwine abb' forSferde. and feng Wulfgar to.
and her Siric wses gehadod to arceb'.

991. Her wees G{ypes]wic gehergod. and sefter )^am swi*Se
ra'Se wses BrihtnoS^ ealdorman of slsegen set Mseldnne. and
on ]7am geare man geraedde f man geald serest gafol
Deniscan mannum. for ]7am mycclan brogan^ }?e hi worhtan
be )^am sseriman. f w«s »rest x }?usend punda. }?8ene rsed
geraedde Siric arceb'.

992. Her Oswald se eadiga arceb' forlet ]>is lif. and ge
ferde f heofonlice. and JE^elwine ealdorman ge for on ]?am
ilcan geare. Da gersedde se cyng and ealle his witan ^
man ge gaderode )^a scipu }?e ahtes wseron to Lunden byrig.
and se cyng )7a be tsehte )^a fyrde to Isedene Ealfrice ealdor
man. and porode eorl. and iElfstane b'. and iEscwige V. and
sceoldan cunnian gif hi mnhton )?one here ahwser ntene
betrseppen. Da sende se ealdorman iElfric. and het wamian
)?one here, and J^a on J^ere nihte ^e hi on "Sone dsei togsedere
comon sceoldon. "Sa sceoc he on niht fram ^ddre fyrde him
sylfum to mycclum bismore. and se here J^a set bserst. bnton
an scip )?aer man ofsloh. and )?a gemsette se here ^a scipu
of EastEnglum and of Lunden. and hi iSser ofslogon mycel
wsel. and f scip genamon call ge waepnod and gewsedod ]fe
se ealdorman on wses. And $a sefter Oswaldes arcb' forS
siiSe. feng Ealdulf abb' of Burch§ to Eoferwic stole and to
Wigeraceastre. and Kenulf to J^am abbot rice set Burch.

ft of Winoestre F. 6 for baernd F. 7 abbod on Niwe m jnstre F.

S Byrihtno'S D. 9 for "Sm wundran >e &c. F. $ of Burch only in £.

S 2

132 THE PARKER MS. (K)

993. Her on 'Sissum geare com Unlaf mid J^rim
and hund nigentigon scipum to Stane. and forher-
gedon jj on ytan. and for Sa "Sanon to Sandwic. and
swa Sanon to Gipeswic. and jJ call ofereode. and swa
to Maeldune. 5tnd him jTser com togeanes ByrhtnoS
ealdorman mid his fyrde. and him wi% gefeaht. and
hy Jx)n ealdorman jTser ofslogon. and wselstowe ge
weald ahtan. Snd him man nam sy'SSan friS wi'S.
and hine nam se cing sy^an to bisceopes handa«
%urh Sirices lare Cantwarebiscpes. and iElfeages Wincsestre b'.

(C) 993. Her on pis geare wses Bebbanboruh abrocen. and mycel
hereby|>e ^ser genumen. And sefter )>ain com to Humbran mu|mn
se here, and tJser mycel yfel worhton. segfer ge on Lindesige ge on
NorS hymbran. Da gegaderede man swi^e micle fyrde. and |>a hi
togsedere gan eceoldon. )>a onstealdan ]>a heretogan serest ]>one
fleam, f waes Fraena. and Godwine. and Fry}>egy8t. On ]>yssum geare
het 8e cyning ablendan iElfgar. iElfrices sanu ealdormannes.

994. Her on ^issum geare com Anlaf and Swegen to Lunden
byrig. on Natiuitas Scae Mariae. mid iiii and hund nigontigam
scypum. and hi %a on ]>& buruh faestlice feohtende waeron. and eac hi
mid fyre ontendon woldan. Ac hi }>ser geferdon maran hearm and
yfel ^onne hi a?fre wendon. f him senig buruhwaru gedon sceolde.
Ac seo halige Codes modor. on ]>am dsege. hire mildheortnesse )>9ere
buruh ware gecydde. and hi ahredde wi¥ heora feondum. And
hi ]>anone ferdon. and worhton f maeste yfel %e sefre seni here
gedon meahte on baernette and heregunge and on manslyhtum.
aegt>er ge be %am sae riman and on EostSeaxum and on Kentlande
and on Su^Seaxum and on Hamtun scire. And aet neaxtan namon
him hors. and ridon him swa wide swa hi woldan. and unasecgend-
lice yfel wyrcgende waeron. Da geraedde se cyning and his witan.
f him man to sende. and him behet gafol and metsunge. wi% ]>on
%e hi }>aere heregunge geswicon. and hi ^a f underfengon. And
com ]>a call se here to Hamtune. and %aer winter setl namon. and hi
mon ]>aer fedde geond call WestSeaxena rice, and him mon geald
feos xvi ^usend p. Da sende se cyning aefter Anlafe cynge
^Ifeah b' and iEtSelweard ealdorman. and man gislude ]>a hwile
into }>am scipum. and hi i$a laeddon Anlaf mid miclum wur%scipe to
))am cyninge to Andeferan. And se cyning iEj^elred his onfeng aet
bisceopes handa. and him cynelice gifode. And him }>a Anlaf behet.
swa he hit eac gelaeste. f he naefre eft to Angel cynne mid unfri^e
cuman nolde.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 133

J. Her on 'Sissum geare waes Bsebbanburh tobrocon.
and mycel herehu^e J^ser genumen. and sefter J^am com to
Hambran mu^e se here, and ]fser mycel yfel gewrohtan
aegSer ge on Lindesige ge on NorShymbran. pa gegaderode
man swilSe mycele fyrde. and )7a hi to gsedere gan sceoldan.
\fSL on stealdon J^a heretogan »rest )7one fleam, f waes Frsena.
and Godwine. and Fri"8egist. On J^ysum ilcan geare het se
cyng ablendan ^^Ifgar ^^Ifrices sunu ealdormannes.

994. Her on J^isum geare com Anlaf and Swegen to Lun-
denbyrig on Nativitas see Marie mid iiii and hundnigon-
tigum scipum. and hi ISa on ISa burh festlice feohtende wseron.
and eac hi mid fyre ontendan woldon. ac hi )?ar ge feordon
maran hearm and yfel forme hi sefre wendon. f heom senig
burhwaru gedon sceolde. Ac se halige Godes modor on
"Sam hire mildheortnisse J^aere burhware gecyiSde. and hi
ahredde wi^ heora feondum. and hi J^anon ferdon. and
wrohton f maeste yfel J?e sefre aenig here don raihte on
baemette and hergunge and on man slihtum aegSer be iSam
saeriman on EastSeaxum and on Centlande and on Su%
Seaxum and on Hamtun scire, and set nyxtan naman heom
hors. and ridon swa wide swa hi woldon. and un asecgendlice
yfel wircende waeron. pa geraedde se cyng and his witan f
him man to sende. and him gafol behete and metsunge
wt6 )7on ye hi J^aere hergunge ge swicon. and hi ]7a ]7et under
fengon. and com ]?a call se here to Hamtune. and ]7aer winter
setle namon. and hi man ]?aer faedde geond call West Seaxna
rice, and him man geald xvi J^usend punda. pa sende se
cyng aefter Anlafe cyninge. ^Ifeach b' and iE^elward eald-
orman. and man gislade )7a hwile in to )?am scipum. and hi
J?a laeddan Anlaf mid mycclum wurSscipe to )7am cynge to
Andeferan. and se cyng JESelred his anfeng aet biscopes
handa. and him cynelice gifode. and him \>n, Anlaf behet swa
he hit eac gelaeste. f he nsefre eft to Angel cynne mid unfriiSe
cumon nolde.

Hie Ricardus vetus obiit. et Bicardus Alius ejus suscepit
regnum. et regnavit xxxi an.

184 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

994. Her for^ferde Sigeric arcebiscop. and feng
^Ifric Wiltunscire bisceop to Bam arcebiscop rice.

(C) 995. Her on |>i8eain geare eeteowde cometa m steorra. and Sig^c
arceb' foHSferde.

996. Her on ^issum geare waes iElfric gehalgod to arceb* to
Cristescyrican.

997. Her on {^issum geare ferde se here abntan Defenan scire
into Ssefem mutSan. and |>8er heregodon eegSer ge on Comwealam
and on NofSWealam and on Defenum. and eodon him ^ up set
Wecedport. and )>aer micel yfel worhton on bsemette and on man-
slihtum. And oefter )>am wendon eft abatan Penwii$ steort on )>a
sut$ healfe. and wendon )>a into Tamer mu^an. and eodon |>a up 0%
hi coraon to Hlydan forda. and selc ymg baemdon and slogon )>e hi
gemitton. and Ordulfes mynster set Tsefingstoc forbsemdon. and
nnasecgendlic hereby^ mid him to Bcypon brohton.

998. Her wende se here eft eastweard into From mu^an. and )>ser
Kghwaer up eodon swa wide swa hi woldon into Dorsseton. And
man oft fyrde ongean hi gaderede. ac sona swa hi togsedere gan
sceoldan. )»on weai% )>aer sefre %uruh 8um)>ing fleam astiht. and
aefre hi aet ende sige ahton. And ]>on ot$re hwile lagon him on
Wihtlande. and seton him |>a hwile of Hamtunscire and of Sut$
Seaxum.

999. Her com se here eft abutan into Temese. and wendon ^ up
andlang Medwsegan and to Hrofeceastre. And com ]>a seo Centisce
fyrd |>ar ongean. and hi t$a |>8er fseste togsedere fengon. ac wala f hi
toratSe bugon and flugon. And |>a Deniscan ahton waelstowe geweald.
and namon ]>a hors. and ridan swa hwider swa hi sylf woldon. and
forneah ealle WestKentingas fordydon and forheregodon. Da rsedde
se cyning wit$ his witan. f man sceolde mid scyp fyrde. and eac
mid land fyrde. hym ongean faran. Ac )»a t$a scipu gearwe wseron.
|>a ylcodan |>a deman fram dsege to daege. and swencte f earme
folc f on %am scipon Iseg. and a swa hit forSwerdre beon sceolde
swa wses hit Isetre fram anre tide to ot^re. and a hi leton heora
feonda werod wexan. and a man rymde fram )>8ere sae. and hi foron
sefre for^ sefter. And )»onne aet %am ende. ne beheold hit nan |>ing
seo scyp fyrding. ne seo land fyrding. buton folcesgeswinc and feos
spylling and heora feonda for^bylding.

F. 996. Her was Wnlstan gehadod to b' into Lundenb'i.
997. Her ^liric arb' ferde to Borne sefter his arce pallium.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 185

995. Her on Jnssum geare seteowde cometa se steorra. and
Siric arcb^ forSferde.

996. Her on J^issum geare wses iElfiric ge halgod to arcb'e
to Xpescyrcean.

997. Her on J^issum geare ferde se here abutan Defnan
scire in to Ssefem mu-Son. and ]>8er gehergodon segSer on
Comwealum ge on NorSwalum. and on Defenan. and eodon
him )^a up set Wecedport. and ^t mycel yfel wrohtan on
bsemette. and on manslihtum. and sefter )?am wendon eft
abutan ^Penwihtsteort on ^a su'Shealfe. and wendon )7a in to
Tamer mu'San. and eodon ]>a up o'S f hi comon to Hlidaforda.
and selc)^ing bsemdon and slogon f hi gemetUm, and Ordulfes
mynster set Tefingstoce forbsemdon. and unasecgendlice here
hu^e mid him to scipa brohtan.

998. Her gewende se here eft eastweard into Frommu'San.
and )^ser s^ghwser up eodon swa wide swa hi woldan into
Dorssetan. and man oft fyrde ongean hi ge gaderode. ac sona
swa hi to gsedere gan sceoldan. ]>onne wearS |?8er sefre )>urh
sum J^ing fleam istiht. and sefrc hi set ende sige ahton. and
}?onne o^re hwile lagen heom on Wihtlande. and eoton heom^
)7a hwile of Hamtun scire, and of SulSseaxum.

999. Her com se here eft abuton into Temese. and wendon
]>a up andlang Medewsegan to Hrofeceastre. and com )7a seo
Centisce fyrde )7»r ongean. and hi fsdv faeste to gedere feng-
on. dc wala^ ^ hi to hra^e bugon. and flugon. for]?am ]>e hi
nsefdon fultum }?e hi habban sceoldan. )^a ahton )7a Dseniscau
waslstowe ge weald, and naman )7a hors^. and ridan swa wide
swa hi woldon sylf and ^fornseh ealle weast Centingas for-
dydon. and forhergodan. Da rsedde se cyng wilS his witan
f man sceolde mid scip fyrde. and eac mid land fyrde him
ongean faran. ac "Sa J^ascipu gearwe wseron. )7a elkede man'*
fram dsege to daege. and swencte f earme folc ]>e on "Sam
scipon lagon. and d swa hit forSwearde beon scolde. swa hit
ketre waes fram anre tyde to oSre. and a hi leton heora
fieonda wserod wexan. and d man rymde firam )?sere see. and
hi ferdon sefre forS sefter. and )7onne set )^am ende ne be
heold hit nan }?ing seo scipfyrding. buton folces ge swine,
and feos spilling, and heora feonda forSbylding.

B Penwsed D. 9 Isgon him . . . >eton him D. 1 wala wa D.

3 horsan D. 3 welneah eall Weft Cent F. 4 ilkede man D.

136 THE PARKER MS. (S)

1001. Her on }>ysuin geare wees micel unfri® on
3!ngelcynnes londe }>urh sciphere. and welgehwaer
hergedon and bflerndon. swa jj hy upp asetton on senne
8i}>. jj hy coman to iE]?elinga dene, and }>a coin Jwr
togeanes Hamtunscir. and him wiSgefiihton. and
Baer weartS ^J>elweard cinges heahgerefa ofslegen.
and Leofric act Hwitciricean. and Leofwine cinges
heah gerefa. and Wulf here bisceopes Segn. and God-
wine set WorSige. ^Ifsiges bisceopes sunu. and ealra
manna an and hund eahtatig. and ]>Bdv weafS ]7ara
Denescra micle ma ofslegenra. }?eahSe hie waelstowe
ge weald ahtan. Snd foran Sa )?anon west o)?]7fiet hy
coman to Defenan. and him J?8er togeanes com Pallig.
mid }?an scipan Se he gegaderian mihte. for}>am }?e he
asceacen wses fram JESehede cyncge ofer ealle Sa ge
trywSa Se he him geseald haefde. and eac se cyng
him wel gegifod hsefde on hamon. and on golde and
seolfre. and for baerndon Tegntun. and eac fela oSra
godra hama \>e we genemnan ne cunnan. and heom
man sy^an J?8er friS wiSnam. Snd hy foran J7a
}7anon to Exan niu'San. swa f hy asettan him upp on
senne si^S 0*8 hy coman to Peon ho. and }>8er wses
Kola Sses cyninges heahgerefa. and Eadsige }>ses
cynincges gerefa. togeanes him mid Ssere fyrde Se
hy gegaderian mihtan. and hy Saer aflymede wurdon.
and "Sser wear® fela ofslegenra, and Sa Deniscean
ahtan wselstowe geweald. and "Sses on mergen for-
bserndon J?one ham set Peon ho. and set Glistune. and
eac fela godra hama pe we genemnan na cunnan. and
foran Sa eft east ongean oS hy coman to Wiht. !Snd
)?8es on mergen forbserndon Sone ham set Wealtham.

and O'Sra COtlifa fe]a.§ and heom man ra\>e \he8 tci^Hngode. and hy
namon fri^.

$ MS. A. closes liere, and has not the latter entries of "X,

THE LAUD MS. (E) 137

1000. Her on -Sissum geare se cyng ferde in to ^Cumer
lande. and hit swi^e neah eall forhergode. and his scipu
wendon ut abuton Legceastre. and sceoldan cumon ongean
hine. ac hi ne mihton. ]fVL gehergodon hi Msenige.

And seo unfri'Sflotawses J^ses sumeres ge wend toRicardes^rice.

1001. Her com se here to Exanmu'San. and up ^a eodan
to %ere byrig. and )78er fsestlice feohtende wseron. ac him
man swi-Se fsestlice wi'Sstod. and heardlice. Da ge wendon
hi geond f land, and dydon eall swa hi bewuna wseron.
slogon and beorndon. pa gesomnode man )?ser ormsete fyrde
of Defenisces folces. and Sumorssetisces. and hi "Sa to somne
comon set Peonuho. and sona swa hi togsedere fengon. )?a
beah seo Engiisce fyrd. and hi J^ser mycel wsbI of slogon. and
ridan )?a ofer f land, and wses sefre heora seftra sjr8 wyrse
}>onne se aerra. and mid him J?a mycele here hn^e to scipon
brohton. and J^anon wendon in Wihtland. and ]78er him ferdon
on buton swa swa hi sylf woldon. and him nan ying ne wi^
stod. ne him to ne dorste scip here on see. ne land fyrd. ne
eodon hi swa feor up. Waes hit J?a on eelce wisan hefig tyma.
forSam ]>e hi nsefre heora yfeles geswicon.

1002. Her on J^issum geare se cyng gersedde and his
witan. f man sceolde gafol gyldon yam flotan. and fri% wi$
hi geniman wi'S )7on ]7e hi heora yfeles geswican sceoldan.
Da sende se cyng to J^am flotan Leofsig ealdorman. and he
)7a ]?8es cynges worde and his witena gri^ wi'S hi gessette.
and ^et hi to metsunge fengon and to gafle. and hi )7a f
under fengon. and him man )7a geald xxiiii )7usend puuda.
Da on gemang J^ysum of sloh Leofsig ealdorman ^Efic ]?8es
cynges heah ge refan. and se cjrng hine "Sa ge utode of earde.
And ^B. on ]7am ilcan lengtene com seo hlsefdige Bicardes
dohtor" hider to lande. On ^am ilcan sumera Ealdulf arcb'
forSferde. and on ^am gear^e se cyng het ofslean ealle Sa
Deniscan men ]?e on Angel cynne wseron on ^Bricius messe
daeg. forJ?on }?am cynge wses gecydd f hi woldon hine be
syrewian^ aet his life, and syS^an ealle his witan. and habban
syj?^an his rice*.

5 Cumber D. » S. Britiu8 F.

6' Rikerdes D. » syrwan C. syrewan D. syrwbn F.

7 Ymma iElfgiua ocW« F.— Emma 1 butan «lcre wi'UcwelSenesse acW« F.
Saxonice Mlfgiya vocata. (Flor.)

138 THK PARKER MS. (Jf)

1005. Her .^Elfricus arceb' forSferde.

1006. Her mann halgode iElfehg to arcebiscope.

1017
is the next year

in S.

F. 1003. Her waB Execieeter abrocen fiu- anes FrencisoeB eeories 'Singan
Hug^ hatte. 'Sone sehUefdige heMe geset togerefiui. and se here l>a burh
mid ealle fordyde. Da gegaderade man 8wy)>e mycele fyrde and i>a soolde
MVtno ealderman laedan )>a fyrde. ac he teh for)> his ealdan wrencas. Sona
8wa hi wseran swa gehende i^ eeg)>er heora on o)>er hawede. "Sa gebmde he
hine to spiwenne and cwsed % he seoc w»re. and swa i» folc beswac. i>a
Swegen geseah it hi anrsed naeron. tJa liedde his here into Wiltune. and )>one
tun forbeemdan. and eodan ba to Searbyrig and )>anon sft to see.

Hie destructa 6 Exonift ppt' qnend& Francigenft noS Hugonem, quS regina
p'positQ fee' : et cong'gatos S magn' exercit' oont' eos, qu6 videHcet Alfric' dux
ducere debebat. Sed da venta @ ubi uterque exercit' sese invic6 aspiciunty
dux Alfric' fingit se infirmQ et sic decep' exercita. Cum aut* Suan' videret
exercita Anglor' esse inconstantem, duxit usq' Wiltonia exercita sua et c5-
busserunt e& et sic processer't usq' Selesb'i, indeq' ad naves suas/

1004. Her c5 Swegen mid his flotan to Norbwic. and ba burh eall for here-
godan and forbsemde. %a, gereadde Ulfcytel witS ba witan on EastEngla 1»
man scolde friiSian wi^ 'Sonne here. &rban hi unwsres ooman. na he fyrst
nafde "b he his fyrde gegaderian mihte. Ac under "Ss gri'Se bestsel se here up
of scipan. and foran to Heortfordan. and Ufcytel gegaderode his here and for
sefter and hi bar togsedere fsestlice fengan. 'Sar was EastEnghi fblces yld myce)
ofslagan.

Hie venit Swan' ctt navib* suis ad NorSwic et totft civitatS dep'da^it igneq*
cremavit. Tunc Ulfcytel consilia cep' ctt p'ncipib' Orientalium Anglor' eo
quod improvise sup' eos venirent, et exercit' subito cong'gari n* potuit ; pao6
fibcere ca Suano. Ca aut' inducie date accepteque essent, furtive hostes exier't
de navib'^ et perrexer't usq' Heortford. Quos insecutus id6 Ulfcytel ca exer-
citu p'venit usq' ad illos ; et comisit ca eis fortiter. Ibi oocisi s't optimi qq'
senior' p'ncipa Orientalia.

lOOo. Her on byssa gears waes se mycla hungar geond Saxona Angel cynn
swylce nan man aBr negemunde swa grlne. and se flota bses geares gewende of
"Sysa earde to Denmearcan. and sona angean cyrde.

Hie facta S fivmes valida in Anglia q'anta naq' antea £Ekcta est in t'ra iUa.
Eod' anno exercit' Danor' rev'sus eat in Denmarca ab Anglia, et post n' multa
teporis regressus 5.

2 buruh C. fon sceoldon.

3 And on bam ilcan gcare code se 7 C. D. add bat hi niefre wyrsan
here lip into Wiltunscirc insert C. D. bandplcgan on Angel cyune ne gemit-

4 werd C. D. 5 becyrde C. D. ton. bonne Ulfcytel him tobrohte.
^ C. D. intert b»t hi bar to gsederc » gearde C

THE LAUD MS. (E) 139

1003. Her wses Eaxeceaster abrocen J^urh )7one Frenciscan
ceorl Hugon ]fe seo hiefdige heafde hire gesett to gerefan.
and se here ]7a burh^ mid ealle fordyde. and mycele herehu^Se
}>8er genamen. ^ Da gegaderode man swiiSe mycele fyrde of
Wiltnn scire and of Hamtun scire, and swiiSe anrsedlice wi'S
p2BS heres weard^ waeron. Da sceolde se ealdorman iSlfric
Isedan \>b, fyrde. ac he teah forS )7a his ealdan wrenceas. Sona
swa hi waeron swa gehende ^et segSer heora on oiSer hawede.
ys, gebrsed he hine seocne. and ongan hine brecan to spiw-
enne. and cweiS J?et he gesiclod waere. and swa f folc
beswac^ f he Isedan sceolde swa hit gecweSen is. Donn
se heretoga waca^ ^fofin bv6 eaU se here awi^e ge kindred.
Da Swegen geseah ^ hi anraede nseron and ealle tohwurfon.
|?a Isedde he his here into Wiltune. and hi $a burh^ geher-
godon and forbsemdon. and eodon J^a to Searbyrig. and J^auon
eft to sse. ferde J^aer he wiste his y? hengestas.

1004. Her com Swegen mid his flotan to NorSwic. and J?a
burh ealle gehergade. and forbserndon. pa geraedde Ulfkytel
wi$ ]7a witan on EastEnglum. ^ him bsetere weron ^ man
wiiS l^one here frizes ceapode. ser hi to mycelne hearm on
)^am earde gedydon. forj^am j^e hi unwares comon. and he
fyrst nsefde ^ he his fyrde ge gadrian mihte. Da under )?am
gri'Se \q heom be tweonan beon sceolde. f^a be steal se here
up fram scipon. and wendan heora fore to peodforda. Da
Ulfcytel ^ nnder geat. j^a seonde he ^ man sceolde f^a scipu
toheawan. ac hi abru'Son f^a 'Se he tof^ohte. and he ]7a ge
gaderode his fyrde diglice swa he swySost muhte. And se
here com f^a to peodforda binnon iii wuca f^ses ^e hi ser
ge hergodon NorSwic. and J^ser binnon ane niht waeron. and
\2i burh hergodon and forbsemdon. f^a on morgen f^a hi to
scipn woldon. ]7a com Ulfcytel mid his werode. ^ and hi J^aer
togsedere feastlice fengon. and mycel wsel J?8er on segSsere
hand gefeoU. Dser wserS EastEngla folces seo yld ofslagen.
ac gif \%t full msegen f'sere wsere. ne eodan hi nsefre eft to
scipon. swa hi sylfe ssedon?.

1005. Her on f^yssum geare waes se mycla hungor geond
Angel cynn swilce nan man ser ne gemunde swa grimne. and
se flota I'ses geares gewende of J'issum earde^ to Dsenemearcon.
and litelne fyrst let J?et he eft ne com.

1006. Her forSferde iElfric arceb'. and -^Ifeah biscop feng

T 2

140 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. ioo6)sefter him to ^am aerce stole, and Brihtwold b' feng to p&m
rice^ on Wiltun scire, and Wulfgeate wses eall his are of ge
numen'*. and Wulfeah and Ufegeat wseron ablende. and
Mltelm ealdorman wearS of slagen. and Kenulf biscop forS-
ferde. And j^a ofer ]7one midne aumor com ]7a se Denisca
flota to Sandwic. and dydon eall swa hi eer ge wuna wseron.
hergodon and bserndon. and slogon swa swa hi ferdon. pa het
se cyng abannan ut ealne {Seodscipe of Westseaxum. and of
Myrceau. and hi lagon ute ^h ealne ]7one herfest on fyrdinge
ongean ]7one here, ac hit naht ne beheold j^ema pe hit oftor
s6r dyde. ac for eallum f'issum se here ferde swa he sylf
wolde. and se fyrdinge dyde J^aere landleode selcne hearm.
]7et him na^or ne dohte ne inn here ^ ne uthere.

Da hit winter leohte^ 'pB, ferde se fyrd ham. and se here com
)?a ofer Martinus messan to his fryS stole to Wihtlande. and
tilode him psdv eeghwer )7ses ^e hi behofdan. and ]7a to $am
middan wintran eodon heom to heora garwan feorme ut j^urh
Hamtun scire into Barruc scire toRsedingan.and hi dydon heora
gewuna. atendon heora ^beacna swa swa hi ferdon. and ferdon
l^a to Wealingaforda. and j^et eall forspeldon^. and wsendon
him pa, andlang i^^scesdune Cwicchelmes hleewe gesohton.
pet hi nsefre to sse gdn ne sceoldan. wendon f^a oiSres w»ges
hamweard. pa wses j^ser fyrd gesomnod set Cynetan. and hi
psBT togaedere fengon. and sona J^et waerod on fleame ge
brohtan. and syS^an hyra herehuiSe to sse fseredon. }>«er
mihton geseon Winceastreleodan rancne here and unearhne.
f hi be hjrra gate to sse eodon. and msete and madmas ofer l
mila him fram sse fsettan.

pa wses se cyng ge wend ofer Temese into Scrobbesbyrig
scire, and nam pBdr his feorme in f'sere middewintres tide.
ph wearS hit swa mycel sege fram J^am here, pet man ne
mihte gef^eoncean ne asmsegian hu man of earde hi ge

•^ b' stole F. episcopatnm Serberien- C. d. rtms thus : and wseron him )w

sem F. Lai. ine niht set Ceolesige. and wendon him

4 And on )>am ilcan geare wKsWulf- \fA iandlang iEscesdune to Cwioelmes

geate eall his ar ongenumen C. d. hlaewe. and )>Kr onbidedon beotra

!» inghere C. gy^P^ for)>on oft man cws^. gif hi

6 Isehte C. D. leahte F. Cwicelmeflhliew gesohton. >iet hi naefre

7 herebeaoen C. herebeacna D. to ste gan ne scoldon. wendon him )w

8 forswseldon C. forswaelldon D. o'Sres weges hamwerd.
forbemde F. The subsequent passage in

THE LAUD MS. (E) 141

bringon sceolde. o'S^e J^isne eard wvS hi gehealdan. forf^an
ye hi hsefdon eelce scire on WestSexum sti'Se gemarcod
mid bryne and mid hergunge. Agan se cyng geome to
smeagenne wiiS his witan hwet heom eallum rsedlicost
}>uhte. f man f^isum earde gebeorgan^ mihte ser he mid
ealle fordon wurSe. Da gersedde see cyng and his witan
eallum J^eodscipe to J^earfe. \>eah hit la$ wsere. f man nyde
moste ]?am [here] gafol gyldan. Da sende se cyng to J?am
here, and him cyf^an het f he wolde f heom gn& betweonan
beon sceolde. and him man gafol and metsunge syllan sceolde.
and hi $a ealle f under fengon. and him man metsod geond
Angel cyn.

1007. Her on 'Sissum geare wses ]?et gafol gelsest |?am un-
fri^Sehere. f wses xxx J^usend punda. And on "Sissum geare
eac wses JEdnc gesett to ealdorman on Myrcena rice^

1008. Her be bead se cyng f man sceolde ofer eall Angel
cynn scipu feastlice wircean. f is f^onne [of] j^rym hund
hidum. and of x hidon senne scegS^. and of viii hidum helm
and byman.

1009. Her on f'issum geare ge wurdon J?a scipu gearwe ye
we ser ymbe sprsecou. and heora wses swa feala swa nsefre aer
J?es fie us bee secgafi on Angel cynne ne ge wurdon on
nanes cynges dseg. and hi man f^a ealle to gsedere ferode to
Sandwic. and f^ser ^sceoldan licgan. and ];isne eard healdan
wiiS selcne uthere. ^ac we gyt nsefdon J?a geselfia. ne J?one
wurSscipe ^ seo scip fyrd nytt wsere fiisum earde. ye ma ye
heo oftor ser wses.

Da gewearS hit on f'isum ilcan timan ofifie litle ser yet
Brihtric Eadrices brofior ealdormannes forwregde Wulfhofi
cild yone Sufiseaxscian ^ to y^m cyning. and he f^a utge
wende. and him ysL to aspeon J^et he heafde xx scipa.
and he y^ hergode seghwer be fiam sufiriman. and selc
yfel wrohton. J?a cydde man into J^aere scipfyrde. yet ^hi
mann eafie befaran mihte. gif man ymbe beon wolde 7. Da

9 gebeorghan C. 4 ac hit to nahte gewearS c&Uwa hit

1 D. <idd$ Her for ifiifeah bisceop oftor «r geUmp F.

to Rome sefter pallium. » F. interU Godwines feeder eorlcs.

2 BCKg^ D. Cf. Flor. ioo8. 6 hy man sea'Se D.

3 gcoldon bis land werian wifJ elcne 7 gfif man embe wacre C.
uthere F.

142 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. ioo9)genam se Brihtric him to hundeahtatig scipa. and ]K>hte
f he him myceles wordes wircean sceolde. f he Wulfno*
cuconne o'Sfie deadne begytan sceolde®. ac )?a hi ]?yderweard
waeron. )7a com him swilc wind ongean swilce nan mann ser
ne gemunde. and ^b. scipo $a ealle tobeot. and toj^rsesc.
and on land wearp^. and com se Wulfho^ sona. and iSa scipo
forbsernde. ^Da J?is cu* wses to "Sam ofirum scipon ysa
se cyng waes hu "Sa o'Sre geferdon. wses )?a swilc hit call
rsedleas wsere. and ferde se cyng him ham. and ]7a ealdor
^enn. and ]7a heahwitan. and forleton ]7a scipo J^us leohtlice.
and J?et folc J;a J?e on "Sam scipe waeron fsercodon^ "Sa scipo
efb toLundene. and leton ealles ^eodscipes geswincg )>as
leohtlice forwurSan. and nses se ^ege na betera ^e eall Angel
cynn tohopode.

pa "Seos scipfyrd ijus geendod waes. J;a com sona sefter
'^hlammessan se ungemetlica unfri'Shere ^ to Sandwic. and
sona wendon heora fore to Cantwar byrig. and ]?a burh ra^e
geeodon. gif hi J?e rafior to him frizes to ne gimdon^. and
ealle EastCentingas yfv6 f'one here fri^ genamon. and him
gesealdon iii j^usend punda.

7 And se here )7a sona aefter )7am gewende abuton oiS 'pet hi
comon to Wihtlande. and |?aer aeghwer on Su'Sseaxnm. and on
Ham tun scire, and eac on Bearruc scire hergodon and baemdon
swa heora gewuna waesf. )>a het se cyng abannan ut ealne
l^eodscipe j^et mann on aelce healfe wiS hi gehealden sceolde.
ac J?eah hweSere hi ferdon loc§ hu hi woldon. pa sum si^e
heafde se cyng hi fore begdn mid ealre fyrde. ]?a hi to
scipan woldon. and eall folc gearu wses heom on to fonne.

B Da wolde Brihtric geearnian him 3 se sige C. D. and nses . . . hopode

here word, and nam "Sa LXXX sdpa fort$ not in F.

mid him. and ^ohte iS he wolde Wul- 4 lafmsssan C. D.

no's gelaeccan cucene o'5'Se deadne F. & \>e we heton Durkilles here in C

Tunc cogitavit Brihtricus adquirere sibi only*

laudem &c. F. Lot. 6 and 1S& buruh nXe geeodon. gif hi

9 awearp C. tSe hra'Sor to him fri'Ses ne gymdon C.

1 Da J>ia )>U8 cu^ wies C. Da "Sis 7 This and the next paragraph not
gehyrde Be cing iSe mid )>an o'Sran in F.

scipan beliuen was. )>a ferde he ham. f swa hiora gewuna is C. swa heora

and ealle ^a ealdermen F. gewuna is D.

2 fercodon C. D. F. $ loca C. D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 143

ac hit wses {Sa J'urh Eadric ealdorman gelet swa hit |?a*
sefre wses.

Da sefter scs Martinus msesaan. f^a ferdon hi eft ongean to
Cent, and namon him wintersettl on Temesan. and lifedon^
of EastSeaxum. and of "Sam scinjim J^e JTeernyxt wseron
on twam healfe Temese. and oft hi on f^a burh Lundene
gefuhton. Ac si Gode lof. |?et heo gyt gesnnd stent, and hi
l^aer sefre yfel geferdon.

Da sefter middan wintra hi namon pa, senne upgang ut
\>uTh Giltem. and swa to Oxneforda. and f^a burh forbsemdon.
and namon hit J?a on twa healfe Temese to scipan weard \
J^a gewamode^ man hi f psar wses fyrd set Lundene on
gean. ^hi gewendon )7a ofer set Stane. and )7us ferdon eahie
l^one winter and "Sone lencten wseron him on Cent, and bettan
heora scipa.

1010. Her on {Sissum geare com se fore sprecenda here
ofer Eastron to Englum. and wendon up set Gipeswic. and
eodon ^anreces J^aer hi ge axodon Ulfcytel mid his fyrde. Dis
wses on f^am dseg prima ascensio Dni. and f^a sona flugon
EastEngla. f^a stod ^ Grantabrycg scir fsestlice ongean. |?ser
wses of slsegen iE'Selstan pes cynges a^um. and Oswi and his
sunu. and Wulfric Leofwines sunu. and Eadwig ^fices bro-
{Sor. and feala o^ra godra J^egna. and folces uiigerim. J'one
fleam serest astealde purcytel Myranheafod. and ]fs, Dseniscan
ahton wselstowe ge weald, and J^ser wurdon gehorsode. and
sy'S'Son ahton EastEngle geweald. and );one eard iii monf^as
hergodon and bsemdon. ge furSon^ on J^a wildan fennas hi
ferdon. and menn and ^yrfe hi slogon. and bserndon geond ]>&
feonnas. and peodford forbserndou. and Grantabrycge. and
sy'S'Son wendon eft safiweard into Temese. and ridon J?a
gehorsedan menn ongean pa. scipo. and syiSiSon hrsedlice
wendon west weard on Oxnaford scire, and )7anon to Bucing-
ham scire, and swa andlang Usan. oiS hi comon to Bedanforda

1 swa hit gyt aefre woes C. d. hi gewendan ouer at F.

2 lifdon him of EastSeaxum C. D. 6 anreces C. I), anan Jmr F.
•* to scype weard C. D. and naman 7 Grantebrige ana F.

►a to scipanwcard F. 8 fyr'Son C.

4 gehwamede D. « orf ofslogan eal -p hi to comon F.

& wendon him >a ofer aet C. D. and

144 THE LAUD MS. (E)

and 8wa forS &S Temesan ford, and a bsemdon 8wa hi ge
ferdon. wendon pa. eft toscipon mid heora herehu'Se.

And ]7one^ hi to scipon streddon. f^onne sceolde fyrd lit eft
ongean f hi lip woldon. J'onne ferde seo fyrd ham. and yonae
hi wseron be easton. f'onne heold man fyrde be westan. and
)7onne hi wseron be su^an. ]7onne wses ure fyrd be norSan.
Donne bead man ealle witan to cynge. and man ]7onne rsedan
scolde hn man J^isne eard werian sceolde. Ac }>eah man
hwset l^onn rsedde. f ne stod furSon senne mona^. set nyxtan
nses nan heafod man f fyrde gaderian wolde. ac selc fleah
swa he msest myhte. Ne fiirSon nan scir nolde ©"Sre gelsBstan
set nyxtan.

pa setforan scs Andreas msessan. ^a com sehere to
Hamtune. and |?one port sona forbsemdon. and f^ser namon
abuton swa mycel swa hi woldon sylfe. and f^anon wendon
ofer Temese into WestSeaxum. and swa wiiS Caningan
msersces. and f call forbserndon. pa hi swa feor gegan
haefdon swa hi \>2l woldon. f^a comon hi to iSam middanwintra
to scipon.

1011. Her on f'issum geare sonde se cyng and his witan to
iSam here, and geomdon firi'Ses. and him gafol and metsunga
behetan. wi'S ]7am pe hi heora hergunga geswicon.

Hi heafdon j^a ofergan EastEngIa i. and EastSeaxe ii. and
MiddelSeaxe iii. and Oxena ford scire iiii. and Grantabrycge
scire v. and Heortford scire vi. and Bucingaham scire vii. and
Bedanford scire viii. and healfe Huntadun scire x. and be
su'San Temese ealle Centingas. and Su$ Seaxe. and Hsestingas.
and Su'Srig. and Bearruc scire, and Hamtun scire, and micel
on Wiltun scire.

C. 1011. Her on )>i88uin geare sende se cyning and his witan to
'Sam here, and gyrndon frizes, and him gafol and metsunge beheton.
wi'S )>am t$e hi hiora hergunge geswicon.

Hi haefdon )>a ofergan i EastEngle. and ii EkustSexe. and iii Middel
Sexe. and iv Oxena ford scire, and v Grantabric scire, and vi Heort
ford scire, and vii Buccingaham scire, and viii Bede ford scire, and ix
healfe Huntadun scire, and x micel on Hamtun scire, and be su}>an
Temese. ealle Kentingas. and Sut$Sexe. and Haesting. and Su^rige.
and Bearrocscire. and Hamtun scire, and micel on Wiltun scire.

1 )>onne C. D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 145

Ealle J?as unge»el$a us gelumpon J?urh unraedes. f maim (A. D. ion)
nolde him to timan gafol bedan. ac f'onn hi msest to yfele
gedon bsefdon. J^onn nam man gri'S and fri^S wi$ hi. and
na^elses for eallum f^isum gri'Se and fri^Se and gafole. hi
ferdon seghwider folcmselum. and hergodon. and ure earme
folc rsepton and slogon.

And on f^issum geare betwix Natiuit' see Marie and see
Michaeles msessan hi ymbesstan Cantwaraburh. and hi ]fXT
into comon ]7arh syrewrenceas. forf'on JElms^r hi becyrde
Cantwaraburh'^ )?e se arcb' jElfeah ser generede his life. And
hi ]?ar )?a ge naman J?on arcb' /Elfeah. and ^Elfword J^ses cynges
gerefan.and Leofwine abb*, and Grodwine h\ AndiEImser abb^
hi Isetan aweg. and hi J^ser ge naman inne ealle f^a gehadode
menn. and weras. and wif. f wies un asecgendlic senigum
menn hu mycel psds folces wses. and on j^aere byrig siSSon
waeron swa lange swa hi woldon. and ^s, hi hsefdon |>a burh
ealle asmeade. wendon him )7a to seipon. and Iseddon you
arcb' mid him.

" Wses "Ba rsepline:. se be ser wses Ansel ^°<^ '"** p*"**^ Pagano-

^ . _ __ ' - ° rum, qui paiUo ante fuit

" cynnes heafod and Xpendomes. baer man caput totius Bryt«nni« de

,^.,^, jir^ Xp'ntAtb. Potuit tunc

'' mihte pa geseon earmtSe pser man ser ge maxima miaeria videri.

[C) Ealle {ms ungessel^a us gelumpon )>uruh unrsedas. f man nolde
him atiman gafol beodon. o)>)>e wi% gefeohtan. ac )>oil hi msest to
yfele gedon hsefdon. ]>on nam mon fri¥ and gri^ wi% hi. And na
pe Ises for eallum )>i88um gri^e and gafole. hi ferdon sghweder floe
mselum. and heregodon ure earme folc. and hi rypton and slogon.

And l^a on iSissum geare betweox Natiuitas scae Marise and see
Michaeles msessan hi ymbsseton Cantwareburuh. and hi into coman
Jjuruh syruwrencas. for^an iElmaer hi becyrde. J>e se arceb' iElfeah
wr generede set his life. And hi j)ser t$a genaman }K)ne arceb'
^Ifeah. and iElfweard cynges gerefan. and Leofrune abb't. and
Godwine b'. And iElfmaer abb* hi leton aweg. And hi t5»r ge-
namon inne ealle j)a gehadodan men. and weras. and wif. f waes
unasecgendlic senigum men hu micel pXB folces wses. And on
)>aere byrig gy)>)>an wseron swa lange swa hi woldon. And |ja hi
hsefdon )>a buruh ealle asmeade. wendon him )>a to scypan. and
laeddon j>one arceb' mid him.

*' Wses i5a rsepling. set$e ser wses heafod Angelkynnes and Cristeu-
*' domes. Dser man mihte t$a geseon yrm^e |j3er man oft ser geseah

2 Cantwaraburh E only.
U

I

146 THE LAUD MS. (E)

" seah blisse on bsere serman byrig. banon ubi pridie i»bd«t«r ow.

' , ^ , ,. J, ximum gaudium, & unde

'' US com serest Xpendom. and biisse for nobis puuaiavit tom ynm.
" Grode. and for worulde/'

And hi heafdon ]?on arcb' mid him swalange oiS )?one
timan ^e hi hine gemartyredon.

1012. Her on J^issum geare com Eadric ealdorman. and
ealle J^a yldestan witan gehadode and leawede Angel cynnes.
to Lunden byrig to foran ]?am Eastron. waes JBsterdaeg Jm
on J?am datarum id' apb\ and hi j^sera "Sa swa lange waeron
oiS f gafol waes eall ge laest ofer Eastran. f wses viii |?usend
punda.

pa on I'one Sseternes dseg wearS swiiSe gestired se here
ongean f^one biscop. forj^an ye he nolde heom nan feoh
behaten. and forbead f man nan J^ing ynS him syllan ne
moste. wseron hi eac swySe druncene. forJ?am yter waes ge
broht win sudan. genamon ]fB. )?one h\ leaddon hine to heora
hustingai on ]K)ue Sunnanefen octabas Paschse. and hine j^a
J^aer oftorfodon mid bannm. and mid hrySera*^ heafdam. and
sloh hine )?a an heora mid anre aexeyre^ on J?et heafod. ]?et he
mid )7am dynte ni^er asah. and his halige blod on "Sa eorSan

(Q) " blisse. on |)sere earman byrig. )>aDon com aerest Cristendom and
" blis for Gode. and for worulde."

And hi hsefdon |K)ne arceb' mid him swa lange o% )>aene timan |»e
hi hine gemartiredon.

1012. Her on jiissum geare com Eadric ealdorman. and ealle )>a
yldestan witan gehadode and Isewede Angel cynnes. to Lunden byrig
to foran Jmm Eastron. )>a waes Easter daeg on |>am dataru Idus
Aprilis. and hi ^aer )>a swa lange waeron o)> f gafol eal gelaest waes
ofer 5a Eastron. f waes ehta and feowertig ]>u8end punda.

Da on ))8Bne Saetemesdaeg wear^ y& se here swy^e astyred angean
l^one b'. for]>am t$e he nolde him nan feoh behaten. ac he forbead
f man nan )>ing wiS him syllan ne moste. Waeron hi eac 8wy]>e
druncene. for%am )>aer waes broht win su^an. Genamon )>a %one b*.
laeddon hine to hiora hustinge on ^ne sunnan aefen. octab' Pasce.
|ja waes xiii kl* Maii. and hine |>aer 5a bysmorlice acwylmdon. oftorf-
edon mid banum. and mid hryj)era heafdum. and sloh hine ^ an
hiora mid anre aexe yre on f heafod. f mid |>am dynte he ny)>er
asah. and his halige blod on |>a eor^an feol. and his haligan sawle

1 hustinge D. huBtingae F. in concilium suum. F. Lot,

2 hry^eres F. neata heafedum D. 3 eaze ere D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 147

feoll. and his j^a haligau sawle to Godes rice asende. and ]fB,
biscopas Eadno'S and iEIfhan. and seo burhwaru under feng-
on |?one haligan lichaman on mergen and feredon hine to
Lnndene mid ealre^ arwurSnisse. and hine bebyrigdon on
scs Paulus mynstre. and )78er nu God swutela^ J^ses halgan
martires mihta.

Da yet gafol ge lest wses. and ^h fri'S a'Sas ge sworene. f^a
toferde se here wide swa he ser gegaderod wses. Da bugon
to ]7am cyninge of f^am here xlv scipa. and him beheton
jfet hi woldon J^isne eard healdan. and he hi fedan scolde
and scrydan.

1013. On )?am seftran geare )>e se arcb' wses ge martyrod.
se cyng gesaette Lifiug b' to Cantwara byrig to fiam arce
stole.

And on f^am ilcan geare toforan )7am mon'Se August'
com Swegen cyning mid his flotan to Sandwic. and wende
swyiSe ra'Se abutan EastEnglum. into Humbran mu'San. and
swa uppweard andlang Trentan ]?et he com to Gegnesburh.
and ]f9. sona abeah Uhtred eorl. and eall NorShymbra to
him. and eall f folc on Lindesige. and sy*8*an J?et folc of
Fif burhingan. and raSe J^ses eall here be norSan Waetlinga

(C) to Godes rice asende. And mon )>one lichaman on mergen ferode
to Lundene. and \^ bieceopas Eadno)> and ^Elfun. and seo buruh-
waru hine underfengon mid ealre arwur^nysse. and hine bebyrigdon
on see Paules mynstre. and )>8er nu God sutela% }>8e8 halgan mar-
tires mihta.

Da f gafol gelaest waes. and fri^ajias asworene wseron. )>a to
ferde se here wide swa he aer gegaderod wses. Da bugon to )>am
cynge of ^am here fif and feowertig soy pa. and him beheton f hi
woldon )>ysne eard healdan. and he hi fedan sceolde and scrydon.

1013. On %am aeftran geare |>e se arceb' waes gemartyrod. se
cyning gesette Lyfinc b* to Cantwara byrig to ^am arcestole.

And on }>isum ilcan geare toforan |>am monSe August' com
Swegen cyning mid his flotan to Sandwic. and wende |)a swit$e rat5e
abutan E^tEnglum into H umbra mu)>an. and swa upweard andlang
Trentan otJ he com to Genes bur uh. And jia sona beah Uhtred eorl
and ealle Nor^hymbre to him. and eal f folc on Lindesige. and
si^dan f folc into Fif burhingum. and ra^e |>9es eall here be nofSan

4 myceire F.

u 2

148 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. ioi3)8tr8ete. and him man sealde gislas of selcere scire. SjrS^San
he undergeat \>et eall folc him to ge bogen waes. ]m bead he
f man sceolde his here metian and horsian. and he |>a ge
wende syfiSan su^weard mid fulre fyrde. and betaebte his
scipa and )>a gislas cnute^ his sunu. and sylS^an he com ofer
WaBclinga straete. hi wrohton f mseste yfel |?e aenig here don
mihte. wende )7a to Oxnaforda. ^and seo burhwaru sona
abeah and gislode. and J^anon to Winceastre. and f ilce
dydon. wendon |>a |?anon eastward to Lundene. and mycel
his folces adranc on Temese. forSam hi nanre brycge ne
cepton®. Da he to j^sere byrig com. )>a nolde seo burhwaru
abugan ac heoldan mid fullan wige ongean. forSan ]7ser wses
inne se cyning ^EiSelred^. and purkil mid him. pa wende
Swcgen cyning |?anon to Wealingaforda. and swa ofer Temese
westweard to Ba^on. and sset ]^r mid his fyrde. and com
iS]7elmer ealdorman )?ider. and j^a weasternan )?8egnas mid
him. and bugon ealle to Swegene. and gislodon. pa he ealP
)>us gefaren heafde. wende j^a norSweard to his scipon. and
eall ]7eodscipe hine heafde for fullne cyning. and seo burh-

(C) Waclinga straete. and him man sealde gislas of aelcere scire. SytJtJan
he undergeat f eall folc him to gebogen wses. ))a bead he f man
sceolde his here mettian and horsian. and be t5a wende sy]>)>an su5
weard mid fiilre fyrde. and betaehte |>a scipu and t$a gislas Cnute
his suna. And sy^^an he com ofer Wsetlinga straete. worhton f
roseste yfel f aenig here don mihte. Wende ))a to Oxenaforda.
and seo buruhwaru sona beah and gislude. and |>anon to Winceastre.
and hi f ylce dydon. Wende |>a )>anon eastwerd to Lundene. and
mycel his folces adrang on Temese. for t$am )>e hi nanre bricge ne
cepton. Da he to ^aere byrig com. )>a nolde seo burhwaru
bugan. ac heoldan mid fullan wige ongean. foriSan )>8er wses inge
se cyng iE|>elred. and Durcyl mid him. Da wende Swegen cyng
)>anon to Wealingaforda. and swa ofer Temese westweard to Ba|)an.
and saet ^ser mid his fyrde. And com ^]>elm8er ealdorman |>yder.
and |>a westenan )>egenas mid him. and bugon ealle to Swegene. and
hi gisludon. Da he t5us gefaren haefde. wende )>a norf$ weard to his
scipum. and eal }>eod8cype hine haefde )»a for fulne cyng. And seo

S Cnude F. 9 ac mid iiillan wige agoan heold.

7 and swa to Winceastre. and ba ^a forSan se cing iE'i^elred was "Sar inne F.
burh abugan and gislodan. And swa 1 kI D. gidocUm. and si'S^an sona
he ferde eoMward &c. F. cal Seod hine fuUice underfeng. and

8 quia non curabant qurercrc pon- heold for fulne cing. and seo burhwaru
tem F. L(U. caipton D. on Lundene abeah to him and gislode.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 149

waru sefter J^am on Lundene beah and gislode. forf^am fai(A.D. 1013)
ondreddon f be bi fordon wolde. bead f^a Swegen full gild
and metsunga to bis bere J?one winter, and purcyl bead f
ilce to |?am bere )>e laeg on Grenawic. and buton )7am bi
bergodan swa oft swa bi woldon. Da ne dubte naiSor f^isse
]7eoda ne su^an ne norSan. ]7a wses se cyng sume bwile mid
]7ain flotan \fe on Temese waeron. and seo blafdige wende f^a
ofer seo to bire bro'Sor Ricarde. and JEUige abbot of Burb
mid bire. and se cyng sende ^Ifun b' mid yam sef^elingc
Eadwarde and iElfrede ofer se. f be bi bewitan sceolde.
and se cyng ge wende ya, fram f^am flotan to {Sam middan
wintra to Wibtlande. and wses jTser pa tid. and sefter jTsere
tide ge wende j^a ofer sse to Ricarde. and waes J^aer mid bim
o^S^one byre \>e Swegen dead wearS.

* And )?a bwile J?e seo laefdige mid hire broj^er wses begondon
s«. iElfsige abb^ of Burb 'pe J?aer waes mid bire. for to )?one
mynstre j^e is gebaten Boneual J^ser see Florentines licbama
laeg. fand psdv aerm stede. serm abbot and serme muneces forj^an
\>e bi forbergode waeron. bobte J?a J?jer set )?one abb* and set
pe muneces see Florentines lichaman eall buton pe beafod to
y bundred punda. and pa, pe be ongean com pa ofirede bit
Crist and see Peter.

C) buruhwaru aefter ^am on Lundene beab and gislude. fordon hi
ondredon f he hi fordon wolde. Da bead Swegen fulgyld and
roetsunge to his here ^one winter, and Durkyl bead f ylce to ^aro
here J>e laeg set Grenawic. and for eallon j)am hi heregodon swa oft
swa hi woldon. Da ne dohte na^r jiisse leode ne su^an ne nortSan.
Da waes se cyning iEj>elred suroe bwile mid j)ara flotan J>e on
Temese laeg. and seo hlaefdige gewende |)a ofer sse to hire bre^r
Ricarde. and iElfsige abb* of Buruh mid hire. And se cyning
sende JEAfun b' mid j)am aet>elingum Eadwerde and iElfrede ofer
sae. ^ he hi bewitan sceolde. And se cyning gewende |>a fram
t$am flotan to }>am middan wintra to Wibtlande. and waes t$aer |>a tid.
and aefter jiaere tide wende ofer 8a sae to Ricarde. and waes Saer mid
him oj) j)one byre f Swegen wear^ dead.

and 86 ciiig iEgelred aende his cwene sylf ferde aefter. and was J>ar begeondan

ifilfgiue Ymma to hyre bro'Ser ofer ste eal iS Swegen weaHS dead. F.
Ricarde. and ^Elsige abb' of Burh mid * This paragraph is peculiar to E,

hyre and ^Glfan b' mid "Sam se'^elingum and may reckon as the ninth piece of

Eadward and iElfrede oner see. j> he hi the domestic Annals of Peterborough

bewitan scolde. and se cing sona him Abbey.

J& ^z

ira

,. ;r. TTT etJO- wt«!f» :nn 2ii; ^SB tnssi b^Xsn ^
r-.r,.»tT»:ii .jui 21;: -^ » To^s fisrscuL leoK ^ceoiife

cr*'A ^w^iiiionLe- "D nm ^TjmxoiL <iiifi maiL ^
n*'.^4rT}^. ^-seaciiLibi -n-.i vorde tnd mid waedik
.1 /»jf^*»;-»» Af^^kM. fiut yn-T*^ p^*rM» Zemace jmiii^ ndagprfg

i><ni ,**'.\f*i0^nf* jam "*:v uji K^arc "ieooe. ami be ;j^2egi]ii'e fisui

Ar,4

(^'^ 'ly'^l/vfi .^>^jrf»^Ba ifSKt

sKtt Cmit mid lua

II ,

Mr> f ff,v 6n j>*M^i)fn ^are ."^eiren ^eendode bis ciagae to

". > ifAr^"^>rs Ml »\ ^^fv'. And « ifata }» eal z'-'curon Cnut to

. J.. ,<-.

f » / . I

/ r

< • tM„^ 1^ op.f,*#v «*all« j>« on Engialande wseran gehadode
'^* ^ ^^1^6 itijfr |wm cvnimre >E}»elrede soidi!. md
r ^•"^» ^f^/i Mrt^c^rd l^nfra a»re [roiiiie hiura gecvnda
H'/ r.^ M <<r,M,fy,f h<^aWan woide [ran he ar dyde. D*
•''••'^ '•''* •'•"•♦ ^^/Iv^ftard hider mid his aeroiddnicam.
^Ml/,^ »,»4 l#/.fU<7pf^. tod cwaHf f he him huid
''» '.^.<l <!(> jr^Y^ 5,,,^,, j^^^ j^ j^- gjjj^ i^cunadoo,

- '<. ^. ./^. f... ,,, ,.j,^, 4f,rrt dlice butan ^wicdofoe to him

""Y'"'- ('^ ^-'I'H. ^M.oiMl«,,^. gefe^tnodc mid wordc

' ' ' ^ H' *. J/e. aiMi ^iri: «.Iciie Deniscnc rme utlah

•^-K'^ed crning' ionon ^m
fnun him eaUnin

^ here on Genes

THE LAUD MS. (E) 151

here on Gegnesburh^ o'8"8a Eastron. and gewearS him and
yajn folce on Lindesige anes. f hi hine horsian sceoldan.
and gy^'San ealle aetgaddere faran and hergian. Da com
se cyning ^"Sehred mid fuhre fyrde f^ider aer hi gearwe
wseron to Lindesige. and mann f^a hergode. and baernde
and sloh eall ^et man cynn f man araecan mihte. Se Cnut
gewende him lit mid his flotan. and wearS pet earme folc
);us beswican yurb hine. and waende f^a su^weard o$ f
he com to Sandwic. and let® J^aer up pSL gislas ]>e his feeder
ge sealde waeron. and cearf of heora handa and heora nosa.
and buton eallum f^isum yfelum se cyning het gyldan )?am
here ^e on Grenewic laeg xxi f'usend punda.

And on f^issum geare on see Michseles maesseaefan. com
yet mycele saeflod geond wide f'isne eard. and aern^ swa feor
up swa naefre aer ne dyde. and adrencte feala^ tuna, and
mann cynnes unarimaedlice geteall^.

1015. On ]7is8um geare waes f mycele gemot on Oxona
forda. and f^aer Eadric ealdorman beswac SigeferS and Mor-
caer ]7a yldestan f^aegenas into Seofon burgum. bepaehte hi

I) buruh o)> )>a Eastron. and gewearS him and t>am folce on Lindesige
anes. f hi hine horsian woldon. and 8y)>}>an ealle setgsedere faran
and heregian. Da com se cyning iEj^elred mid falre fyrde jjyder
aer hi gearwe wseron to Lindesige. and man |ia hergode and bsernde
and sloh eal f man cynn f man rsecan mihte. And Cnut ge
wende him aweig ut mid his flotan. and wearS f earme folc J>us
beswicen 9uruh hine. and wende )>a sutSweard o)> he com to Sand
W1C. and let don up )>8er %a gislas )>e his feeder gesealde wseron. and
cearf of hiora handa and earan and nosa. And buton eallum |>issum
yfelum se cyng het gyldan j)am here ^ on Grenawic laeig xxi
|>usend p'd.

And on Jnssum geare on see Michaeles msessesefen. com f
mycle saeflod gynd wide )>ysne eard. and am swa feor up swa
naefre aer ne dyde. and adrencte feala tuna, and man cynnes unari-
medlic getel.

1015. Her on )>i88um geare waes f mycle gemot on Oxena
forda. and 9ser Eadric ealdorman beswac Sifer% and Morcore )>a
yldestan ]>egenas into Seofon burgum. Bepaehte hi into his bure.

7 GKignes- D. S Ist mmn don up D. ^ earn D.

1 fela D. F. 2 getcell F.

• 152 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A. D. 1015) in to his bare, and hi man ]mr inne ofsloh ungerisenlice^
and se cyng f^a genam eall heora sehta'^. and het nimon Sige-
ferBes^ lafe and gebringon binnon Mealdelmes byrig. jm^
sefter litlum fece ferde Eadmand sB'Seling to. and genam p wif
ofer ]7e8 cynges willan^. and heafde him to wife. Da toforan
natiuitas see Marise ferde se sefieling wseston^ nor? intoTif
biirgum. and ge rad sona ealle SigeferSes are and Morcares.
and f folc eall him tobeah.

And ]f2L on "Sam ylcan timan com Cntit cyng to^ Sandwic.
and wende ^sona abutan Cent land into WestSeaxen &S he
com to Fromu'San. and hergode )>a on Dorssetum and on
Wiltunscire^. and on Sumsersseton. )?a l»g se cyng seoc set
Cosham. Da gaderode Eadric ealdorman fyrde and ^^se
se'Seling Eadmund benorSan. Da hi togsedere comon. j^a
wolde se ealdorman beswicon j^one sej^eling. and hi tohwurfon
]ffL buton gefeohte forj^am. and rimdon heora feondum. and
Eadric ealdormann aspeon j^a xl scipa fram ]?am cyning. and

(C) and hi man |>ser inne dfsloh ungerisenlice. And se cyng )>a genam
ealle hiora sehta. and het niman SifertSes lafe. and gebringan hi
binnan Ealdelraes byrig. Da sefter lytlum fsece ferde Eadmund
ae)>elinc to. and genam f wif ofer ^ses cynges gewil. and heefde
him td wife. Da toforan natiuitas see Marise ferde se 8e}>eling
)>anon westan nor% intd Fif burguro. and gerad sona ealle Sigefer^s
are and Mocores. and f folc eal him tobeah.

And %a on )>am ilcan timan com Cnut cyng to Sandwic. and
wende )>a sona abutan Cent land into WestSeaxum o'6 he com to
Frommu^an. and heregode ya. on Dorssetum and on Wiltun scire,
and on Sumerssetum. Da Iseig se cyng seoc set Cosham. Da
gadarade fkidric ealdorman fyrde. and se 8e}>eling Eadmund be
nor%an. Da hi togsedere comon. %a wolde se ealdorman beswican
|»one 8e)>eling. and hi toferdon )>a butan gefeohte for^n. and
rymdon heora feondum. And fkidric ealdorman aspeon )» feowerti
scipa fram )>am cynge. and beah )>a to Cnute. And WestSeze

1 ungerysenlice D. ungerisedlice F. 8 eal abutan F.

2 eahta F. 9 Wiltesdre F.

3 Sifei^aes D. 10 and l>ohte beswican bone se'Seling

4 And sona aefter lytlum face F. Eadmund. ac he ne mihte. ac he aspeon
& wil D. >as cynges un)>ances F. xl scipa of iSea cinges sdpon and abeah

6 weestan D. to Cnut. F.

7 up at F.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 158

beah )?a to Cnute. and WestSeaxe bugon and gislodon. and
horsodon )?one here, and he wses ^sdr )?a o'S midne winter.

1016. Her on )?i88um geare com Cnut cyning mid his here
clx scipa. and Eadric ealdormann mid him ofer Temese into
Myrcan set Crsecilade. and wendon )?a to Wsering scire innon
)?8ere middewintres tide, and hergodoft and bsemdon and
dogon eall f hi to comon.

Da ongan se se'Seling Eadmnnd togadrienne fyrde. pa se
fyrd gesomnod wses. )?a ne onhagode him buton se cyng
pddre wsere. and hi hsefdon )?8ere burhware^ fultum of Lundene.
geswicon \>sl )?8ere fyrding. and fserde selcmann him ham.

Da sefter JTsere tide )?a bead mann eft fyrde be folium wite.
^ selc mann )?e feor wsere forS gewende. and mann sende to
]?am cyninge to Lundene. and bsedon hine f he come ongean
]7a fyrde mid )?am fultume pe he gegaderian mihte. Da hi
ealle to somne comon. )?a ne beheold hit naht )?e ma ^e hit
oftor ser dyde. pa cydde mann J^am cyninge f hine mann
beswicon wolde. )7a ^e him on fultume beon sceolden. Forlet
^Sa J?a fyrde. and cyrde him eft to Lundene.

(C) bugon and gislodon. and horsodon |>one here, and he waes )yaer %a
o)> midne winter.

1016. Her on (yissum geare com Cnut mid his here, and Eadric
ealdorman mid him ofer Temese into Myrcum set Cregelade. And
wendon )»a to Waerincwic scire innan Saere middanwintrestide. and
heregodon and bsemdon. and slogon eal f hi to comon.

Da ongan se x^ehng Eadmund to gaderigenne fyrde. Da seo
fyrd gesomnod wses. ^ ne onhagode heom ^Sarto buton f wsere
f se cyng ¥ser mid wsere. and hi hsefdon |>sere burhware fultum of
Lundene. geswicon t$a (ysere fyrdinge. and ferde him selc man ham.

Da sefter %sere tide |>a bead man eft fyrde be fullan wite. f selc
man %e fere wsere for% gewende. and man sende to tSam cynge to
Lundene. and baed hine f he come ongean ]>a fyrde mid yam
fultume t$e he gegaderian mihte. Da hi ealle to somne comon. )ya
ne beheold hit ndn ^nc |ye ma t$e hit oftor ser dyde. Da cydde man
y&m cynge f hine man beswican wolde. )>a ]>e him on fultume beon
sceoldon. Forlet tSa j>a fyrde. and cyrde him eft to Lundene.

F. 1016. Her com Cnut mid clx scipa. and Eadric ealderman mid him
oaer Temese into Myrcan set Crecalade. and wendan )>a to Wseringscire.
inne 1$are hi bserndan and slogan eal i» hi to coman. And Eadmund

1 buruh D.
X

154 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1016) Da rdd se 8Bj;eling Eadmund to Nor^hymbran to Vhtredc
eorl. and wsende selcmann f hi woldoa fyrde aomnian
ongean Cnut cyng. pa ferdon** hi into Stsefford scire, and
into Scrobbes byrig. and to Legeceastre ^. And hergodon
hi on heora healfe and Cnut on his. and wende him )m
ut ]>urh Buccinga ham scire into Beadaford scire, and )?anon
to Huntandun scire, andlang fennes to Stanforda. and ^a
in to Lincolne scire, j^anon to Snotingaham scire, and swa to
NorShymbran to Eoforwic weard. Da Uhtred geaxode J>is.
iSa forlet he his hergunga and efeste^ norSweard. and beah }m
fornede. and ealle NorShymbran mid him. and he gislode.
and hine man ^eahhwse^ere ofsloh. and purcytel Nafanan
sunu mid him. and \>& a3fter ]7am se cyng Cnut ge saette Yric
in to NorShymbran to eorle. call swa Uhtred waes. and syiS-
•San wendon him su^ weard o^res weges. call bewestan. and
Ap. I. com ]?a eall se here toforan ]7am Eastron to scipon. And se
se]?eling il^dmund wende to Lundene to his feeder. And ]7a
sefter Eastron wende se cyng Cnut mid eallum his scipum to
Lundene weard.

(C) Da rad se aej^eling Eadraund to Nor^hymbron to Uh trade eorle.
and wende selc mon f hi woldon fyrde somnian ongean Cnut
cyng. Da fyrdedon hi into Staefford scire, and into Scrobsaeton.
and to Legceastre. and hi heregodon on heora healfe. and Cnut on
his healfe. Wende him ut J)uruh Buccinga ham scire into Bedan
ford scire, and ^unon to Huntadun scire, swa into Hamtun scire,
andlang fennes to Stanforda. and |ya into Lindcolne scire. |>anon H
to Snotingaham scire, and swa to Nor^ hymbran to Eoferwic weard.
Da Uhtred geahsode J)is. 8a forlet he his hergunge and efste nor^
weard. and beah 8a for nyde. and ealle Nor^hymbro mid him. and
he gislode. and hine mon 8eahhwae|>ere ofsloh. ^uruh fladrices rad
ealdormannes. and Durcytel Nafenan sunu mid him. And ))d sefter
%am gesette se cyng Yric into Nor^hymbron him to eorle. eal swa
Uhtred waes. and syWan wende him su^werd oj)res weges. eal be
westan. and come j>a eal se here to foran )?am Eastron to scypon.
And se aej)eling Eadmund gewende to Lundene to his faeder. And
^a aefter Eastron wende se cyng Cnut mid eallon his scipon to
Lunden werd.

(F) ffiSeling wende to Lundene to hia faeder. and Cnut ferde mid eallon his
scipon to Lundene weard.

4 fyrdodon D, ^ Leegceastre D. Cheshire. *> efstt€ D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 155

Da gelamp hit };et se cyng iEiSelred forSferde ser ^a scipu (a.d. 1016)
comon. he geendode his dagas on scs Georius meessedsege ^^' ^^'
after mycclum geswince and earfoiSnissum his lifes. and }?a
after his ende. ealle }>a witan ]?e on Lundene wseron and
86 burhwaru gecuron Eadmund to cynge. and his rice he
heardlice werode }>a hwile )7e his tima wses.

pa comon )^a scipo to Grenawic to ]?am gandagum. and May 7.
binnon lytlum faece wendon to Lundene. and dulfon };a ane
mycele die on 'Sa suiShealfe and drogon heora scipa on
westhealfe }>sere brycge. and bedicodon sy^iSon }>a burh
uton f nan mann ne mihte ne inn ne ut. and oft rsedlice on
i$a burh fuhton. ac hi heom heardlice wiiSstodon.

pa wees Eadmund cyng ser ]?am ge wend ut. and ge rdd ]?a
WestSeaxan. and him beah call folc to. and raiSe sefter }>am

C) D4 gelarop hit f se cyning ^|>elred forSferde ser |>a scypo
comon. He geendode his dagas on see Georgius maesseda'ig. and
he geheold his rice mid myclum geswince and earfo^nessum )?a
hwile ^ his lif waes. And J)a aefter his ende. ealle 6a witan t>a on
Lundene wseron and seo burhwaru gecuron Eadmund to cyninge.
and he his rice heardlice werode )?a hwile |>e his tima waes.

Da comon tJa scypo to Grenawic to )?am gangdagum. And hi
binnon lytlan face gewendon to Lundene. and hi ^a dulfon ane
mycle die on su^healfe. and drogon hiora scypo on westhealfe
)>aere bricge. and bedicodon |>a sy^^an J)a buruh utan f nan man
ne mihte ne ing ne ut. and hi oftraedlice on |)a buruh fuhton. ac hi
him heardlice wi^stodon.

Da waes Eadmund cyng ser 5am gewend ut. and gerad j)a West
Sexon. and him beah eal folc to. And ra^e aefter |>am he gefeaht

^F) Ac ae cing ^gelred aer for^ferde 83r \>a, scipan coman. he forSferde on
St. Georgies maesse daeg aefter miclum geswince and carfolSniBBum his Hues,
and sefter his ende ealle Angelcynnes witan gecuron Eadmund to cinge. and
he his rice heardlice werede on his timan.

Da comon "Sa scipa to Grenwic to "Sam gangdagum. and sona wendan to
Lundene. and dulfon ane die on 'Sa sutShealfe. and drogon heora scipa on
westhealfe )>are brigge. and bedicodon siS'5an t^a burh utin. f> nan man ne
mihte ne in ne ut. and oft on ^a burh fuhtan. and hi heom heardlice
wiSstodon.

X 2

166 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1016) he gefeaht wi« ]?one here at Peoiinan wi« Gillinga. and o^r*
gefeoht he gefeaht sefter middan sumera set Sceorstane. and
]?ser mycel wsel feoU on segSre healfe. and ]7a heres him sylfe
toeodon on iSam gefeohte. and Eadric ealdorman and iBlmser
deorlingc wseron )?am here on fultume ongean Eadmnnd
cyng. And )?a gegaderode he iii si^Se fyrde and ferde to
Lundene. and ]7a burhware ahredde. and )?one here aflymde
to scipon. And ]?a wses ymbe twa niht f se cyning gewende
ofer set Brent forda^. and )?a wiiS )?one here gefeaht and hine
aflymde. and pser adranc mycel ^nglisces folces on heora
agenre gymeleaste. J?a *e ferdon beforan j^eere fyrde. and fang
woldon fon. And se cyning wende sefter ]7am to WestSeaxau.
and his fyrde gesomnode^.

Da gewende se here sona to Lundene. and }>a burh utone
besseton. and hire stranglice wiiSfeaht ge bewaetere ge be
lande. ac se ^Imihtiga Gk)d hi ahredde.

Se here gewende }>a sefter )?am fram Lundene mid heora

(C) wi% )K>ne here set Peonnan wit GilliDgaham. And o)>er gefeoht he
gefeaht sefter middan sumera set Sceorstane. and jyser roycel wsel
feoll on seg^re healfe. and t$a heras him sylfe toeodan. On JMun
gefeohte wses Eadric ealdorman and iElmser dyrling |>am here on
fultume ongean Eadmund kyning. And |>a gegaderede he )>ryddan
si^e fyrde and ferde to Lundene. eal be nor^an Temese. and swa ut
(yuruh Clseighangran. and )ya buruhwaru ahredde. and )ysene here
geflymde to hiora scypon. And )ia wses ymbe twa niht gewende se
cyning ofer set Bregent forda. and |>a wi% jione here gefeaht. and
hine geflymde. and )>8er adranc mycel wsel Englisces folces. for hiora
agenre gymeleaste. )»a 9e ferdon beforan l^sere fyrde and woldan fon
feng. And se cyning sefter )yam gewende to WestSeaxxim. and his
fyrde samnode.

Da gewende se here sona to Lundene and $a buruh utan emb sset.
and hyre stearclice on feaht seg^er ge be wsetere ge be lande. Ac se
iElmihtiga God hi ahredde.

Se here gewende )>a sefter )yam fram Lundene mid hyra scypum

(F) Se here gewende "Sa sefter )>am fram Lundene mid heora scipimi into
7 o>8er D. B Breegent forda D. 9 samnade D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 157

sdpum into Arwan. and )?ar up foran. and feordon on(A.D. 1016)

Myrcean. and slogon and b^mdon swa hwset swa hi ofer

foron. swa heora ge wuna wses. and heom metes tilodon. and

hi drifon seg^er ge scipa ge heora drafa into Medewaege.

Da gesomnode Eadmund cyng iiii sipe ealle Engia )?eode.

and ferde ofer Temese to Brent forda. and ferde innan Cent^

and se here him fleah be foran mid hira horsa into Sceapige.

and se cyng ofsloh heora swa feala swa he of faran mihte. and

Eadric ealdormann gewende )?a ^sene cyng ongean set ^geles

forda 2. nses nan mare unrsed gered ]7onne se wsds.

Se here gewende eft up on EastSeaxan. and ferde into Myr-
cean. and fordydon call f he ofer ferde. Da se cyng geaxode'^
f se here uppe wses. $a ge somnodc^ he v svSe ealle Engla ^'eode.

C) into Arewan. and tSaer up foron. and ferdon on Myrcan. and slogon
and baemdon swa hwset swa hi oforan. swa hira gewuna is. and him
metes tilodon. and hi drifon 8Bg))er ge scipu ge hyra drafa into
Medwsege. Da gesamnode Eadmund cyng feorSan si^e ealle his
fyrde. and ferde ofer Temese set Brentforda. and ferde innon Kent,
and se here him fleah beforah mid hiora horsum into Sceapige. and
se cyning ofsloh heora swa fela swa he oflaran mihte. And Eadric
ealdorman gewende |ya %one cyning ongean set Egeles forda. nses
nan mara unrsed gersed )K)nne se wses.

Se here gewende eft up on EastSexan. and ferde into Myrcum.
and fordyde eall f he ofor ferde. Da se cyning geahsode f se
here uppe waes. ]>a gesomnode he fiftan si^e ealle Engla ]>eode. and

[F) Arwan. and Uar up foran on Myrcan. and slogan and bsemdon swa heora
gewune >a8. Da gegaderode Eadmund cing feorSe si'Se eal Engla "Seode.
and ferde into Cent, and se here fleg mid horsan into Soeapege. and se cing
ofsloh swa feU swa he offiu^n mihte. And Eadric ealderman gewende )>ene

ongean at Egeles forda. n»s nan mare unrsed gened "Sanne se waes Sed

cnm pervenisset rex ad JSgelesford^ dux Eadricus per dolum fecit exerdtum
Anglonun redire. Non fait pejus concilium &ctam in Anglia de tali re.

Se here ferde eft into Myrcan. t5 gehyrde se cmg. Ua gegaderode he fifta

1 Csent D. hostes retineret, eo die plena potiretur

2 . . . . nisi perfidus dux Edricus victoria. Flor.
Streona suis insidiis et insiliis apud 3 geahsade D.
Eaglesford, ne suos persoquerctur 4 gcsamnade D.

158 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1016) and ferde him aet hindan. and offerde hi innan EastSeaxan
set ];ere dune ]7e mann haet Assandun. and ]?aer togsedere
heardlice fengon. Da dyde Eadric ealdormann swa he oftor^
ser dyde. astealde ]?one fleam aerest^ mid Magesaeton. and
8wa aswac his cynehlaforde and ealle J^eode^. JTser haefde cnut

vtl >eode

Oct. 18. sige. and gefeaht him eall Englaland. )7aer wearB ofslagen
EadnoB. and Wulsige^ abb' and JEKnc ealdorman. and Crod-
wine ealdorman. and Ulfeytel of EastEnglan. and ^iSelward
iS^elsiges^ sunu ealdormannes. and eall se dugo% on Angel
cinne^

Da sefter f^isum gefeohte wende Gnut cing upp mid his
here to Glea we ceastre scire. )?3er he geherde secgan^ }?et
se cyng wses Eadmund. Da gersedde Eadric ealdormann and

(C) ferde him aet hindan. and offerde hi on EiastSexum. at {>aere dune ^
man hset Assandun. and |yar togsedere heardlice fengon. £>a dyde
Eadric ealdormann swa swa he aer oftor dyde. astealde psene fleam
serest mid Magesaeton. and aswac swa his cynehlaforde and ealre
Angel cynnes |>eode. Daer ahte Cnut sige. and gefeht him ealle
Engla|)eode. Daer wear^ Eadnojy b' ofslagen. and Wulsige abb*
and -^i^lfric ealdorman. and Godwine ealdorman on Lindesige. and
Ulfeytel on EastEnglum. and ^jjelweard j!l|)elwines sunu ealdor-
mannes. and eal Angel cynnes dugu^ )?ar wear^ fordon.

Da aefter |>is8um gefeohte gewende Cnut kynincg up mid his here
to Gleau ceastre scire, ^aer he ofahsade f se cyning wses Eadmund.
Da geraedde Eadric ealdormann and ^a witan )?e ^ar waeron f )>a

(F) si'S'San eal EnglatSeode. and ferde siter ^an here and offerde hine at Assan-
dune, and tSar togseiSere fsestlice fengon. Da dyde Eadric ealdorman. swa
he oft ser dyde. astealde >one fleam serest mid Magesaeton. and swa aswac his
cyne hlaforde and ealle J>eode. Daer hsefde Cnut sige. and gefeaht him eall
Englaland. Der weartS o&lagen Eadno'5 and Wulsi abb', and .^Ufnc ealdor-
man. and Ulfeytel of EastEnglan. and ^^elward M1Se\aigeB sunu ealdor-
mannes. and eall seo duga'b' on Angel cynne.

Da aefter )>isam gefeohte gewende Cnut cyng upp mid his here to Gleawe
ceastre scire. J>8Br he geherde secgan p se cyng wees Eadmund. Da geraedde
Eadric ealdormann and l>a witan tfe J>8er waeron. "p J>a cyningas seht namon

^ ofter D. 6 eerast D. .ffi>elwine was the name : he often

7 >eodse D. 8 Wulfsie D. signs documents under i£|>elred and

9 Elfpvines D. i£thelwardas dux, his predecessors. Cod. DipL

filius ducis EastAnglorum iEthelwini 1 seo duguS of Angel cynnes >eodeD.

Dei amici. Plor. Cf. Wendover. 2 ofaxade D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 169

J>a witan ]?a ^Sar^ waeron f )?a cyningas seht namon^ heom (a.D. 1016)
betweouan. and hi gislas sealdon heom betweoiian. and )?a
cyningas comou* togsedere aet Olanige. and^ heora freond-
scipe ]79er ge faestnodon. ge mid wedde ge mid a'Se. and f
gyld setton wi"S J?one here, and hi to hwurfon )7a mid j^isum
sehte. and feng Eadmund cing to Weast Seaxan and Gnut to
Myrcean^.

Se here ge wende J?a to scipon mid J?am )?ingum J?e hi ge
fangen hsefdon. and Lundenewaru gri^ede wi^ )7one here, and
heom fri^ ge bohtan. and se here ge brohtou heora scipa on
Lundene. and Jieom winter setle p2dr inne namon.

Da to scs Andreas msessan forSferde se cyng Eadmund. and Nov. 30.
is byrged mid his ealdan faeder Eadgare on Glsestinga byrig.
And on j>am ilcan geare forSferde Wulfgar abb' on Abbandune.
and feng i^iSelsige to.

C) cynegas seht naman him betwynan. and hi gislas him betwynan
sealdon. And |)a cynegas comon togaedere set Olanege. and hira
freondscype j>aer gefsestnodon. ge mid wedde ge mid aj>e. and f gyld
setton wi% |K)ne here. And hi to hwurfon %a mid |>issum sehte. and
feng Eadmund to WestSexan and Cnut to Myrcan.

And se here gewende )?a to scypon mid j)am ^ingon )>e hi gefangen
hsefdon. And Lundenwaru gri^ode wi^ )>one here, and hira friS
gebohton. and se here gebrohton hyra scipu on Lundene. and him
winter setl ^aer inne naroon.

Da to see Andreas maessan forSferde se kyning Eadmund. and his
lie li% on Glaestinga byrig mid his ealdan faeder Eadgare. And on
iSsm ilcan geare for^ferde Wulfgar abb' on Abbandune. and i£|ielsige
feng to |yam abbod rice.

F) heom betweonan. and hi gislas sealdon heom betweonan. And )>a cyningas
comon togsedere aet Olanige. and heora freondscipe >ser ge&estnodon ge mid
wedde ge mid a'Se. and p gyld setton wi"5 >one here, and hi to hwurfon J>a
mid hisum sehte. And feng Eadmund cyng to West Seaxan. and Cnut to
Myrcean.

Da to St. Andreas msessan for'Sferde se cing Eadmund. and ys bebyrged
mid his ealde faeder Eadgare on Glsestingabyri.

3 gegaderade adds D. ^ wurdon feolagan and wedbro^m.

4 geworhtan D. and )> gefaestnadan D.
* coman begen D. 7 J>am norS d«le D.

160 THE PARKER MS. (X)

1017. Her Cnut weariS gecoran to kinge.

(C) 1017. Her on jiissum geare feng Cnut kyning to eallon Angd
cynnes ryce. and hit to dselde on feower. him sylfan WestSexan.
and Durkylle EastEnglan. and Eadrice Myrcan. and Irke Nort
hymbran.

And on )yi8sum geare wses Eadric ealdorman ofslagen. and Noi^
man Leofwines Bunu ealdormannes. and iE|>elweard iEfielmseres
sunu greatan. and Brihtric ^Elfehes sunu on Defena scire. And
Cnut cyning aflymde ut Eadwig sejyeling. and eft hine het ofslean.
And j>a toforan kl' Augusti het se cynigc fetian him Jiaes cyniges
lafe iEJ>elr8pde8 him to wife. Ricardes dohtor.

1018. Her on jiissum geare wses f gafol gelaest ofer eal Angel
cyn. f wses ealles twa and hund seofontig )>U8end punda. buton
^am )>e seo burhwaru on Lunden geald. f wses endlyfte healf
(yusend punda. And se here $a ferde sum to Denemearce. and zl
scypa belaf mid )yam cynige Cnute. And Dene and Engle wurdon
sammsele set Oznaforda.

1019. Her gewende Cnut cyng to Denemearcon. and ^xr wunode
ealne |>one winter.

1020. Her on |>is8um geare forSferde Lyfing arceb'. And Cnut
cyning com eft to Englalande. And )>a on Eastron wses mycel
gemot aet Cyringceastre. |>a geutlagode man iE)>elweard ealdorman.
and Eadwig ceorla cyngc.

And on %isum geare se cyng for to Assandune. and Wulfstan
arceb' and Durkyl eorl and manega bisceopas mid heom. and ge-
halgodan f mynster set Assandune.

1021. Her on ^issum geare to Martines msessan Cnut kyning
geutlagode Durkyl eorl.

1022. Her Cnut kyningc for ut mid his scipon to Wiht. And
iEJ>elno^ arceb* for to Rome.

S Eiric D. KgfSer for Gode and for womlde.

9 on Lnndene swy^e rihtlice inserts 6 F imserts — and let tymbrian >ar

p. justissime occisus est. F. Lot. an mynster of stane and lime for )«re

1 hat was iElfgiue on Englisc. Ymma manna sawle )>e )>ar ofslagene wieran.

on Frenciflc. adds F. and g:ief hit his anum p*ste. )>as nam*

3 to Eadgares lage adds F. was Stigand.

3 mid iz scipum imerta F. 6 and sefter msessan mid )>an papan

4 D continues — And her foi^ferdc gereordade. and mid l>as papan blets-
wElfstan arceb*. se wbbs Lifing genem- unge gecyrde to his arb' stole. F.
ned. and he wses swilSe rsedfsest man.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 161

1017. Her on ]>i8um geare feng Cnut cyning to call Angel
cynnes rice, and hit todaeld on fower. him sylfum West
Seaxan. and purcylle EastEnglan. and Eadrice Myrcean.
and Yrice® NorShymbran.

And on )?isum geare waes Eadric ealdormann ofslagen^.
and NorSman Leofwines sunu ealdormannes. and iEiSelword
^^elmaeres sunu )?8es grsetan. and Brihtric i^lfgetes sunu
on Daefenan scire, and Cnut cyng aflymde ut iEdwig seeding.
and Eadwig ceorla cyng. And )?a to foran kV Aug' het se cyng
feccan him i^^elredes lafe ^'es o^res cynges him to cwene
Bicardes dohtor^

1018. On )?isum geare waes f gafol gelsest ofer call Angel
cynn. f w»8 ealles Ixxii )?usend punda. buton }>am ]>e seo
burhwaru on Lundene guidon xi ]?usend punda. and se here
ferde psi sum to Denmearcon. and xl scipo belaf mid ]7am
cyninge Cnute. And Dene and Engle wurdon sam msele set
Oxnaforda^. And her iE^Selsige abb' forSferde on Abb'ndune.
and feng JEXelwine to.

1019. Her gewende Cnut cyng'^ to Denmearcon. and j^aer
wunode ealne winter^.

1020. Her com Cnut cyng to Englalande. and ]>a, on
Eastron waes mycel gemot on Cyrnceastre. j^a geutlagode
mann ^iSelwold ealdorman.

And on )?i8sum geare se cyng for to Assandune^. and Lining
arcb' forSferde. and ^^elnoiS munuc and decanus set Xpes
cyrcan waes ]?e ilcan geare )7arto gehadod to biscop. Nov. i.^.

1021. Her on ]?ysum geare Cnut cyng to Martin' maessan
geutlagode purkil eorl. *

1022. Her Cnut cyng for ut mid his scipum to Wiht. And
JESehioi biscop for to Rome, and waes under fangen J^aer
fram Benedicte )?am papan myd mycclum wurSscipe. and
mid his agenum handum him his pallium onsette. and to
arcb' arwurSlice gehalgode. and he sy^'San mid )?am pallium
JTter maessode ^swa se papa him gewissode. and he hine ge
reordode aefter ]7am mid )?am papan. and sylSiSon mid fulre
bletsunge ham gewende. And Leofwine abb' se waes unrihtlice
of Elig adraefed waes his gefera. and hine ]7ser aelces ]iinges
geclaensode pe him mann onssede. swa se papa him tsehte
on yes arcb'es gewitnesse. and on ealles ]?aes geferscipes pe
him mid wsds.

Y

162 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

1031. Her com Cnut agan to Englalande. Sona
swa he be com to Englalande. he geaf into Xpes
cyrican on Cantwarebyri J>a haefenan on Sandwic.
and ealla ]?a gerihta pe J^aer of arisa]? of jeiSre healfe
®are hsefene. swa 'f loc hwenne "f flod byj? ealra hehst
and ealra fullost. beo an scip flotigende swa neh ]7an
lande swa hit nyxt maege. and ]?ar beo an mann stande
on Jjan scipe and habbe ane taper aex on his ....

F. 1028. Her for Cnut cing to NorSwegtl of Englalande mid 1 acipa Englia-
era )>egena. and adraf Olaf cing of )>S lande and geagenede hi p land, et hie
Cnut ivit NoniuegS de Anglia ea 1 navib' de nobilib' Anglie, et expulit Olaull
regS de tr<t ilia et possedit e^.

1029. Her e5 Cnut cing eft to Englalande. And sona swa he com to Engia
lande. he geaf into Cristes cyrican an Cantwareberi >a hafene an Sandwic.
and ealle "p l>ar of arist of seg'Sre healf >are hefne. swa )>at loc hwenne "p
flot bi^ ealra heghst and fullost. l>at an scip flotige swa neh San lande swa hit
nyxt msge. and an mann stande )>ar .... Hie rev'sus 6 Cnut ad AngliS. Et
dedit Ecclesise Cliristl Cantuariee portum de Sanduuic et onmes exitus ejusdem
aqusB ab utraque parte fluminis, ita ut natante nave cum plenimi fuerit, quam
longius de navi potest securis parvula super terram projici, debet a ministris
Eoclesise Christi rectitude navis accipi ; nullusque omnino hominum aHquam
consuetudinem in eodem portu habet, exeeptis monachis Ecelesise Christi.
Eorum quoque est transfiretatio portus et navicula et theoloneum naviculs et
omnium navium quee ad Sanduuic venerint, a Pipemsesse usque Nortmuthe.
Si quid autem in magno mari repertum fuerit delatum Sanduuic, medietatem
Ecclesia Christi habebit ; reliqua vero pars inventoribus remanebit.

l031. Her ferde Cnut cing to Rome, and >e8 ylcan geares 'Sa he hS cQ he for
to Scotlande and Scotta cing hi to beah. and twegen o'Sre cingas. Mealbna'Se.
and lehmarc. And Rodb*t eorl of Normandi ferde to lerl'm and >ar weaii$
dead, and Will'm iSe was si'S'San cing on Englalande feng to Normandi ISeh
he cild wsere.

(C) 1023. Her Cnut cyning com eft to Englalande. and Darcil and
he wseran anrsede. and he betsehte Durcille Denemearcan and his
sunn to healdenne. and se cyning nam Durciles 8unu mid him to
Englalande. And he let ferian syiS^an see iElfeges reliquias of
Lundene to Cantwarabyrig.

1028. Her Cnut cing for to Norwegon. mid 1 scipum.
1030. Her waes Olaf cing ofslagen on Norwegon of his agenum
folce. and w»s sy^an halig. And jiaes geres ser tJam forferde Hacun.
se dohtiga eorl. on sae.

D. 1023. Her Cnut kyning. binnan Lundene. on see Paules mynstre.
sealde fuUe leafe iE^elno^e arceb'e and Bryhtwine b'e. and eallon
)yaro Codes )>eowum )ye heom mid wairon. f hi moston nyman up
of )>am byrgene |>oiie arceb' see iEliheah. and hi |>a swa dydon on
vi Idus lunii. and se brema cyng and se arceb' and leodbiscopas
and eorlas and swiSe manege hadode and eac laewede feredon on

f

THE LAUD MS. (E) 163

1023. Her forSferde Wulfstan arcV and feng ^Ifric to.
and ]fdds ilcan geares iE^elnoiS arcbiscop ferede see iElfeges
arcb' reliquias to Cantwarbyrig of Lundene.

1024. Hie Rieard^ scd's ob*. Ricard' fili' ei' regnavit prope
uno anno. & post eQ regn RodbH' fr* ei' viii ann.

1025. Her for Cnut cyng to Denmeareon mid seipon to
^B. holme aet ea ]?8ere halgan. and ]>8er comon ongean Vlf
and Eglaf. and swi^e mycel here segSer ge land here ge
sciphere of Swa^eode^. and )?8er wses swi^e feala manna
forfaren^ on Cnutes cynges healfe. segSer ge Deniscra manna
ge Engliscra. and |?a Sweon heafdon weallstowe ge weald.

1028. Her for Cnut cyng of Englalande mid fiftig scipum
to Norwegum. and adraf Olaf cyning of )?am lande. and ge
ahnode him ]>et lande.

1029. Her com Cnut cyng eft ham to Englal*.

1030. Her com Olaf cyng eft into Norwegum. and pet folc
gegaderode him togeanes. and him wiiS gefuhton. and he
wearS )78er of slagen.

1031. Her for Cnut cyng to Rome, and };y ilcan geare he
for to Scotlande. and Scotta cyng him tobeah Mselcolm. and
twegen &Sre cyningas. MselbaeJ^e. and lehmarc.

RodVtus comes oV in peregrinatione. et successit rex
WilFmus in puerili setate.

D) scype his j>one halgan lichaman ofer Temese to Sut5geweorke. and
pxT jione halgan martyr [>an arcebiscope and his geferum betaehton.
and hi jia mid weor^lican weorode. and wynsaman dreame. hine to
Hrofesceastre feredan. Da on )yam )>ryddan dsege com Iroma seo
hlaefdie mid hire cynelican bearne HeardaCnute. and hi |ya ealle mid
mycclan jirymme and blisse and lofsange t>one halgan arceb* into
Cantwarebyri feredon. and swa wufSlice into Cristes cyrcan brohton.
on iii Id' lun. Eft sy'S^an on Jwim eahteot$an daege. on xvii kl'
lulii. iEt$elno$ arceb* and iElfsie b' and Bryhtwine b' and ealle j>a J»e
mid heom wseron. gelogodon see iElfeages halgan Hchaman on nor%
healfe Cristes weofodes. Code to lofe. and j>am halgan arceb'e to
wurSmynte. and eallon j>am to ecere haeKe j>e his halgan lichoman
yxT mid estfulre heortan and mid ealre eadmodnysse dseghwamlice
secea^. God aelmihtig gemiltsie eallum Cristenum mannum. jiurh
see iElfeges halgan gegeamunga.

1026. Her for iElfric b' to Rome, and onfeng pallium set lohanne
papan. on ii Id' Nouemb'.

7 Sweo'Sode F. 8 farferene F.

Y 2

164. THE LAUD MS. (E)

1032. Her on ]?i88nm geare atywde f wildefyr %e nan
mann aeror nan swylc ne gemunde. and gehwser hit derode
eac on manegum stowum. And on ]7am ilcan geare forSferde
iElfsige biscop on Winceastre. and iSlfwine ]i8es cvnges preost
feng )78Brto.

1033. Her on yhnm geare forSferde Merehwit b^ on Sum-
ersaeton. and he is bebyrged on Gkestingabyrig.

1034. Her forSferde jE«eric V.

1036. Her forSferde Cnut cyng set Sceafbesbyrig. and he
is bebyrged on Winceastre on Ealdan mynstre. and he wses
cyng ofer eall Euglaland swySe neh xx wintra. And sona
setter his forsi^e wses ealra witcna gemot on Oxna forda. and
Leofric eorl. and msest ealle ]7a )?egenas benorSan Temese.
and )?a li^smen on Lunden. gecuron Harold to healdes ealles
Englalandes. him and his broker Hardacnute ]fe wses on

(C) 1034. Her gefor i4^3))eric b*. and he li^ on Ramesige. *

1035. Her forSferde Cnut cing. on ii Id' Nouemb' aet Sceftes
byrig. and hine man ferode |>anon to Winceastre. and bine {yaer
bebyrigde.

And iElfgyfu. Irame. seo hlsefdie. sset jia ^r binnan. And Harold
j>e saede f he Cnutes sunu waere and ^are o^re ^^Elfgyfe. |>eh hit
na 80^ naere. be scnde to. and let niman of byre ealle |>a betstan
gaersuma. ¥e heo of healdan ne roihte. l>e Cnut cing ahte. and heo
sa^t )>eh forts jyaer binnan t$a hwile )>e heo moste.

1036. Her com Alfred se unsce^iga 8e)>eling. -.'E)>elnedcs sunu
cinges. hider inn. and wolde to his meder [we on Wincestre saet. ac
*bit him ne ge)?afode Godwine eorl. ne ec oj^re men j>e raycel mihton
wealdan. forSan hit bleo^rode j>a swi^e ^ toward Haraldes. )>eh hit
unriht waere.

^Ac Godwine bine j>a gelette*
and hine on baeft sette-
and bis geferan be todraf*
and sume mislice ofslob*
8ume hi man wi^ feo sealdc*
suroe hreowlice acwealde*
sume hi man bende-
^sume hi man blende-
8ume bamelode*
sume baettode.

» vElfgyfe hsere Hamtunisca D. 3 {>» let he hine on hseft settan. and

1 t ne gc)>afodon J>a he miccl weoldon his geferan he eac fordraf. and fumc D.
on hisan lande D. 4 and eac sume blende and heanlice

2 to Harolde heah hit D. hfritode D.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 165

Denemearcon. And Godwine eorl and ealle )?a yidestan
menn on WestSeaxon. lagon ongean swa hi lengost mihton.
ac hi ne mihton nan ]?ing ongean wealcan. And man ge-
rsedde )?a f -ffilfgifu Hardacnutes modor saete on Win
ceastre mid ]?ses cynges huscarlum hyra suna, and heoldan
ealle WestSeaxan him to handa. and Godwine eorl waes
heora healdest mann. Sume men ssedon be Harolde f he
waere Cuutes sunn cynges and ^Ifgiue ^Ifelmes dohtor eald-
ormannes. ac hit ]7uhte swi'Se ungeleaflic manegum mannum.
and he wses j^seh full cyng ofer call Englaland.

C) Ne wear^ ^dreorlicre dad*

gedon on )>ison earde*
8y|>))aQ Dene comon*
and her fri% namon.

Nu is to gelyfenne
to %an leofan Gode*
f hi blission*
bli^e mid Xpe*
|)e waeron butan scylde-
swa earmlice acwealde.

Se 8eJ>eling lyfode jia gyt*
ale yfel man him ^gehet*
o^ f man gersedde*
f man hine laedde*
to Eligbyrig*
^swa gebundenne.

Sona swa he lende*
on scype man hine blende*
and hine swa blindne*
brohte to 9am munecon.
And he )yar wunode*
^ hwile )>e he lyfode.

Sy^^San hine man byrigde*
swa him wel gebyrede*
ful wur^ice*
swa he wyr^ waes*
at j>am west ende*
J>am ^styple folgebende*
on j>am su9 portiee*
Seo ^saul is mid Xpe.

D. 1033. Her foriSferde Leofsie b*. and his lichama rested on Wigra
ceastre. and Brihteh was on his setl ahafen.

!* dreorilicre D. <> behet D. 7 ealswa D. B stypcle D. 9 sawul D.

166 THE PARKER MS. (55)

1040. Her Eadsige arceb' for to Rome, and Harold
king fbr^ferde.

1042. Her for^ferde HarSacnut king.

(C) 1037. Her mau geceas Harald ofer eall to cinge. and forsoc
Harf$aCnut. for^an he wses to lange on Denemarcon. and man draf
^a ut his modor. Mlfgyfe 8a cwene. butan aelcere roildheortnesse.
ongean )?one ^ weallendan wint'. and heo co tJa to ^Bricge begeondon
886. and Baldwine eorl hi tJaer wel underfeng. and hig )>aer geheold
)>a hwile t$e hire neod wjes. And jises geres aer. gefor ^Efic. se aeMa
decanus on ^ Heofeshame.

1038. Her gefor ^t>elno8 se goda arceb* and -^jielric b' on Su5
Sexum. and ^Elfric b' on EastEnglura. and Bjrrhteh b* on Wihra
cestre scire xiii k' Ian.

H)31). Her com se mycla wind, and Byrhtmaer b' gefor on Licet-
felda. And Wealas slogon Eadwine. Leofrices bro^r eorles. and
Durcil and ^Elfget and swiSe fela godra manna mid heo. And her
CO ec Har^acnut to Bricge. {lar his modor wses.

1040. Her swealt Harald cing. Da sende man «ft' Har^acnute
to Bricge. wende f man wel dyde. And he com %a hider mid Ix
scipum foran to middan sumera. and astealde )>a swi^ Strang gyld.
f man hit uneat5e ^aco. f wses viii marc set ha. and him wses ]»
unhold eall f his ser gyrnde. and he ne gefremede ec naht cynelices
)>a hwile ^e he ricxode. He let dragan up jiaene deadan Harald and
hine on fen sceotan.

1041. Her let HarSacnut hergian eall Wihracest* scire, for his
twegra huscarla jyingon tJe f strange gyld budon. )>a sloh f folc hi
binnan port, innan %am mynstre.

And ]i8es geres sona co Eadward his bro^or on medren. fra be-
geondan sae. i£|>elrsedes sunu cinges. ^ wses ser for fela gearon of
his earde adrifen. and %eh waes to cinge gesworen. and he wunode
l^a swa on his bro^or hirede }>a hwile t$e he leofode.

And on |>ison gere ec swdc HarSacnut Eadulf eorl under his gritSe.
and he waes )>a wedloga.

1042. Her gefor HafSacnut swa f he set his drince stod. and he
faeriuga feoll to j>3ere eor^an mid egeslicum anginne, and hine ge-
Isehton ^e j>ar neh wseron. and he syt$t$an nan word ne gecwaet$. and
he foi^ferde on vi Id' lun*. And eall folc underfeng 8a Ektdward to
cinge. swa him gecynde wses.

1 wallendan D. 2 Brygce D. 3 Eofcsham D. 4 mihte acuman D.

\

THE LAUD MS. (E) 167

1037. Her man drsefde ut iElfgife Cnutes cynges lafe. seo
wees Hardacnutes cyuges modor. and heo gesohte ]?a Bald-
wines gri^ be su^an sae. and he ^geaf hire wununge on ^Bricge.
and he hi mundode. and heold j^a hwile pe heo pB^r wses.

1038. Her forSferde 7iE«elno« arceb' on kV Nouemb'.
and ®{?ae8 ymbe lytel -fi^elric b' on Su^Seaxum. and J^a
toforan Xpes msessan Brihteh b' on Wigra ceaster scire,
^and ra^e {?8es ^Ifric b' on EastEnglum. And J?a feng
Eadsige 'b' to }>am arc' rice, and Grymcytel to ^am on Su^
Sexum. and Lining b' to Wigra ceaster scire and to Gleaw
cestre scire.

1039. Her forSferde Harold cyng on Oxnaforda on xvi
k' Apr*, and he waes bebyrged set Westmynstre. And he
weolde Englalandes iv gear and xvi wucan. and on his
dagum man geald xvi scipan set selceVe hamulan viii marc,
call swa man ser dyde on Cnutes cynges dagum. And on }>is
ilcan geare com Hardacnut cyng to Sandwic vii nihtum aer
middan sumera. And he wses sona underfangen ge fram
Anglum ge fram Denum. )?eah pe his raedesmenn hit sy^SiSon
strange forguldon. Da hi gersedden ]>et man geald Ixii scipon
set selcere hamelan viii marc. And on ]>is ilcan geare eode se
ssester hwaetes to Iv peuega and eac fur8or.

1040. Her waes )7et heregeold gelaest. f waeron xxi ]7usend
punda and xcix punda. and man geald syiSSan xxxii scipon xi
}>usend punda and xlviii punda.

And on ^is ilcan geare com Eadward iE^elredes sunu
cinges hider to lande of weallande. se waes Hardacnutes
bro^Sor cynges. hi waeron begen ^Ifgiues suna. seo waes
Bicardes dohtor eorles.

1041. Her forSferde Hardacnut cyng set LdmbhyiSe on vi

D. 1038. Her foriSferde iE«elno« se goda arceb' and JE^xlnc h*
on Su^Sexan. se gewilnode to Gode f he bine ne lete lybban nane
hwile aefter his leofan feeder iE^elno^e. and he eac binnan seofon
nihton {yaes gewat. and Brihteh b' on Wigracestre xiii kl' Ian.

D. 1041. And her man hadode i£gelnc b' to Eoferwic on iii Id'
lanuarii.

6 gif hyre wunuxiga F. Su'S Sexan. F.

6 Brigge and wurdlioe hi heold F. 9 iSaa sona F.

7 iEgelno'5 F. 1 ^ses cinges p'st F. capelianus re-

8 embe Htcl fyrst iEgelric b* of gis. F. Lot,

i

168 THE PARKER MS. (3l)

1043. Her w<es Eduuard gehalgod to kinge.

(C) 1043. Her waes Eadward gehalgod to cinge on Wincestre. on
forman Easter dseig. mid myccelum wyr^scype. and ¥a waeron
Eastron iii Non' Apl*- Eadsige arcebisceop bine halgade. and to
foran eallum }>am folce hine wel laerde. and to his agenre neode and
ealles folces wel manude.

And Stigant preost waes gebletsad to biscp* to EastEnglum. And
rat5e J^ses se cing let geridan ealle )>a land ]>e his modor ahte him to
handa. and nam of hire eall f heo ahte on golde. and on seolfre.
and on unasecgendlicum |>ingum. for^am heo hit heold ser to faeste
wis hine. And raSe }>£es. roan sette Stigant of his bisceoprice. and
nam eal f he ahte )>am cinge to handa. for^am he waes nehst his
modor rsede. and heo for swa swa he hire rsedde. Jws ^ men
wendon.

1044. Her Eadsige arceb' forlet ^ bisceopr' for his untnimnysse.
and bletsade }>serto Siward abb' of Abb'dune to bisceope. be tJaes
cinges leafe and raede and Godwines eorles. hit waes elles feawam
mannum cu% ser hit gedon waes. forSam se arceb' wende f hit sum
o^er man abiddan wolde oJ>j)e gebicgan. |>e he wyrs tniwode tmd
u¥e. gyf hit ma manna wiste. And on ^isum gere waes swy^
mycel hunger ofer eall Englaland. and com swa dyre swa nan man
ser ne gemunde. swa f se sester hwaetes code to Ix pen. and eac
fur^or.

And )>aes ylcan geres se cinge for ut to Sandwic. mid xxxv
scypon. And iE)>el8tan cyricwyrd feng to }>am abbodrice aet
Abbandune. And on pam ylcan gere Eadward cing nam Eadgy)>e.
Godwines eorles dohtor. him to wife x nihtum aer Candel maessan.

I0$0

next

D. 1043. Her waes Eadward gehalgod to cynge set Wincestre. on
forman Easter dseg.

And }>aes geres xiiii nihton aer Andreas maessan. man geraedde
}>an cynge f he rad of Gleawcestre. and Leofric eorl and Godwine
eorl and Sigwar^ eorl mid heora genge to Wincestre. on unwaer on
]>a hlaefdian. and bereafedan hi aet eallon }>an gaersaman ]>e heo ahte.
]>a waeron unatellendlice. for)>an }>e heo waes aeror }>am cynge hire
suna swi^e heard, f heo him laesse dyde )>on he wolde aer }>a )>e he
cyng waere. and eac sy^an. and leton hi )>aer si^^an binnan sittan.

2 wel lerde to his agenre neodo. and tem nbi subjecd populi. F. Lot.
to ealles foloes freme F. Edsinus ... 8 qnatiniM nimis tenadter ea contra

docuit earn . . . ea quie sibi iacienda ilium tenuit. F. LcU.
erant ad honorem suum, et ad utilita-

THE LAUD MS. (E) 169

id' Iim. and he wses cyng ofer eall Englaland twa gear
buton X nihtum. and he is bebyrged on Ealdan mynstre on
Winceastre mid Cnute cynge his fseder. And ear J?an J>e he
bebyrged wsere. eall folc geceas Eadward to cynge on Lun-
dene. healde ph hwile ]?e him Ood unne. And eall f gear
wses Hynie hefig time on manegum ]?ingum and mislicum. ge
on unwaederum ge on eorSwsestmum. and swa mycel orfes
wses \fdds geares forfaren. swa nan man ser ne gemunde.
segiSer ge J>urh mistlice co'Sa ge J?urh ungewyderu. And on
yis ilcan tyme forSferde w£lf.* abbot of Burh. and man ceas ]?a ^iCifdne
Arnwi munec to abb\ for]?an ]?e he wses swi^e god man and
swi^Se bilehwit.

1042. Her w«s ^EiSward gehalgod to cyng on Winceastre
on JEster dseg mid mycclum wur^scipe. and J>a wseron
Eastron on iii non^ Apr'. Eadsige arcb' hine halgode. and
foran eallum folce hine well Iserde. and to his agenre neode
and ealles folces well raonude^.

And Stigand preost wses gebletsod to biscope to East
Englum. And raiSe ]>dQs se cing let geridan ealle ^h land
pe his modor ahte him to handa. and nam of hire eall f
heo ahte on golde and on seolfre. and on unasecgendlicum
)7ingum. for)7an heo hit heold to feste wi^ hine ^

1043. Her Eadsige arcb' forlet ]>et biscoprice for his un-
trumnisse. and bletsode }>jerto Siward abbot of Abbandune to
biscope be j^ees cynges Isefe and raeda and Godwines eorles.
hit wses elles feawum mannum cu^S ser hit gedon wses. forj^an
se arcbiscop wende f hit su oiSer mann abiddan wolde o^^Se
gebicgean. J?e he his wyrs truwude and uiSe. gif hit ma manna
wiste. And on jjisum wses swy Se mycel hungor ofer Engla
land, and corn swa dyre swa nan mann aer ne gemunde. swa
*p se sester hwaetes code to Ix penega. and eac furSor.

And J/SBS ylcan geares se cyng for ut to Sandwic mid xxxv
scipon. And jEiSelstan cyriceweard feng to iSam abbotrice set
Abb'ndune. And Stigand feng to his biscoprice.

1043. Her nam -Edward cyng Godwines dohtor eorles him
to cwene. And on J?is ilcan geare forSferde Brihtwold b'.
and he heold j^ses biscop rices xxxviii wintra. and Hereman
J^es cynges preost feng to j^am biscoprice. And on jjysum
geare man halgode Wulfric to abb' set See Augustine to Xpes

z

170 THE LAUD MS. (E)

msessan on Stephanes msessedseg. be J^es cynges gelsefan and
iSlfstanes abbotes for his mycelre untrumnysse.

1044. Her for8ferde Lining b' on Defenascire. and Leofric
feng ]7serto se wses J^aes cynges preost. And on )?isum ilcan
geare forSferde ^Ifstan abbot set See Augustine iii non' lulii.
And on ]?is ilcan geare wearS aflemed ut Osgot Clapa.

1045. Her forSferde Grymkytel V on SuiSSexum. and feng
Heca iSes cynges preost ]78erto. And on ]?ysum geare forS
ferde iElfwine biscop on Winceastre. on iiii V Septemb*. and
feng Stigand b' benorSan ]^rto. And on "Sam ilcan geare
ferde Swegen eorl ut to Baldewines lande to Bryc^. and
wunode pser ealne winter, and wende )?a to sumere ut.

Bellum apud Vallium Dunas.

1046. Her forSferde iEj^elstan abbot on Abbandune. and
feng Spearhafoc munuc to of See Eadmundesbyrig. And on
]>is ilcan geare forSferde Siward biscop. and feng Eadsige
arcV eft to eallum J?a Vrice.

And on pin ilcan geare comon to Sandwic. Lo'Sen and

(C) 1045. Her on Jiysum geare forSferde Bryhtwold b* on x kl* Mai.
and Eadward cyng geaf Heramanne his preoste f bisceoprice.

And on ]>an ylcan sumera for Eadward cyng ut mid his scypan to
Sandwic. and )>ar wses swa roycel here gegaederod. swa nan man ne
geseh Bcyphere nsenne maran on )>y8an lande. And on )>is ylcan
geare forSferde Lyuync b*. on xiii kl' Apr*, and se cyng geaf Leofrice
bis preoste f biscoprice.

1046. Her on }>y8um geare for Swegn eorl into Wealan. and
Griffin se nor)>ema cyng for^ mid him. and him man gislode. Da
he hamwerdes waes. )»a het he feccan him to )>a abbedessan on
Leomynstre. and hsefde hi \>& while ])e him geliste. and let hi sy|>)>an
faran ham. And on )>is ylcan geare man geutlagode Osgod Clapan.
foran to middan wintre.

And on )>is ylcan geare. sefter Candelmaessan. com se stranga
winter, mid fbrste and mid snawe and mid eallon ungewederon. f
nses nan man )>a on liue f mihte gemunan swa stragne winter swa
se waes. ge |)urb mancwealm ge l>urh orfcwealm. ge fugelas and fixas
]>urli ]K)ne micelan cyle and hunger forwurdan.

1047. Her on }>ysum geare foi^ferde Griracytel bisceop. he waes
on Su^Sexan b'. and he li^ on Cristes cyrican on Cantwara b3rrig.
and Eadward cyncg geaf Hecan. his preoste. f b'rice. And on fis

THE LAUD MS. (E) 171

Yrling mid xxv scipon. and namon yser unasecgendlice here
hnie. on mannum and on golde and on seolfre. )>et nan man
nyste hwset J>8e8 ealles wes. and wendon J>a onbuton Tenet,
and woldon )?8er |?et ilce don. ac ]>et landfolc hardlice wiiS
stodon. and forwemdon heom segSer ge upganges ge weeteres.
and aflymdon hi ]7anon mid ealle. and hi wendon heom
)?anon to EastSeaxan. and hergodon ]>8er and namon menn
and swa hwset swa hi findan mihtan. and gewendon him
)?a east to Baldewines land, and sealdon yter pet hi gehergod
haefdon. and ferdon heo sy^iSon east }>anon pe hi ser comon.
1046. Her on )?isum geare wses se myccia syno% set Soe
i>] Remei. Dser wses on Leo se papa, and se arcb^ of Burgundia.
and se areeb' of Bysincun. and se arceb^ of Treueris. and se
arceb' of Remis. and manig mann ]?ser to. ge hadode ge laewede.
and Edward cyng sende J^ider Dudocc b'. and Wlfric abb' of

1>) 1045. § Her gefor iElfward b' on Landene. on viii kl' Ag'. He
waes abb' on Eofeshamme aerest. and f mynst' wel gefor^ode )>a
hwile ]?e he )>aer wses. gewende |>a to Ramesege. and )>ser his hf
alset. And MaDui wes to abbode gecoren and gehadod. on iiii id'
Ag*. And Jwes geres man draf Gunnilde ut. f aetSele wif. Cnutes
cynges magaD. and heo sy^^an sset set Brygee lange hwile. and for
to Denmarcon sfS^an.

1046. Her gefor Brihtwold b'. on Wiltune scire, and man sette
Hereman on his setle. On yk geare gegaderade Eadward cyng
mycele scypferde on Sandwic. }>urh Magnus )>reatunge on Norwegon.
ac his gewinn and Swegenes. on Denmarcon. geletton f he her
ne com.

1047. Her for^ferde Lyfing se wordsnotera b' x kl' Apr*, and he
hsefde iii b'rice. and on Defena scire, and on Comwaloo. and on
Wigracestre. pa feng Leofric to Defena scire and to Comwalon.
and Aldred b' to Wygracestre. And her man utlagode Osgod stal-
lere. And Magn' g'wann Denmarcon.

1048. Her w8bs se stij» wint'. and |>as geres fortSferde -^Ifwine
b' on Wincestre. and Stigand b' waes on his setl ahafen. And aer
)>a. on }>an ilcan gere. foi^ferde Grimcytel b' on SuSSexura. and
Heca preost feng to |>am b'rice. And Swegen eac sende hider. baed
him fylstes ong^an Magnus Norwega cyng. f man sceolde sendan l

$ This should be 1044 &c. (so Flor.), but D has omitted thmt figure. He
rights it at length by putting 1052 twice. M. H. B.

Z 2

l^il^^'

,bb\ f hi sceolden Jiam cyngc
^^ sii'"'' ^'^52"'^ gecoren wcere.
6)Sc^'^''Cetl^^ ^'aeare ferde Eadward cyng ut to Sandwic

dtof^^'^aJeg'^ ^^1 i^ ™i^ vii scipon to Bosenham.
"^jiod ^ ^ijs |?one cyng. and behet man him -p he

^d gri^"

"for^ferde iElfwine b'. on iiii kl' Sept. and £adward
/C) ^^^^ ^eeaf Stigande b*. f bisceoprice. And iEj>elstan abb' on

^^hd^ine forSferde on |>an ylcan geare on iiii kV Aprl*. j>a waes
' j^pig iii non' Aprl*. And wfes ofer eall Englaland swyjie

vceJ mancwelm on pan ylcan geare.

|048. Her on })isum geare wees mycel eor^styrung wide on
EngJft^*"^^- ^^^ ^" f^ ylcan geare man gebergode Sandwic.
and Wiht. and ofslohan j)a betsta men }>e ))ar waeron. And Eadward
cining and J>a eorlas foran sefter j)a ut mid heora scypun. And on
ha ylcan geare Siward b* forlet ^ bisceoprice for his untrunysse.
and for to Abbandune. and Eadsige arceb' feng eft to J>a bisceoprice.
and he for^ferde )>a;s binnan viii wucan. on x kl* Nouembris.

1049. Her on ()isum geare se casere gaderode unarimedlice fyrdc
ougean Baldewine of Brycge. j)urh -f -f he brsec Jwene palant at
Neomagan. and eac fela o^ra un)>anca J>e he him dyde. seo fyrd waes
anatellendlic )je he gegaderod haefde. Daer waes Leo se papa of
Rome, and fela mserra manna of manegan |)eodscipan. He sende
eac to Eadwerde cingce and baed hine scip fultumes. -f he ne ge|>a-
fode f he him on wsetere ne aetburste. And he for tSa to Sandwic.
and ))3er laeg mid myclan scyphere for^. -f se casere haefde of Bald-
wine eall ^ he wolde.

Dar com eft ongean Swegen eorl to Eiadwerde cinge. and gymde
to him landes. f he mihte hine on afedan. Ac Harold his bro^r
wi%cw8e%. and Beorn eorl. ^ hig noldon hi agyfan nan |>ingc |>8e8
)>e se cing heom gegyfen haefde. He com hider mid hiwunge. cwaeft
f he wolde his man beon. and baed Beorn eorl ^ he him on
fultume waere. ac se cingc him aelces )>inge8 forwymde. Da ge-
wende Swegen to his ecypon to Bosanham. and for Godwine eorl
fra Sandwic mid xlii scypon to Pefenasae. and Beorn eorl for% mid
him. and |>a se cing lyfde eallon M3nrceon ham. and hig swa dydon.
Da cydde man )mm cinge ^ Osgod lage on Ulpe mid xxix scjrpon.
|)a sende se cing aefter )>am scypon. )>e he ofsendan mihte. }^ innan
Nor% mu|>an lagon. Ac Osgod sette his wif on Brige. and wende
eft ongean mid vi scypon. and )>a o^re foron on E^tSeaxon to
Eadolfes naesse. and |)apr hearm dydon. and wendon eft to scypon.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 173

moste wurSe [beon] selc )^ra )>inga ]>e he ser ahte. Da (A. D. 1046)
wiiSlaeg Harold eorl his bro'Sor and Beom eorl. f he ne
moste beon nan J^sera )>inga wurSe pe se cyng him geunnen
hsefde. ac sette man him iv nihta gri% to his scipon. Da
wearS hit under J>am J>et )>am cynge com word, f unnfri'8

D) scypa him to fiiltame. Ac hit ]>uhte unrsed ealluin folce. and hit
weaHS j>a gelet |>urh f \>e Magn' hsefde micelne scypcraeft. And
he })a avtte ]>a Swegen ut. and mid mycclan man slihte ^ land
gewann. and Dena him mycel feoh guidon, and hine to cynge
underfengon. And |)i ylcan geare Magn' for^ferde.

1049. Her com eft Swein to Denamarcon. and Harold for to
Norwegum. Magn' faedera. sy8t5an Magn* dead waes. and Normen
hine underfengon. and he sende ymb fry^ hider to lande. And
Swegen eac sende of Denmarcon. and bsed Eadward cyng scyp
fultumes. Dset sceolde beon set Isestan l scypa. ac call folc wi%-
cwae^.

And her waes eac eor^styrung on kl* Mai on manegum stowum on
Wygracestre. and on Wic. and on Deorby. and elles gehwaer. and
eac waes switSe mycel mancwealm and orfcwealm. and eac f wilde
fyr on Deorby scire micel yfel dyde. and gehwaer elles.

1050. On jnsan geare se casere gegaderode unarimedlice fyrde
ongean Baldwine of Brygce. |)urh f he braec |)a palentan aet Neo-
magon and eac fela o[)ra un))anca \>e he him dyde, seo fyrd waes
un arimedlic )>e he gegaderad haefde. ()aer waes se papa on and se
patriarcha. and fela o^ra maerra manna of gehwilcu leodscypum. he
sende eac to Eadwarde cynge. and baed hine scyp fultumes f he ne
ge|>afode f he ne aet burste on wsetere. and he for Jia to Sand wic.
and laeg J>ser mid myclu scyphere for8 f se casere haefde of Balda-
wine eaU f he wolde.

Daer com eac Swegen eorl. ))e for aer of |>isan lande to Denmarcon.
and ))8Br forworhte hme wi¥ Denum. He com hider mid hiwunge.
cwae^ f he wolde eft bugan to j)am cynge. And Beom eorl him
gehet -f he him on fylste beon wolde. Da S3r^^an |>aes caseres seht
waes and Baldwines. foron fela scypa ham. and se kyng belaf baeftan
at Sandwic raid feawu scypu. and Godwine eorl eac for mid xlii
scypum fram Sandwic to Peuenesea. and Beom eorl him for mid.
Da cy^de man Jiam cynge f Osgod lage on Ulpe mid xxxix scypon.
and se cyng )>a sende aefter |)ara scypum )>e he ofsendan mihte. ))e
aer ham wendon. And Osgod sette his wif on Brygce. and wendon
eft ongean mid vi scypum. And |)a o^re foron on Su^Sexe to
Eadulfes naesse. and ]>aer hearm dydon. and wendon eft to scypon.

174 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io46)8cipa Isegen be westan and hei^odon. Da ge[wende] God-
wine eorl west onbuton mid pes cynges ii scipum. )^am anan
steorde Harold eorl and ]?am oiSran Tostig his brcSor. and
landes manna scipa xlii. Da scyfte man Harold eorl up ]?»a
cynges scipe ]?e Harold eorl ser steorde. ps, gewendon hi west
to Peuenesea. and Isegeu J^ser wederfeste. Da J^es binnon
ii dagum. )?a com Swegen eorl ]>ider. and spec wiiS his feder
and wi'S Beom eorl. and bed Beom f he sceolde faran mid
him to iSam cynge to Sandwic. and fylstan him to pses
cynges freondscipe. and he ]?aes ti^ode. gewendon heom ^
swylce hi woldon to %am cynge. Da amang pBxa ]>e hi ridon.
\fSL beed Swegen hine 'pet he sceolde faran mid him to his
scipon. tealde f his sciperes woldon wsendon fram him.
buton he pe raiSor come. Hi gewendon }^a begen )>8er his
scipu Isegen. ph hi ]?yder comon. ]?a bsed Swegen eorl hine
f he sceolde gewendon mid him to scipe. he forweomde
swiiSe. swa lange oi his sciperes gefengon hine and wurpon
hine on )>one bat. and bundon hine and reowan to scipe and
dydon hine )?8er on. tugon ph up heora segel. and umon
west to Axa mu'San. and hsefdon hine mid heom oi }^et hi

(C 1049) Da laeg Godwine eorl. and Beom eorl. on Pefenasse. mid heora
scypon. Da co Swegen eorl mid facne. and baed Beom eorl f
he his gefera waere to ^ cinge to Sandwic. cwse^ -^ he hi apta
swerigan wolde. and him hold beon. Da wende Beom. for |>«re
sibbe f he him swican nolde. nam t$a iii geferan mid him. and ridon
)>a to Bosanham. eall swa hi sceoldon to Sandwic. pdsr Swegenes
scypa lagon. And hine man sona geband. and to scype Isedde. and
ferdon )>a to Dserenta mu^San. and hine }>ar let ofslean. and deope
bedelfan. Ac hine Harold his mseg )>ser fette. and to Wincestre
laedde. and }>ser bebyride wi% Cnut cing his earn. And se cing )Hi
and eall here cwsedon Swegen for nit$ing. viii scypa he hsefde asr he
Beom amyr%rode. sy^an hine forleton ealle butan ii. And be
gewende pa, to Bricge. and pax w anode mid Bald wine.

And on )>y8am geare for^ferde Eadno^. se goda b' on Oznaford-
scire. and Oswig abb* on Doraige. and WulfnotJ abb' on Westmyn-
stre. and Eadwerd cing geaf Ulfe his preoste f b'rice. and hit yfele
beteah.

And on }>y8on ylcan geare Eadwerd cing scylode ix scypa of male,
and hi foron mid scjrpon. mid eallon. anweg. and belifon v scypa
baeftan. and se cing heom behet xii mona% gy^d.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 175

o&Iogon hine. and namon )?one lichaman and bebyrgedon^
innan anre CTiican. And comon ]?a his freond and litsmen
of Lundene. and namon hine up and feredon ^ hine to Win
ceastre to Ealdan mynstre. and he is )^r byrged wrS Cnut
cyng his earn. And Swegen gewende }>a east to Baldewines
lande. and sset )^r ealne winter on Brycge mid his fullan
gri'Se.

And on J^am ylcan geare for^Sferde EadnoiS b' benorSan.
and sette man Ulf to biscop.

1047. Her on ]?isum geare wses my eel gemot on Lundene
to midfestene. and man sette ut ix lits manna scipa. and fif
belifan wi'Sseftan.

and heom com }>a Strang wind to. swa f hi waeron ealle for£arene (D 1050)
baton feower. )>a man ofsloh begeondan sse. On )>am |>e Godwine
eorl and Beorn eorl lagon on Peuenesea. ]» com Swein eorl. and
bsed Beom eorl. mid facne. )>€ waes his eames sunu. f he his gefera
wsere to |>am cynge to Sandwic. and his wisa wit$ hine gebette. He
wende }>a. for ]>sere sibbe. mid )>reom geferum. mid him. and he hine
Isedde ]» toward Bosanham. ]>ser his scypu lagon. and hine man |>a
geband. and to scypa Isedde. Wende }>a )>anon mid him to Derta-
mu^an. and hine )>«r het slean. and deope bedelfan. Hine man
fande eft. and ferede hine to Wincestre. and byrigde wi^ Cnut cyng
his earn. Lytle aer ]>an. })a men of Hsestinga ceastre and |>8erabutan.
gewunnon his twa scypa mid heora scypan. and )>a men ealle of-
slogon. and ]>a scypa brohton to Sandwic to pan cynge. Ehta
scypu he hsefde aer he Beom beswice. sy%%an hine forleton ealle
baton twam.

On yam ilcan geare comon app on Wylisce Axa. of Yrlande. xxxvi
scypa. and )>9er abatan hearmas dydon. mid Gryfines fultume. ]>9es
Wseliscan cynges. Man gegaderade )>a folc togenes. ]»er wses eac
Ealdred b' mid. ac hi hsefdon to lytelne fiiltum. and hi comon
unwaer on heom. on ealne seme mergen. and fela godra manna )>ser
ofslogon. and )>a o)>re setburston for5 mid ]>a b'e. ]>i8 waes g^don on
iiii kl' Aug*.

Dses geres for^ferde . . on Oxnafordscire. Oswi abb' on Domege.
and Wulfho^ abb' on Westmynstre. And Ulf pr' waes geset Jiam
b'rice to hyrde |>e Eadno% hsefde. ac he waes sy^^an ofadryfon.
for|»ui ye he ne gefremede naht biscoplices }>aeron. swa f us sceama^
hit na mare to tellanne. And Sigward b' gefor. se lige% on Ab-
bandane.

9 bebyrigendan F. 1 ferendon F.

I

176 THE PARKER MS. (X)

1050. Her fortJferde Eadsige arceb*. and Rodbert
feng to arceb'rice.

(C) And on t»ain ylcan geare ferde Hereman b' and Ealdred V to
Rome, to ^a papan. on (raes cinges serende.

1050. Her on |>y8um gere comon ya. bisceopas ham fram Rome,
and man geinlagode Sweg^n eorl. And on |>ys ylcan geare foHS-
ferde Ekidsige arceb' on iiii kl' Nouembris. and eac on {>ys
ylcan geare .^Elfric arceb' on Eoferwic cestre. on zi kl' Feb', and
his lie lis on Burh. Da haefde Eadwerd cing witena gemot on
Lunden to midlencten. and sette Hrodberd to arceb' to Cantware
byrig. and Sperhafoc abb' to Lunden. and geaf Rof5ulfe b' his msege
f abbud rice on Abb*dune. And }>aes ylcan geares he sette ealle ^
litsmen of male.

1051. Her on {>ysum geare com Rodbeard arceb' hider ofer ss
mid his palliu. And on |>ys ylcan geare man flymde God wine
eorl. and ealle his suna. of Englalande. And he gewende to Bricge.
and his wif and his iii suna. Swegen. and Tostig. and Gyr^. and
Harold and Leofwine wendon to Irlande. and )>aer wunedon |>9ene
winter. And on j)y8 ylcan geare for^ferde seo ealde hlsefdige.
Eadvverdes ciiiges moder and Har^cnutes. Imme hatte. ii id' Mart,
and hyre lie li^ on Ealdan mynstre w^iS Cnut cing.

lOJJ

not

(D) And her man halgode f miccle mynst* set Remys. Daer waes se [io4<
papa Leo. and se casere. and mycelne sinoS |)aer ha?fdon embe Godes
|jeowdom. Done sino^ foresaet scs Leo papa, hit is earfo^ to witane
}>ara biscopa )>e )>acr to comon. and huru abbuda. and heonon of lande
waeron twegen g'sende. of see Agustine and of Rammesege.

1051. On ))isan geare gefor Eadsie arceb' on Cantware by ri. and
se cyng sealde Rotbearde. Jian Freoncyscan )>e a?r waes b* on Lundene.
f arcerice. And Spearhafoc abb* of Abbaudune feng to |>an b'rice
on Lundene. and hit waes eft of him genumen a'r he gehadod wapre.
And Hereman b' and Ealdred b' foron to Rome.

^ sed fere perdidit ibi bacalum suuni, *i \>a. wolde his an man herebeorgian

quia nescivit ministerium suum. F. Lot. at anes inannes bis unSauces. swa "p he

•* stipf F. wundode bone bus bunda. and se bus

4 gerihta F. bunda of slob J>one man. Da w«s Eu-

5 lOSOi-'. Hie Eaduardus rex dedit statius swySe wratf. and wearS upon
Rodberto, qui ftiit abbas Gemeticcnsis, his horse, and his men. and ferdon to
archiepiscopatum Cantuariee. F. Lat. and of;^logon bono ylcan busbandan.

^ Abbaddune F. and eac to eacan him ma )>Qune xi

/ \>BL he hsfde gespteceu |>at he men. F.
wulde. ha cyrde he agen F.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 177

And on l^ysum ilcan geare com Swegen eorl into Engla
lande.

And on ]?ysum ilcan geare wses se mycele sino'S on Rome,
and Eadward cyng sonde J^ider Hereman b' and Ealdred h\
and hi comon }^yder on Easter aefen. And eft se papa hsefde
sino^ on Uercel. and Vlf h' com }?arto. and^ forneah man
sceolde to brecan his stef ^. gif he ne sealde ^e mare gersu-
man. forSan he ne cu'Se don his gerihte* swa wel swa he
sceolde. And on yisnm geare forSferde Eadsige arceV iiii
kl^ NouemV.

1048. ^Her on J^isum geare Eadward cyng gesette Rodbyrd .
on Lundene to arceb' to Cantwarabyrig. on Lengtene. And
psBs sylfan Lentenes he for to Rome SBfter his pallium, and
se ^ng geaf ^et biscoprice on Lundene Sparhafoc abbot of
^Abbandune. and se cyng geaf [f] abbot rice Ro^Sulfe b' his
msege. Da com se arceb^ fram Rome ane dsege aer scs Petr' June 28
msesseaefene. and gesset his arceVstol set Xpescyrcean on scs
Petr' msesse dseg. and sona )7aes to ]?am cyng ge waende. Da com
Sparhafoc abb' beweg[e] to him mid J^ses cynges ge write and
insegle. to )7an ^et he hine hadian sceolde to b' into Limdene.
}^a wiiS cweS se arceb\ and cwseiS 'pet se papa hit him for-
boden hsefde. pa, gewende se abb' ongean ]?one arceb' eft
to iSam. and p^r pes biscophades gemde. and se arceb' him
anrsedlice forwemde. and cwsiS pet se papa hit him forboden
hsefde. Da gewende se abb' to liundene. and sset on )7am
biscoprice pe se cyng him ser geunnan hsefde be his fulre
leafe. ealne ]?one sumor and ]?one haerfest.

And com p^ Eustatius fram geondan sae sona aefter pam
biscop. and gewende to "Sam cynge. and spsec wiiS hine ^f f
he p2L wolde. and gewende ps, hamweard. pa he com to
Cantwarbyrig east }^a snsedde he ]?8er and his menn. and to
Dofran gewende. Da he waes sume mila oiie mare be-
heonan Dofran. pA dyde he on his byman. and his ge feran
ealle. and foran to Dofran. pa hi )7ider comon. )7a woldon hi
innian hi )?8er heom sylfan gelicode. ^)7a com an his manna,
and wolde wician set anes bundan huse his un^ances. and
gewundode )7one husbundon. and se husbunda ofsloh )7one
oiSerne. Da wearS Eustati' uppon his horse, and his ge
feoran uppon heora. and ferdon to pk husbundon. and of-
slogon hine binnan his agenan heorSse. and wendon him ]>a

A a

178 THE LAUD MS. (E;

(A.D. 1048) up to )?aere burgeweard. and ofslogon leg^Ser ge wi^innan ge
wi^utan. ma )7anne xx manna. And |?a burhmen ofslogon
xix menn on o^re healfe. and gewundoden f hi nystan hu
fela. And Eustatius setbaerst mid feawum mannam. and ge
wende ongean to J?am cynge. and ^cydde be daele hu hi
gefaren ha^fdon. and wear8 se cyng swij^e *gram wi*? )m
burhware. and ^ofssende se cyng Grodwine eorl. and bsed
hine faran into Cent mid unfri^Sa to Dofran. for)7an Eustatius
hsefde gecydd J?am cynge ]fet hit sceolde beon mare gylt
^sare burhwaru ^onne his. ac hit uses na swa. and se eorl
nolde na ge^wserian )?8ere infare. for]?an him wees la^ to
^amyrrene his agenne folgaiS.

Da sonde se cyng sefter eallon his witan. and bead heom
cuman to Gleaweceastre neh }>8ere aeftre sea Maria msessan.
pa hsafdou J>a welisce menn gewroht senne castel on Here-
fordscire on Swegenes eorles folgo'Se. and wrohten selc )^ra
harme and bismere |?8es cynges mannan ]7ser abutan ]fe hi
mihton. Da com Godwine eorl and Swegen eorl and Harold
eorl togsedere set By feres stane. and manig mann mid heom.
to %on f hi woldon faran to heora cynehlaforde. and to )7am
witan eallon ]?e mid him ge gad erode wseron. f hi )7ses cynges
ned hsefdon and his fultum and ealra witcna. hu hi mihton
p2ds cynges bismer awrecan and ealles ]?eodscipes. Da wseron
)?a wselisce men ^tsetforan mid {?am cynge. and forwregdon
'Sa eorlas. ]>et hi ne moston cuman '^on his eagon ge sih'Se.
ForSan hi ssedon f hi woldon cuman J^ider for )^es cynges
swicdome. Waes J^aer cuman Siward eorl and Leofric eorl.
and mycel folc mid heom norj^an to );am cynge. and wses
{'am eorle Godwine and his sunan gecydd f se cyng and ]?a
menn ]fe mid him wseron. woldon rsBdon on hi. and hi
trymedon hi faestlice ongean. ^seh him la% wsere f hi ongean
heora cynehlaford standan sceoldan. Da geraedden J^a witan
on seg^er halfe f man ^a aelces yfeles gesw&c. and ^geaf se
cyng Godes gji$, and his fulne freondscipe on segSre healfe.

^ saede iHVL cinge wyrs 'Sonne hit sunm, dissimulavH ire iliac. F. Lot.

wBcre F. 9 amyrrende F.

7 wra* F. 1 seror F.

8 pnecepit . . . ut congregaret ezer- 2 neh tSan cinge F.

dtum et intraret Cantiam, omnia de- 3 se cing gif 1$& eorlan his fullan

vastando, ct maxime Dofras. Sed freondscipe F.
Godwinos nolens destroere comitatum

THE LAUD MS. (E) 179

©a ^gereedde se cyning aud his witan f man sceolde o?re (A.I). 1048)
sjrSan habban eaira gewitena^ gemot on Lundene to haer-

[D) 1052. Her for^ferde iElfric arceb'. on Eoferwic. swi^e arwyr^i
wer and wis. And on ^n ylcan geare alede E^dward cyng f
heregyld f M^\red cyng ser astealde. f waes on {>am nigon and
|>rittigo^n geare Jiaes )>e he hit ongunnon hsefde. Dst gyld
gedrehte ealle Engla ]>eode on swa langum fyrste. ewa hit bufan
her awriten is. -f waes aefre setforan o^nim gyld am pe man my slice
geald. and men mid monigfealdlice drehte.

On yam ylcan geare com Eostatius up aet Doferan. se haefde Ead-
wardes cynges sweostor to wife. Da ferdon his men dyslice seft'
inne. and sumne roan ofslogon of |>am porte. and o^er man of }>a porte
heora geferan. swa f }>aer lagon vii his geferana. And micel hearm
)>8er gedon waes on aeg^re healfe. mid horse and eac mid waepnum. o^
f folc gegaderede. and hi j)a aetflugon f hi comon to pam cynge to
Gleawcestre. and he heom gryf5 sealde. Da undernam Godwine eorl
swy^ f on his eorldome sceolde swilc geweor^an. ongan ya. gadrian
folc ofer eall his eorldom. and Swein eorl his sanu ofer his. and Harold
his otJer sunu ofer his eorldom. and hi gegaderedan ealle on Gleaw-
cesterscire. aet Langatreo. mycel fyrd and unarimedlic. ealle gearwe
to wige ongean |>one cyng. buton man ageafe Eustatsius and his
men heo to hand sceofe. and eac )>a Frencyscan }>e on )>an castelle
waeron. Dis waes gedon vii nihton ser |>aere lateran sea Maria Sep. 2
maessan. Da waes Eadward cyng on Gleawcestre sittende. Sende
}>a aefter Leofrice eorle. and nor¥ aefter Siwarde eorle. and baed
heora gencges. And hi him j?a to comon aerest mid medemum
fultume. ac si^an hy wiston hu hit {>aer be sutJan waes. j)a sendon
hi nor^ ofer ealne heora eorldom. and leton beodan mycele fyrde.
heora hlaforde to helpe. and Raulf eac ofer his eorldom. and comon
t$a ealle to Gleaweceastre |>am cynge to helpe. )>eah hit laet waere.
Wurdan j>a ealle swa anraede mid )>am cynge. f hy woldon God-
wines fyrde gesecan. gif se cyng f wolde. Da leton hy sume. f f
mycel unraed waere. f hy togedere comon. for)>am |)aer waes maest
^ rotoste f waes on Englalande on )>am twam gefylcu. and leton f
hi urum feondum rymdon to lande. and betwyx ussylfum to myc-
clum forwyrde. Geraeddon }>a f man sealde gislas betweonan. and
setton stefna ut to Lundene. and man bead ^n. folce ]>ider ut ofer
ealne )nsne nor%ende on Si wardes eorldome. and on Leofrices. and
eac elles gehwaer. and sceolde Godwine eorl and his suna )>ser cuman

4 gehet F. 5 gewitena F too.

A a 2

180 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1048} festes emnihte. and het se cyning bannan ut here. segSer ge
^**' besu'San Temese ge benorSan call f aefre betst wses. Da
ewsai man Swegen eorl utlah. and stefnode^ man Godwine
eorle and Harolde eorle to ^ou gemote swa raiSe swa hi hit
gefaran mihton. pa hi )7ider utcomon. ]?a stefnede heom
man to ge mote. ]?a gymde he gri'Ses and gisla. )?et he moste
unswican into gemote cuman. and ut of gemote. Da gymde
se cyng ealra )7aera )?egna ^e ^sl eorlas ser hsefdon. and hi
letan hi ealle him to handa. pa sende se cyng eft to heom.
and bead heom f hi comon mid xii mannum ^into jfssB
cynges rsede. pa georade se eorl eft gri'Ses and gisla. f he
moste hine betellan set selc )>8era )>inga j?e him man^ onlede.
9 pa wymde him mann iSera gisla. and sceawede him mann v
nihta griiS ut of lande tofarenne. And gewende )^a Oodwine
eorl and Swegen eorl to Bosenham. and seufon ut heora
scipu. and gewendon heom begeondan sse. and gesohton
Baldewines grvS. and wunodon )?8er ealne J^one winter. And
Harold eorl ge wende west to Yrlande. and wses ]?8er ealne
)7one winter on )7es cynges griiSe. And sona J^ses ]fe )7is wsbs.
]?a forlet se cyng }^a hlsefdian. seo wses gehalgod him to
cwene. and let niman of hire call f heo ahte. on lande and
on golde and on seolfre and on eallon ]?ingon. and betsehte
hy his swyster to ^ Hwerwillon.

And ^Sparhafoc abb^ wearS i& adrifen ut of )?a biscoprice
on Lundene. and wes Will'm )^s cynges preost gehadod
}>£erto. And man sette ]7a Oddan to eorle ofer Defena scire,
and ofer Sumersseton. and ofer Dorseton. and ofer Wealas.
And mann sette Mlfgsi Leofrices sunu eorles iSane eorldom
on handa );e Harold ser ahte.

0 bead F. § E misses 1049, 1050, 105 1, and

7 to t^ft cinge F. agrees with C and D upon 1053, where

8 me F. harmony is restored between C and D

9 )>a wymde men him and bead him by the repetition of 1052 in D. The
at binnan t nihtan. and he ferde ofer death of Emma is put by C under 1051
see to Baldwin lande. F. (p. 176), his year ending at Easter.

1 HwerewylleF. M. H. B.

2 Spearhauoc F.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 181

1052.§ Her on ^isum geare forSferde iElfgiue Ymma Ead-
wardes cynges modor and Hardacnutes cynges.

T)) to wi))ermale. Da comon hy to Suj? geweorce. and micel msenegeo
mid heom of WestSaexum. ac his wered wanode aefre )>e leng j)e
swi^or. And man borhfseete j'am kyninge ealle })a }>9egnas }>e wseron
Haroldes eorles his suna. and man utlagode }>a Swaegn eorl his
o^eme sunu. Da ne onhagode him to cumenne to wi^ermale
ODgean )>one cyng. and agean })one here I'e him mid wa^s. For %a
on niht awseg. and se cyng haefde )>8es on morgen witena gemot, and
cw8e% hine utlage. and eall here, hine and ealle his suna. And he
wende sutJ to Domege. and his wif. and Swegen his snna. and
Tostig and his wif. Baldwines mage set Brycge. and Ger% his suna.
And Harold eorl and Leofwine foran to Brycgstowe. on f scip j)e
Swegen eorl haefde him silfum xr gegearcod and gemetsod. And
se cining sende Ealdred b' of Lundene mid genge. and sceoldon
hine of ridan ser he to scipe come, ac hi ne mihton. o¥^ hi noldon.
And he wende fa ut of Afenemut^an. and feng swa sti^ weder f he
unease awaeig com. and him }>aer micel forferde. Wende J>a for^ to
Irlande. tJa him weder com. and Godwine and }>a }>e mid him waeron
wendan of Domege to Brycge. to Baldwines lande. on anum scipe.
mid swa miclam gasrsuman swa hi mihton |>8eron msest gelogian to
aelcum mannum. Dset wolde %yncan wundorlic aelcum men ]>e on
Engla lande wses. gif aenig man ser |>am ssede f hit swa gewur)>an
Bceolde. for%am }>e he wses ser to )7am swytSe upahafen. swylce he
weolde )>8e8 cynges and ealles Engla landes. and his sunan wseron
eorlas. and |>8es cynges dyrlingas. and his dohtor |>3em cynge be*
weddod and besewnod. )>a man gebrohte to Hwserwellan. and hy
)>8ere abedissan betaehton.

Da sone com Willelm eorl fram geondan sse mid mycclum werode
Frencisra manna, and se cyning hine underfeng. and swa feola his
geferan swa him to onhagode. and let hine eft ongean. Daes ilcan
geres man sealde Wyllelme preoste f b'rice on Lundene. |)e waes aer
Spaerhafoce geseald.

1052. Her for}>ferde iElfgyfii seo hlefdige. iEtJelredes laf cynges
and Cnutes cynges on ii non' Mar.

On fam ilcan gere hergode Griffin, se Wylisca cing. on Hereford
8cir« f he com swy]>e neah to Leomynstre. and men gadorodon
ongean. aeg^er ge landes men ge Frencisce men of t$am castele. and
man )>aer ofsloh swy}>e feola Engliscra godra manna, and eac of (mm
Frenciscum. f waes |>8es ylcan daeges. on ^reottene geara. )>e man aer
Ekidwine ofsloh mid his geferum.

182 THE LAUD MS. (E)

y

(A.D. io5j) And on |;am aylfan geare geraedde se cyng and hia witan f
mann aceolde forSian ut to Sandwic scipu. and setton Raulf
eorl and Oddan eorl to heafodmannum )^rto. Da gewende
God wine eorl ut fram Brycge mid his scypum to Yseran. and
let ut ane dsege eer midsumeres msesse aefene ^ he com to
Naesse. J?e is besu^an Rumen ea. pa com hit to witenne
]7a eorlum ut to Sandwic. and hi J^a gewendon ut sefter

F 1051 . . pB 1052] . . And Godwine eorl ferde ut of Brige mid his scipan
to Yseran. and swa to Englalande. and com up at Nsesse be su'San Rumenea.
and ferde swa to Wiht. and nft "Sar ealle ^a scipan tSa to ahte mihtan and
gislas. and cyrde hi swa eastward. And Harold was cumen mid ix scipon
up at Portlocan. and ofsloh "Sar mycel folo. and n& orf. and menu, and eahta.
and gewende hi eastward to his feeder, and hi begen ferdan to Rumonea.
to Hi'Se. to Folcstane. to Doferan. to Sandwic. and sefire naman ealle {^a
scipan "Se hi fundan 'Sa to ahte mihte. and gislas. eal swa ferdan and gewendon
^a to Lundene. Da hi to Lundene comon. "Sa heg se cing and ealle his eorlas
|>ar ongean mid L scipon. Da sendan "Sa eorlas to "Sft cinge. and geomdan
|) hi moston beon heora )>inga and are wurSe tSe heom mid unrihte benumen
was. Da wi^ leg se cing sume hwile. ac Stigand. \>e was \»e& cinges rsed gi&
and his hand preost. and 'Sa o1$re wise men geneddan. ^ man getrymde gislas
on 8Bg^r8B healfe. and swa scolde se freondscipe beon ge&Bstnod. Da Bodbert
arb' fS geaxode. "Sa nam he his hors. and ferde him to Eadulfes nsesse. and
wearS him on anum unwraecum scipe. and ferde him on an ofer sse. and for let
his pallium. Da cwseS man mycel gemot wiS uton Lundene. and on )>S gemote
wseran tSa betstan men l>e wieran on "Sysen lande. Dar bser Godwine up his
mal. and betealde hine wi'S Eadward cing be eallum tSft ttingan t!e him was on
geled. and his beamum. And man cwse'S Rodbert arb* utlaga. and ealla "Sa
Frencisce men. for)>an hi wseran intinga )>are wrsslSe "Se was betw3rz him and
"San cinge. And Stigand b* feng to "San arb^rice on Cantuareb'i.

(C) 1052. Her com Harold eorl of Irlande mid scipum on Ssefern.
mu^an. neh Suraerseetan gemseran and Defene scire, and |>8er mycel
gehergode. and ^ landfolc him ongean gaderodan. seg^er ge of
Sumersseton ge of Defene scire, and he hig aflymde. and |>8er ofsloh
ma |K)nne xxx godera )>egena. butan ot$rum folce. and sona aeft'
{>an for abutan Penwi^ steort. And }>a let Eadward cyng scypian xl
snacca. Da lagan set Sandwic manega wucan. )>a sceoldon ssetnian
Godwines eorles )>e on Brycge waes |>8ene winter, and he ]>eh com
hider to lande serest. swa hig hit nysten. And on %am fyrste )>e he
her on lande wses. he gespeon him to ealle Kentingas. and ealle )>a
butse cartas of Haestingan and )>8er aeghwar be )>9ere sse riman. and
eallne l^sene Eastende. and Su^Sexan. and Su^rigan. and mycel
elles to eacan }>an. Da cwaedon ealle ^ hi mid him woldon licgan
and lybban. Da geaxedon f li'S -f on Sandwic laeg embe Godwines

THE LAUD MS. (E) 183

)?am oiSruiu scipum. and bead man laudfyrde ut ougean )7a(A.D. 1051)
scipvi. pa amang )7ison )7a wearS God wine eorl gewarnod.
and gewende him )7a into Fefenesea. and wearS f wseder
swiiSe Strang, f )7a eorlas ne mihton ge witan hwet Godwine
eorl gefaren hsefde. And gewende )7a Godwine eorl ut
agean f he com eft to Bryege. and '8a oiSra scipu gewenden
heom eft ongean to Sandwic. And geraedde man )7a f )7a
scipu gewendan eft ongean to Lundene. and sceolde man
setton oSre eorlas and o^re hasseton to )?a scipum. Da
lengde hit man swa lange f seo scipfyrd eall belaf. and
gewendon ealle heom ham. Da geaxode Godwine eorl )7et.
and teah )7a up his segl and his li*S. and gewendon heom )7a
west on &n to Wiht. and eodon "pser up. and hergodon swa
lange ]7ser f f folc geald heom swa mycel swa hi heom on
legden. And gewendon heom )7a westweard o"8 J^et hi comon
to Fortlande. and eodon |7ser up and dydon to hearme swa
hwet swa hi don mihton.

pa wes Harold gewend ut of Yrlande mid nigon scipon.
and com )?a lip set Portlocan. and wes J^aer mycel folc gega-
derod ongean. ac he ne wandode na him metes to tylienne.
eode up and ofsloh |;8er mycelne ende J?es folces. and nam
him on orfe. and on mannum. and on sehtum. swa him ge-
wearS. and gewende him ]7a eastweard to his feder. And
gewendon heom J^a begen eastweard f hi comon to Wiht.
and namon )?8er f him ser wi*S8eftan wses. and gewendon
heom ]7a )?anon to Fefenesea. And begeat forS mid him swa
fela scipu swa J?8er fera wseron. and swa for8 f he com to

And sona com Harold eorl of Irlande mid his scipum to (D 105a)
SaefemmutSan neh Sumer ssetOD gemaere and Dafenascire and |>aer
mycel gehergode. and f landfolc him ongean gaderode. 8eg)>aer ge
of Sumorsaeton ge of Defnascire^ and he hyg aflimgde. and |j8er
ofsloh ma)>on xxx godra %egna buton o^re folce. and sona aeft' t$am
for abuton Penwi^ steort. And |ja laet Eadward cyug scypian xl
snacca )>a lagon set Sandwic. )>a sceoldon cepan Godwines eorles iSe
on Bryege wses J)one wint*. and he %eah c6 hider tolande serest swa
hy hit nystan. and on )>a )>e he her on lande wses. he gespeoh ealle
Centingas. and ealle |>a butsekarlas of Ha^stingu and |>ser aeghwar
abuton be )>aere sae riman. and ealne EastSexan. and Su)>erege. and
mycel elles toeacan {>am. j>a cwaedon ealle f hi woldon mid him
libban and licgean. pa geaxedon f Yv6 f on Sandwic laeg embc

i

184 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1053) Nsesse. and begeat ealle )7a scipu ]>e wsBron on Rumen ea.
and on Hy)7e. and on Folcesstane. And gewendon )7a east
to Dofran. and eodon }?ser up. and namon him yasr scipu. and
gislas. swa fela swa hi woldon. and ferdon swa to Sandwic.
and dydon hand f sylfa. and heom man geaf seghwer gislas
and metsunga. )^r ]^r hi gyrndon. And gewendon heom

(C 1052) fare, setton )>a sefter. And he heom setbaerst. and him sylfan gebearh
)>8er )>aer he )>a mihte. and f h% wende agen to Sandwic. and swa
hamwerd to Lunden byrig. Da ]m Godwine geaxode f f li¥ fie on
Sandwic laeg wses ham gewend. |>a for he eft ongean to Wiht. and
)>»r abutan be |»a sseriman swa lange Iseg f big comon togsedere.
Harold eorl his sanu and he. And hi na mycelne hearm ne dydon
sy¥¥an big togaedere comon. baton f heo metsunge namon. ac
speonnon heom eall f landfolc to be t$a sseriman. and eac up on
lande. and big foron towerd Sandwic. and Iseson sefre foHS mid
heom ealle l»a butse carlas pe heo gemetton. and comon )>a to Sand-
wic mid geotendan here. Da Eadwerd cyng f geaxode. )>a sende
he up aeft* maran fultume. ac hi comon swy^e late. And Godwine
sab him sefre towerd Lundenes mid his li^e. f he com to SuV
geweorce. and )>ser on bad sume hwile 0% f flod up code. On )>a
fyrste he eac gefadode witS |>a burhware. f hi woldon msest ealle f f
he wolde. Da he haefde ealle his fare gerecenod. )>a com se flod.
and big brudon up %a sona beora ancran. and beoldon )>urh )ml
brycge be tSa syt$ lande. and bco landfyrd com ufenon and trym-
edon big be )>a strande. and hi hwemdon |>a mid )>a scjrpon
wit$ )>3es noHSlandes. swylce big woldon ]>aes cynges scipa abutan
betrymman. Se cyng haefde eac mycele landfyrde on his healfe
to eacan his scyp mannum. ac hit wees heom msest eallon lat$ f big
sceoldon fobtan wi% beora agenes cynnes mannum. for)>an )>ar wses
lyt elles )>e abt mycel myhton buton Englisce men. on seg^er healfe.
and eac big noldon f utlendiscum )>eodum waere |>es eard |>urh f pe
swi^or gerymed ))e hi heom sylfe aelc o^rne forfore. Geraeddon ^
f man sende wise men betweonan. and setton gri% on seg^re healfe.
And Godwine for upp. and Harold his sunu. and beora li% swa
mycel swa heom |>a ge)>uhte. And waes )>a witena gemot, and man
sealde Godwine claene his eorldom. swa full and swa for6 swa he
fyrmest ahte. and bis sanum eall swa eall f hi aer abten. and his
wife and his dehter. swa ful and swa for^ swa hi aer ahton. And hi
gefaestnodon heom )>a fulne freondscipe betweonan. and eallum folce
gode lage beheton. And geutlagedeu |>a ealle Frencisce men )>e ser

THE LAUD MS. (E) 185

]>a to NorlSmuSan. and swa to LundenewearS. and sume ]7a(A.D. 1052)
scipu gewendon binnon Scepige. and dydon ]7ser mycelne
hearm. and gewendon heom to Middeltune ]78es cynges. and
forbeamdon f eall. and wseron heom to Lundeneweard
seft' ]fk eorlan. Da hi to Lundene comon. j^a Iseg se cyng
and ]fa eorlas ealle |78er ongean mid l scipnm. pa sendon }>a
eorlas to pk cynge. and gemdon to him f hi moston beon
wurSe selc )78era ]^inga pe heom mid unrihte ofgenumen wses.

Godwines fare, setton )>a eft*, and he heom aetbaerst. and f li^ (D 1051)
wende ongean to Sandwic and swa hamweard to Lundenbyrig. pa
pB. Grodwine geazede f '^ li% |>e on Sandwic laeig waes ham gewend.
)>a for he seft ongean to Wiht. and pxr abutan be |)a sae riman swa
lange f hi comon togaedere Harold eorl his suna. and hi noldon no
mycelne hearm don sy^on. buton -f hyg metsunge namon. Ac
speonnan heom |>a eall f landfolc to. be |>am see riman. and eac
uppon lande. and by foran toweard Sandwic and la^son sefre for^
mid heom ealle )>a butsecarlas )>e hy gemetton and coman )>a to
Sandwic mid geotendan here, pa Eadward f geaxode ]ia sende he
upp seft' maran fulltame. ac hy coman 8wi)>e Isete. and Godwine sseh
him sefre toward Lundenne mid his li)>e f he com to Su|>weorce.
and )>8er abad sume hwile. oii f ^ flod uppeode. on )>am fyrste and
sec ser he gefadode wi^ t$a burhwani. f hi msest ealle woldon %aet
he wolde. pa})a he hsefde ealle his fare gereconod. |>a com f flod and
hy brudon sona upp heora ancras and heoldan |>arh }>a brycge aa bi
)»8em su)> lande. and seo landfyrde coman ofenan and trymedon hy
be )>8em strande. and hy hwemdan t$a mid }>am scipu swylce hy
woldon iSes cynges scypu abuton betryman. Se cyning hsefde eac
micle land fyrde on his halfe to eacan his scip mannu. Ac hit wes
msest eallan la% to feohtanne wit$ heora agenes cynnes mannu. for-
^m )>aer wses lytel elles pe aht mycel myhton butan Englisce on
aeg^re healfe. and eac hi noldon f utlendiscu mannu wsere |>es eard
jHirh f ®e switSor gerymed J>e hi him sylfe aelc oj>erne forfore. Ge-
raeddan )>a ^ man sende wysemen betweonan and setton gri% on
segt5re halfe. and Godwine for upp and Harold and heora \iiS swa
micel swa heom |>a ge)>uhte. and wses J^a witene gemot and man
sealde Godwine clsene his eorldom swa full and swa forS swa he
fyrmest ahte. and his sunu eallu eall f hy ser ahton. and his
wife and his dohtor swa full and swa for% swa hi ahton and hi
fsestnedon |ja fulne freondscipe heom betweonan. and allu folce
fujle lagu beheton. and geutlagedon ealle |>a Frenciscean )>e aer

Bb

186 THE PARKER MS. (S)

1058. Her Goduuine eorl foi-Sferde. »»"

nai

(C) unlage rserdon- and undom demdon* and unrsed rseddon* into lissom
earde. buton swa feala swa hig gerseddon f )>am cynge gelicode mid
him to hsebbenne. )>e him getreowe wseron and eallum his folce.
And Rodbeard bisceop. and Willekn b*. and Ulf b'. unease set
burstan. mid )>a Frenciscum mannum )>e heom mid wseron. and
swa ofer sae becomon. And Godwine eorl. and Harold, and seo
cwen sseton on heora are. Swegen for seror to Hierusale of
Bricge. and weafS hamweard dead set Constantinopolim to Micha-
heles maesse. Dset waes on )>one Monandseg seft' sea Marian msBSse
f Oodwine mid his scipum to Su^geweorce becom. and J>aes on
merigen. on ]>one Tiwesdseg. hi gewurdon sehte. swa hit her beforan
stent. Oodwine |>a gesiclode hraiSe )raes }>e he up com. and eft ge-
wyrpte. ac he dyde ealles to lytle dsedbote of j>8ere Codes are Jie he
haefde of manegum halgum stowum. On |>am ylcan geare com se
stranga wind on Thomes maesse niht. and gehwaer mycelne hearm
dyde. Eac man sloh Hris |>8es Welscan cynges bro]>er.

1053. On pysum geare waes se cyning on Winceastre on Eastran.
and Godwine eorl raid him. and Harold eorl his sunu. and Tostig.
Da on ot$ran Easter daege saet he mid ^Sam cynincge set gereorde. ys^
faeringa sah he ni^r vri6 )>aes fotsejles. spraece benumen. and ealre
his mihte. and hine man ¥a braed into %aes kinges bure. and Vohtan
f hit ofergan sceolde. ac hit naes na* swa. ac ]>urh wnnode swa mi-
specende and mihteleais for^ o^ )>one Dunresdaeg. and ^ his lif
alet. and he ]x6 )>aer binnan Ealdanmynstre. And his sunu Harald
feng to his eorldome. and let of t$an }ie he aer haefde. and ./Elfgar
fengc ^aerto.

Daes ylcan geares gefor Wulfsie b' on Licedfdda. and Leofwine

(D) unlagon raerdon* and undom demdon* and unraed raeddan' into ^issu
eardu. buton swa fela swa hi geraeddon f |>am cjrnge gelicode mid
hi to habbenne ]>e him getreowe waeron and eallu his folce. And
Rodbeard arceb*. and Willelm b'. and Ulf b'. unea:5e aet burstan mid
)>a Frenciscean mannu )>e hi mid waeron. and swa ofer sae comon.

1053. Her waes se micla wind on Domes maesse niht and eac eall
})a mide winter waes mycel wind. And man raedde f man sloh Hris.
)>ae8 Wyliscean cynges bro}>er. for^y he hearmas dyde. and man
brohte his heafod to Gleacestre on twelftan aefen. And y«s ylcan
geres. foran to alra halgena maessan. foHSferde Wulfsyg b' set Licet-
felda. and Godwine abb' on Wincelcumbe. and iEgelward abb' on

THE LAUD MS. (E) 187

Da wiiS keg se cyng sume hwile )?eah. swa lange &6 ]fet folc

J?e mid )>a eorle wes. wearS 8wi"8e astyred ongean )>one cyng.

and ongean his folc. swa f se eorl sylf earfo'Slice gestylde

f folc. J^a ferde Stigand biscop to mid Godes fultume. and

]fa wise menn. sBgSser ge binnan burh ge buton. and ge-

rseddon f man tremede gislas on segfer healfe. and man

swa dyde. Da geaxode Botberd arcV and |7a Frencisce

menn *p. genamon heora hors. and gewendon sume west to

Pentecostes castele. sume norS to Bodb'tes castele. And

Bodberd arcb' and Ulf V gewendon ut aet JEstge&te. and

heora geferan. and ofslogon and elles amyrdon manige iunge

men. and gewendon heom on &n to Ealdulfesnsese. and wearS

him ^ser on anon unwrseste scipe. and ferde him on an ofer

sse. and forlet his pallium and Xpendom ealne her on lande.

swa swa hit God wolde. J^a he ser begeat )>one wurSscipe swa

swa hit God nolde. Da cwse'S mann mycel gemot wi'Sutan

Lundene. and ealle )7a eorlas and )7a betstan menn ]fe wseron

on J^ison lande wseron on )?a gemote. )?ser bser Godwine

eorl up his mal. and betealde hine ]78er wi'S Eadward cyng

his hlaford and wi^S ealle land leodan. 'pet he wses unscyldig

]^8es pe him geled wses. and on Harold his sunu. and ealle his

beam. And se cyng foi^eaf psi eorle and his beamum

his fulne freondscype and fulne eorldom and call pet he ser

ahte. and eallon }>am mannon pe him mide wseron. and se

cy^g g^ J'sere hlaefdian eall f heo ser ahte. And cweS

man utlaga Botberd arcb' fuUice. and ealle pSL Frencisce

menn. forSan pe hi macodon msest ]7et unseht betweonan

Godwine eorle and )>a cynge. And Stigand b' feng to J^a

arcb' rice on Cantwarabyrig. And on |ns ilcan tyme forlet

Amwi abb' of Burh abbot rice, be his halre life, and geaf Se Vurgo

hit Leofric munec be J^es cynges leafe and be fwre munece.

and se abbot Amwi lifode syS^Son viii wintre. And se abbot

Leo&i[c gojdede J^a f mynstre swa f man hit cleopede p9L

Gildeneburh. pn, wsex hit swi^e on land and on gold and®i;Il)en[

on seolfer.

1053. Her on j^isum geare forSferde Godwine eorl^ on
xvii k' Mai. and he is bebyrged on Winceastre. on Ealda-
mynstre. and feng Harold eorl his sunu to i$am eorldome.

6 Her was Grodwine eorl dead. F.

B b 2

188 THE LAUD MS. (E)

and to eallum pBxn "pe his fseder ahte. and feng jEIfgar eorl
to *Sam eorldom ]fe Harold ser ahte.

1054. Bellum apud mare mortuum. Her on )?isum geare
forSferde Leo se halga papa on Rome. And on )7isam geare
wses swa my eel orfcwealm. swa man ne gemunde fela wintrum
aer. And Uictor wses gecoren to papan.

(C) abb' on Cofantreo feng to Sa bisceoprice. and iEgelward abbad on
Glsestingabyrig gefor. and Godwine abb' on Wincelcumbe.

Eac Wylsce menn geslogan mycelne dael Engliscee folces ¥sera
weardmanna. wit$ Wae8tb)mg.

On ^isson geare nses nan arcebisceop on Nissan lande. butan
Stigand b' beold f bisceoprice on Cantwarabyrig on Cristescyrcean.
and Kynsige on Eoforwic. and Leofwine and Wulfwi foran ofer 8«.
and leton big hadian |>9er to bisceopum. se Wulfwi feng to ^m
biscoprice |>e Ulf haefde. be him libbendum. and ofadrsefdum.

1054. Her for Siward eorl mid mycclum here into Scotlande. and
mycel wsel of Scottum gesloh. and big aflymde. and se cing set
baerst Eac feoll mycel on his healfe. aeg^er ge Densce ge Englisce.
and eac his agen sunu. Dses ylcan geares man halgode f mynster
on Eofeshame. on vi id' Octobris. On ^a ylcan geare ferde
Ealdred biscp sut$. ofer sse. into Sexlande. and wear% })ser mid
mycelre arwurSnesse underfangen. Dy ylcan geare swealt Osgod
Clapa. fseringa swa swa he on his reste Isegt

1055. On )>ysum geare fortJferde Siward eorl. on Ek)forwic. and
his lie \V6 binnan )>a mynstre set Galmanho. )>e he sylf ser getim-
brade. Gode to lofe. and eallum his halgum. Da ^serseft' binnan
lyttlan fyrste. wses witenageroot on Lundene. and man geutlagode
)>a iElfgar eorl. Leofrices sunu eorles. butan selcan gylte. and he
gewende tJa to Trlande and bcgeat him ^aer li^. f waes xviii scipa.
butan his Kgenan. and wendan t$a to Brytlande. to Griffine cinge.
mid )>am werede. and he bine underfeng on his gri^e. And hig
gegaderadan %a mycle fyrde mid %a Yriscan mannan and mid
Walkynne. and Rawulf eorl gaderade mycele fyrde agean to Here-
ford port. And hi sobtan hi ^aer. ac ser J>8er wsere aenig spere
gescoten. xr fleah %laet Englisce folc. for^an |>e hig waeran on
horsan. and man sloh ^aer mycel wael. abutan feower bund manna.
o¥%e fife, and hig naenne agean. And hig gewendan t$a to t$a
porte. and t5aet forbaerndan. and f maere mynster i$e iE)>elstan. se
arwur^a biscop. aer let getimbrian. f hig beryptan and bereafodan.
let haligdome. and aet hreaue. and set eallon %ingan. and f folc

THE LAUD MS. (E) 189

1055. Her on f^isum geare for8ferde Siward eorl. and J?a
bead man ealre witenagem6t vii nihton ser mid lenctene. and
utlagode mann .^Ifgar eorl. forSon him man wearp 6n. *p
he wses J^es cynges swica. and ealra landleoda. and he }?ae8
^geanwyrde wes. setforan eallum |?a mannum ^e yser gega-
derode waeron. j^eah him f word ofscute his unn)7ances.

D) Glestingabyrig. ealle binnan anum moD)>e. and Leofwine feng to
J>am b*rice set Licetfelde. and Aldret b' feng to )>am abb' rice on
Wincelcube. and ^EgelnatS feng to )>a abb* rice on Glestincga-
byrig. And J>ae8 ylcan geres fortSferde ^Ifric. Oddan broker, on
Deorhyrste. and his lichama rested on Perscore. And |j8es ylcan
geres for^ferde God wine eori. and him geyfelode )>8er he mid )>a
cynge sset on Wincestre. And Harold his sunu feng to )>a eorl-
dome ]>e his feeder aer hxfde. and iElfgar eorl feng to |)am eorldome
j>e Harold aer hsefde.

1054. Her ferde Siward eorl mid miclum here on Scotlande.
xgSer ge mid scyp here and mid land fyrde. and feaht wi% Scottas.
and aflymde )>one kyng Macbeot$en. and ofsloh eall f )>aer betst waes
on )>a lande. and laedde ]>onan micele herehu)>e. swilce nan man aer
ne begeat. Ac his sunu Osbam. and his sweostorsunu Sihward.
and of his bus carl*, and eac )>aes cynges. wurdon )>8er ofslaegene.
on ]>one daeg Septem Dormientiu. Daes ilcan geres for Aldred b'
to Colne. ofer sae. J>8es k3mge8 aerende. and wear^ j>aer underfangen
mid mycclan weortJscipe fra )>am casere. and )>aer he wunode wel
neh an ger. and him geaf aeg%er |>eneste ge se b' on Colone. and
se casere. And he lofode I^eofwine b'e. to halgianne f mynst' aet
Eofeshamme. on vi id' Octb*. And on |>isan geare swalt Osgod.
faeringa on his bedde. And her for^ferde scs Leo papa, and Uictor
waes to papa gecoren on his stede.

1055. On )>isan gere for^ferde Syhward eorl. on Eoferwic. and
he liget$ aet Galmaho. on )>a mynstre }>e he sylf let timbrian. and
halgian on Godes and Olafes naman. And Tosti feng to )>an eorl-
dome )>e he haefde. And Kynsie arceb' fette his pallium aet Uictore
papan. And )raeraeft' sona man utlagode .^Ifgar eorl. Leofrices
sunu eorl'. fomeh butan gylte. Ac he gewende to Hirlande. and
Brytlande. and begeat him )raer micel genge. and ferde swa to Here-
forda. ac him com )>8er togenes Raulf eorl mid mycclan here, and mid
lytlan gewinne hi on fleam gebrohte. and micel folc on )>an fleame

7 and he was )>as gewyrde F. Et quod ipse ante cognovit ita esse, licet
Algams comes exul facias est propte- verbum illud improviso exprimerit.
rea quod debait esse delator patriae, F. Lot.

190 THE LAUD MS. (E)

And se cyng geaf )7one eorldom Tostige Gtodwines sunu
eorles. iSe Siward eorl aer ahte.

And iElfgar eorl gesohte Griffines g'heald on Nor8 Wealan.
And on J^isum geare GriflSn and ^Ifgar forbsemdon see JE^el-
bryhtes mynster. and ealle }>a burh Hereford.

1056. Hie Henricus Bomanorum imperator obiit ; cui suc-
cessit filius ejus Henricus.

1057. Her on )>isum geare com iEdward seiSeling Ead-
mundes sunu cynges hider to lande. and sona )^s gefor. and

(C) slogan, and same onweg Iseddan. Da gaderade man fyrde geond
eall Englaland swy^ neah. and hig coman to Gleaweceastre. and
wendan swa iinfeorr ut on Wealas. and )>8er lagon same hwile. and
Harald eorl let dician t$a die abatan f port |>a hwile. Da on %a.
)>a spsec man to fnt$e. and Harald eorl and ^ ^ mid him waeron
coman to Bylgeslege. and tSaer frit$ and freondscipe heom betweonan
gefsestnodan. And man geinlagode )>a iElfgar eorl. and man ageaf
him eall f him wses eer ofgenumen. and f scipliS gewende to Lege-
ceastre. and ^aer abiden heora males |>e iElfgar heom behet. Se
mannslyht wses on ix kl* Noub'. On t5am ylcan geare forSferde
Tremerig se Wylsca biscop sona aefter ^aere hergunge. se waes JEyd-
stanes biscopes gespelia sy^t$an he unfere wses.

1056. Her gefor i£)>elstan se arwur^a b'. on iiii id' Febrii. and
his lie li% on Hereford port, and man sette Leofgar to biscupe. se
wees Haroldes eorles meesse preost Se werede his kenepas on his
preosthade o^set he wsbs biscop. Se forlet his crisman. and his
hrode. his gastlican waepna. and feng to his spere and to his sweorde.
seft' his biscuphade. and swa for to fyrde ongean Griffin )>one
Wyliscan cing. and bine man 9ar ofsloh and his preostas mid him.
and iElfno^ scir gerefa. and manege gode menn mid heom. and tSa
o%re setflugon. Dis wses viii nihton ser middan sumera. Earfo^ic
is to atellanne seo gedrecednes. and seo fare eall. and seo fyrdang.
and f geswiuc and manna fyll. and eac horsa. |>e eall Engla here
dreah. o^aet l-icofric eorl com wi^. and Harald eorl. and Ealdred h\
and macedan seht pxr betweonan. swa f Griffin swor a^as f he
wolde beon Eadwarde kinge hold under kingc. and unswicigende.
And Ealdred b' feng to ^am biscuprice Jie Leofgar haefde ser xi
wucan and iiii dagas. On ^am ylcan geare gefor Cona se casere.
Daes geres gefor Odda eorl. and his lie li^ on Perscoran. and he
WSBS to munece gehadod ser is ende. he gefor on ii kl* Septb'. '«*•

THE LAUD MS. (E) 191

his lie is bebyrged innon scs Paulus mynstre on Lundene.(A.D. 1057)
And Uictor papa forSferde. and wses Stepban^ gecoren to
papan. se wses abbot on Monte Cassino. And Leofric eorl

D) of&Ioh. and gewendon )>a into Hereford porte. and forhergode f . and
forbaemde f maere mynst* )>e iE)>elstan b' getimbrode. and ofsloh
)>a preostas innan |>an mynstre. and manege |>aertoeacan. and namon
|>serinne ealle J^a magmas, and mid heom aweg Iseddon. And )>a )>a
hi hsBfdon msest to yfele gedon. man gereedde )H)ne raed f man
iElfgar eorl geinnlagode. and ageaf him his eorldom. and eall f
him ofgenumen wses. Deos herguDg waes geworden on non' kl'
Nouemb'. On }>am ilcan geare for^ferde Tremerin se Wylisca b'.
sona SBfter )>sere hergunge. and be waes iE)>el8tanes b' gespelia si^^an
he unfere waes.

1056. Her forlet iEgelric bisceop his bisceoprice aet Dunholm.
and ferde to Burb to see Petres mynstre. and bis brotSor iEgelwine
feng ^aerto.

And eac ber for^ferde iE^elstan biscop. on iiii id* Feb. and
his lie \v6 on Hereforda. and man sette Lefegar to b*. se waes
Haroldes eorles maessep". and on his preosthade be haefde his
kenepas c^f he b' waes. Se forlet his crisman and his rode
and his gastlican waepnu. and feng to his spere and to his swarde.
and swa for to ferde ongean Griffin )>one Wyliscan cining. and he
weaT% )raer ofslagen and his preostes mid him. and iElfho^ seir
gerefa. and manega ot$re gode men. Dis waes ehtannihte aer
middan sumere. And Ekildred bisceop feng to %a b'rice }>e Leofe-
gar haefde xi wucan and iiii dagas. Daes geares foi^ferde Odda
eorl. and he liiS on Perscora. se waes to muneca gehadod aer his
ende. god man and claene and swi^ ae^ele. And he gewat on ii kl'
Sept'. And Cona se casere for^ferde.
1057- Her com Eladward ae]>eling

to Englalande*

se waes Eadwerdes

bro^orsunu kynges

Eadmund cmg*

Irensid waes geclypod

for his snellscipe.

Disne aejieling Cnut cjmg

haefde forsend

on Ungerland

to beswicane.

192 THE LAUD MS. (E)

forSferde. and feng JEUgax his sunu to )?a eorldome ^e se
feeder ssr haefde.

1058. Her on j^isum geare forSferde Stephanus papa, and
wses Benedict' gehalgod to papan. se ylca saende Stigande

(D) Ac he }>8er ge]>eh

to godan men*

8wa him God at$e

and him wel gebyrede*

swa f he begeat

)>8es caseres maga to wife*

and bi )>8ere fsegerne

beam team gestrynde*

seo wses Agathes gehaten.
Ne wiston we

for hwylcan intingan

f gedon wearV*

^ he ne moste

his mseges Eadwardes

cynges geseon.

Wala f wses hreowlic sitS

and hearmlic

eallre jjissere ))eode*

f he swa ra^

his lif geendade*

)>8e8 ]>e he to Englalande com*

for ungesttlh^

)>i88ere earman ]>eode.
On |>an ilcan gere forSferde Leofric eorl. on ii Id' Otb". se waea
swi^e wis for Gode and eac for worulde. f fremode eallre [>isre
¥eode. he Ii% set Cofentreo. and his sunu iElfgar feng to his rice.
And on yam geare forSferde Raulf eorl. on xii kl' Ian', and liS on
Burh. Ekic gefor Heca b' on SuSSexum. and iEgelric wses on his
setl ahafen. And her Uictor papa forSferde. and Stephan' wses to
papa gecoren.

1058. Her man ytte ut iElfgar eorl. ac he com sona inn ongean
mid strece. J>urh Gryffines fultum. And her com scyphere of Nor-

F M . . . Her fofSferde Stephan' p'pa. and Benedict' wag gebletsed harto.

se ylca sende Stigande ar'b* to lande. and Heca b' fortS ferde and Stigand

ar*b' hadode Agelric on XpSscirican to b' to SutJSexa. and Siward abb' to b'
toItof.$

§ Here ends MS. F; much worn and effaced.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 193

arcb^ pallium hider to lande. And on }>i8um geare forSferde
Heaca b' on SulSSeaxan. and Stigand arcebiscop hadode
^gelric S set XpescTrcean to b' to Su^SSeaxum. and Si ward
abbot to biscop to Hrofeceastre.

1059. Her on }>i8um geare wses Nicolaus to papan gecoren.
86 wses biscop set Florentie J^sere burh. and wses Benedict^
utadrifen se wses ser papa.

1060. Hie Henricus rex Francorum obiit; cui successit
PhyUppus filius ejus. On }>issum geare forSferde Kynsige
arcb' on Eoforwic on xi kF lanr. and feng Ealdred b* J^ser to.
and Walter feng to J?am b'rice on Hereforda.

1061. Her on j^isum geare forSferde Dudue b^ on Sumer
sseton. and feng Gisa to. And on )?am ilcan geare forSferde
Godwine b' set see Martine on vii Id' Mr*. And on )>am
syl&n geare forSferde Wulfric abb' set see Augustine innon
I'sere Easter wucan on xiiii k' Mai. Da com j^am cynge

D) wegan. hit is langsum to atellanne eall hu hit gefaren waes. On
|>a ilcan gere Ealdred b' halgode f mynst' on Gleawcestre )>e
he sylf geforfiode. Code to lofe and see Petre. and swa ferde to
Hierusale. mid swilcan weor^scipe swa nan o^er ne dyde setforan
him. and hine sylfne )>aer Grode betaehte. and waHSlic lac eac geof-
frode to ares Drihtenes byrgene. f waes an gylden calic on fif
marcon. switSe wundorlices geworces. On )>aro ilcan gere forSferde
Stefan' papa, and Benedict' waes to papan geset. se sende pallium
Stigande b'e. and iEgelric waes to b'e gehadod to So^Sexam.
and Sihward abb' to bpe to Hrofecec^tre.

1059. Her on |nsan gere waes Nicolaus gecoren to papan. sc waes
b' aer act Florentia Jraere burh. and Benedict' waes utadryfen pe |>asr
waes aer papa. And on |>isan gere waes se stypel gehalgad aet Burh
on xvi kl' Noub'.

1060. On )>isan gere waes micel eoi^dyne. on trandationc sci
Martini, and Heinric se cyng forSferde on Francrice. And Kynsie
arceb' on Eoferwic gewat on xi kl' lanr. and he lige¥ on Burh. and
Ealdred b' feng to |jam rice. And Waltere feng to j^ara b'rice on
Herefordscire. and Duduc b' eac forSferde. se waes b' on Sumerssetan.
and man sette Gisa preost on his stede.

1061. Her for Ealdred b' to Rome aeft' his pallium, and he hine
underfeng aet |>am papan Nicolae. And se eorl Tostig. and his wif
eac foron to Rome, and se bisoeop and se eorl gebidan mycele
earfo^nysse |>a hi hamward foran. And her forSferde Godwine b'
aet see Martine. and Wulfric abb' aet see Agustinc. on iiiix kl* April.

c c

194 THE LAUD MS. (E)

word f Be abb* Wulfric forS gefaren waes. pa geceas he
JESehige munuc \ner to of Ealdon mynstre. folgode ]>a Sti-
gande arcb\ and wearS gehalgod to abb' set Windles oran.
on scs Augustin' msessedaeg.

1062. Hoc anno subjogata est Cynomannia comiti Nor-
mannie Will'mo.

1063. Her for Harold eorl and his brolSor Tostig eorl.
aegSer ge mid landfvrde ge mid sciphere into Brytlande. and
pet land geeodon. and f folc heom gislodon and to bugon.
and foron 8y{$*San to and ofslogon heora cyng Griffin, and
brohton Harolde his heafod. and he sette o}^erne cyng
jTserto.

1064. Her on pisnm geare foron Nor8hymbra togaedere.
and utlagodon heora eorl Tostig. and ofslogon his hired
menn ealle pB. hi mihton toeuman SBgSer ge Englisce ge
Dsenisce and namon ealle his wepna on Eoferwic. and got
and seolfor. and ealle his sceattas pe hi mihton ahwar JTser
geaxian. and senden sefter Morkere .^Ifgares sune eorles.
and gecuron hine heom to eorle. and he for snlS mid eallre
)78ere scire, and mid Snotinghamscire. and Deorbiscire. and
Lincolnascire. &6 he com to Hamtune. and his broSor Ead-
wine him com togeanes mid pSLin mannum pe on his eorl-
dome weeron. and eac fela Bryttas comon mid him. Daer
com Harold eorl heom togeanes. and hig laegdon serende on
hine to }>am cynge Eadwarde. and eac serendracan mid him
sendon. and bsedon f hi moston habban Morkere heom [to]
eorle. And se cyng pddB geu'Se and sende eft Harolde heom

(C) 10G5. Her on |>i88u geare foran to hlafmsessan het Harold eorl
bytlian on Brytlande ait Portascih^ )>a )>a he hyt gegan hsefde. and
)>ar mycel god gegaderode and )H)hte )H)ne kingc Eadward ]>ar to
habbenne fo huntno]>es )>ingon. and )>a hyt eall maest gegaderod
wses. )>a for Cradoc. Griffines sunu to mid eallu )>a |>e he begytan
mihte. and f folc msest eall ofsloh )>e |>ar tinbrode. and f god gena
)>e |>ar gegaderod wses. And se mannsliht wses on see Bar)H>lomeus
msessedseig. And )>a seft' Michaheles msessan. foran pa, )>egnas
ealle on Eoferwicscire to Eoferwic. and Tostiges eorles huskarlas
pSLT ofslogon ealle )>a pe hig geaxian mihton. and hys gsersuman
namon. And Tostig wses l»a set Brytfordan mid |>am kinge. And
)>a wel ra8e |)ar«Tft' waes mycel gemot set NoriShamtunc. and swa
on Oxenaforda. on j^on daeig Simonis and lude. And wses Harold

THE LAUD MS. (E) 195

to to Hamtune. on see Simones and ludan msesse sefen. and (A.D. 1064)

D) And Nicolaus papa for^ferde. and Alexander waes to papan gecoron.
86 waes b' aet Lucan.

1063. On )yissum geare for Harold eorl. aeft' middan wintre. of
Gleaweceastre to Radelan^ J>e Griffines waes. and )>one ham for-
baemde. and bis scipa and alle )>a gewaeda |>e |>8erto gebyrede. and
bine on fleame gebrobte. And )>a. to |>am gongdagan. for Harold
mid scipum of Brycgstowe abutan Brytland. and ^ folc gri)>ede and
gisledon. and Tostig for mid landferde ongean. and f land geeodon,
Ac her. on Nissan ilcan geare. on herfeste. wear)y Griffin kync of*
slangen. on nonas Agusti. fram his agenum mannum. )>arh f gewin
J)e he won wi)> Harold eorl. Se waes kyning ofer eall Wealcyn.
and man brohte his eafod to Harolde eorle. and Harold hit Jmm
kynge brohte. and his scipes heafod. and )>a bone )>er mid. And se
kyng Eadward betaehte f land his twam gebropran. Ble)>gente and
Rigwatlan. and big a)>a8 sworon and gislas saldan )>8em cynge and
})aero eorle. f beo him on allum )>ingum unswicende beon woldon.
and eighwar him gearwe. on waetere and on lande. and swylc of
pam lande gelaestan swylc man dyde toforan aer ol»rum kynge.

1065. Her on Jjissum geare. foran to blafmaessan. bet Harold eorl
bytlian on Brytlande aet Portascib^. )>a )>a be hit gegan haefde. and
yxT mycel god to gegaderode. and |>ohte ]>onne cyng Eadward )>aer
to habbane for hunto^s )>ingon. Ac }>a hit eall waes gearo. |>a for
Cradoc to. Gryffines sunu. mid eallon )>am genge |>e he begotan
mibte. and f folc eall maest ofslob |>e |>aer timbrode. and f god pe
yxr gegearcod waes namon. Ne wisten we hwa |>one unraed aerest
geraedde. Dis waes gedon on see Bartholomeus maesse daeg. And
sona aeft' |>isan gegaderedon |>a |>egena8 hi ealle on Eoforwic scire
and on Nor% by mbra lande togaedere. and geutlagedan heora eorl
Tosti. and ofslogon bis hired menn ealle |>e big mihten tocumen
aegjier ge Englisce ge Denisce. and naman ealle his waepna on
E^orwic. and gold and seolfer. and ealle his sceattas ]>e big mihton
abwaer |)aer geacsian. and sendon aefter Morkere -^Ifgares sunu
eorles. and gecuron bine heom to eorle. and he for su^ mid ealre
Jwre scire, and mid Snotinghamscire. and Deorbyscire. and Lin-
colnascire. ot5 he com to Hamtune. and his bro)>or Eadwine him
com togeanes mid )>am mannum )>e on his eorldome weron. and eac
fela Brettas comon mid him. Der com Harold eorl heom togeanes.
and big laegdon aerende on bine to |>am cyninge Eadwarde. and
eac aerendracan mid him sendon. and bsedon f hi moston babban
Morkere heom to eorle. And se cyning J>aes geu^ae and sende
aefter Harald heom. to Hamtune. on see Symones and luda maesse

c c 2

196 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1064) kydde heom f ilce. and heom pet on hand sealdon. and he
niwade )^r Cnutes lage. And }?a norSeme men dydan
mycelne hearme abatan Hamtune. ]7a hwile pe he for on
heora aerende. aegSer f hi ofslogon men. and bsemdon \m
and comn. and namon eall pet orf pe hi mihton tocoman.
f wses fela J^nsend. and fela hund manna hi namon. and
keddon norS mid heom. swa J^et seo scyre and pn. dSra scvre

(C 1065) eorl par, and wolde heora seht w^rrcan gif he mihte. ac he na mihte.
ac eaU hys eorldom byne anrsedlice forsoc. and geutlagode and ealle
)>a mid bym |>e unlage rserdon. for|>am pe rypte God serost. and
ealle |>a bestrypte pe he ofer mihte set life and aet lande. And hig
namon heom pa, Morkere to eorle. and Tostig for pa, ofer sae. and
hys wif mid him. to Baldwines lande. and wint'setl namon set see
Audomare. And Eadward kingc com to Westmynatre to yam
middan wintre. and f mynster ^r let halgian pe he aylf getim-
brode. Gode to lofe and ace Petre. and eallum Codes halgum. and
seo circhalgung wses on Cilda msesse daeig. And he for^ferde on
twelftan sefen. and hyne man bebyrigde on twelftan dseig on \am
ylcan mynstre. swa hyt hersefter seigS.

Her Eadward kingc* Engla hlaford-

sende 8o)>f8e8te* sawle to Criste*

on Codes wsera* gast haligne.

He on worulda her* wunode jrage*

on kyne)>rymme' crsefdg rseda.

zxiiii* freolic wealdend*

wintra gerimes' weolm brytuodon.
And healfe tid* haelet^a wealdend'

weold wel ge|>ungen' Walum and Scottum*

and Bryttum eac* byre -^©Selredes*

Englum and Sexum* oret msegcam*
Swa ymbclyppa^' ceald brymmas*

f eall Eadwarde* aetSelum kinge*

hyrdon holdlice* hagestealde menn.
Wses a bliSe mod* bealuleas kyng*

|>eah he lang cer* lande bereafod*

wunode wraeclastum* wide geond eorSan*

sy^tJan Cnut ofercom- kynn -/E^el redes-

and Dena weoldon* deore rice*

Engla landes* xxviii*

wintra gerimes* welan brynodan.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 197

)>e pser neh sindon. wurdon fela wintra pe wyrsan. And (A. D. 1065)
Tostig eorl. and his wif and ealle ps, pe woldon f he wolde.
foron su'S ofer see mid him to Baldwine eorle. and he hig
ealle underfeng. and hi wsBron ealne J^one winter }?8er.

aefen. and kyt$de heom f ilce. and heom f ahand sealde. and he (D 1065)
nywade |>9er Cnutes lage. And )>a Ry^renan dydan mycelne hearm
abutan Hamtune. |>a hwile pe he for beora eerende. tegpxr f hi
ofelogon menn. and bserndon bus and com. and namon eall )raet orf
pe hig mihton tocuman. )^t wses feola )>u8end. and fela bond manna
hi namau. and Iseddan nor5 mid heom. swa f seo scir. and )>a o^ra
scira px ¥aer neah sindon. wurdan fela wintra %e wjrrsan. And
Tostig eorl. and bis wif and ealle )>a ^ woldon |>8et be wolde. faran
8u% ofer sse. mid him. to Baldwine eorle. and he hi ealle underfengc.
and hig wseron ealne )H)ne winter pter. And Eladward cyng com
to West mynstre to pam middan wintre. and ]>et mynster )>8er let
halgian |>e he silf getimbrode. Gode to lofe and see Petre. and
eallam Codes balgum. and seo cyric balgung wees on Cilda maessse
deig. And be for^ferde on twelftan sefen. and bine man bebyrigde
on twelftan daeg on |>am illcan minstre. swa bit bersefter 8«g¥.
Her Eadward cing* Englene blaford*

sende so^feste* saale to Kriste*

on Codes wera* gast baligne.

He on weorolda her* wunodae |>ragae*

on kine)>rymme* creftig raeda.

zxiiii* freohc wealdand*

wintra rimes* weolan britnode.

And be bselotid* hsele¥a wealdend*

weold wel ge^ungsen* Walum and Scottum'

and Bryttum eac* byre iE^dredes*

Englum and Saexum* oretmeegcum.
Swa ymbcl3rppa|)* cealda brymmas*

%8et eall Ekidwardse* 8e)>elum kinge*

byrdan holdelice* bagestalde menn.
Wses a bli%e mod* bealeleas king*

^b be langa ser* landes bereafod*

wunodae wreclastum* wide geond eor^an*

seo^|mn Knut ofercom* cynn iEtJelredes*

and deona weoldon* deore rice*

Englalandes' xxviii*

wintra gerimes* weolan brytnodon.

198 THE PARKER MS. (S)

1066. Her forSferde Eaduuard king, and Harold
eorl feng to Sam rice, and heold hit xl wucena and

(C) Sy^an for^ becom freolice in geatwum*

kyningc kystum god* clsene and milde*

Eadward se aetSela* eftel bewerode*

land and leode. o^ f lunger becom*

dea% se bitera* and svva deore genam.

iE)>elne of eorBan* englas feredon*

so)>faeste sawle* innan swegles leoht.
And se froda swa j)eah' befaeste f rice*

heah^ungenu menn* Harolde sylfum*

8e)>eluin eorle* se in ealle tid*

hyrde holdlice* haerran sinum-

wordum and dsedum* wihte ne agselde*

j)aes ye j)earf wees* j)3e8 )>eodkyninge8.
And her wearS Harold eac to kynge gehalgod. and he lytle stillnesse
j)ar on gebad. j)a hwile j)e he rices weold.

1066. On j)isu geare c6 Harold kyng of Ek)forwic to Westniyn-
stre. to j)a Eastran ))e wseron wft* j)a middan wintran )je se kyng
fofSferde. and )>a Eastran on )>one dseig xvi kl' Mai. Da wear%
geond eaU Englaland swylc tacen on heofenu gesewen swylce nan
mann ser ne geseh. Same menn cwaedon f hyt cometa se steorra
wsere. )>one sume menn hata% )>one fexedon steorran. and he set-
eowde serest on )K)ne aefen Letania Maior. f ys viii kl' Mai. and
Swa scean ealle J)a vii niht. And Sona j)ar aeft' co Tostig eorl fnk
begeondan sse into Wiht. mid swa miclu li^Se swa he begytan mibte.
and hi man geald |>ar spig^er ge feoh ge metsunge. And for )»a
)>ano. and hearmas dyde aegwar be )>a see riman )>ar he to mibte. o¥
f he beco to Sandwic. Da cydde man Harolde kynge j>e on Lun-
dene wses. f Tostig his bro^or waes cumen to Sandwic. )>a gega-
dorade he swa mycele scipfyrde and eac landfyrde swa nan cingc
aer her on lande ne gegaderade. for 6a j)e hi waes to so^n gessed f
Willelm eorll fra Normandige. Eadwardes cingces mseg. wolde hider
cuman and )>is land gegan. eall swa hit sy^^an a code. Da Tostig
f geaxode f Harold cing waes toward Sandwic. |)a for he of Sand-
wic. and na of |>a butsekarlon sume mid hi. sume }>ances sume
un]>ances. and gewende )>a nof8 into [Humbran]. and Jiaer hergode
on Lindesege. and )>aer manega gode men ofsloh. Da Eadwine eorl
and Morkere eorl f undergeaton. )>a coman hi |>yder. and hine of
)>9i lande adrifon. and he for ^a to Scotlande. and Scotta cynning

THE LAUD MS. (E) 199

1066. On J^issum geare man halgode ))et mynster set West
mynstre on Cilda msesse dseg. And se cyng Eadward forS-
ferde on twelfta msesse sefen. and hine mann bebyrgede on
twelftan msesse dseg. innan }7sere uiwa halgodre circean on

D) Si^an for^ becom freolic in geatwum*

kinigc cystum god* clsene and milde*

Eadward se aetJele* e^el bewarede*

land and leodan. o^aet lunger becom*

dea^ se bytera* and swa deore genam.

iESelne of eor^an- englas feredon*

so^feste sawle* inne swegles leoht.

And se froda swa ^eah' befseste j)aet rice*

heah^ungena menn* Harolde sylfum*

ae^elum eorle* se in ealne tid*

berdse holdelice* herran synum*

wordum and daedum* wihte ne agselde*

j)aes )je ^earfe waes* ^aes }>eodkyngces.
And her wear% Harold eorl eac to cynge gehalgod. and he lytle
stilnesse )>aer on gebad. )>a hwile ))e he rices weold.

1066. On l^issum geare com Harold cyng of Eoferwic to Westmyn-
stre. to j)am E^tran ^e waeron aefter j)am middan wintre })e se cyng
fortSferde. and wseron ]>a Eastran on )>one dseg xvi kl' Mai. Da
wear% geond eall Englaland swylc tacen on heofenum gesewen
swylce nan man ser ne geseah. Sume men cwedon f hit cometa se
steorra wsere. )>one sume men hata% |>one faexedon steorran. and he
seteowde serest on )>one aefen Letania Maior. viii kl' Mai. and
Swa scan ealle ]>a seofon niht. And Sona }>er aefter com Tostig eorl
in fram begeonde sse into Wiht. mid swa miclum li^Se swa he begitan
mihte. and him man geald )>aer 8eg)>aer ge feoh ge metsunge. And
Harold cyng. his bro)>or. gegaedrade swa micelne scipbere. and eac
land here, swa nan cyng her on lande aer ne dyde. for ]>am )>e him
waes gecy^ j)aet Wyllelm bastard wolde hider and ^is land ge-
winnen. eall swa hit sy^an aeode. And )>a wile com Tostig eorl
into Hombran mid sixtigum scipum. and Eadwine eorl com mid
Ian ferde and adraf hine ut. And )>a butsacarlas hine forsocan. and
he for to Scotlande mid xii snaccum. And hine gemette |>aer
Harold cyng of Norwegon mid Jjreo hund scypii. and Tostig him
tobeah. and his man wear%. And hi foron ]>a begen into Humbran.
o^ f hi comon to Ek)forwic. and heo |)8er wi^ fuhton Ekidwinc eorl.
and Morkcre eorl. his bro^or. ac l^a Normen ahton sige. Man

. 200 THE PARKER MS. (S)

(A.D. io66)8enne daeg. and her com Willelm and gewann iEngla

(C 1066) hine gri^ede. and hi to metsunge fylste. and )>ser ealne sumor
wunode. Da co Harold ciningc to Sandwic. and )>«r his li^es abad.
for )>a )>e hit waes lang ser hit man gegaderian mihte. and )>a his li%
gegaderad wses. ]>a for he into Wiht. and ]>8er laeg ealne )>one samor
and )>ODe haerfest. and man hsefde land fyrde seghwar be s%. ^eh hit
act )>a ende naht ne forstode. Da hit waes to Natiuitas scae Mariae. |»
waes manna metsung agan. and hig nan man |?ar na leng gehealdan
ne mihte. Da lyfde man mannO ham. and se cyngc rad op. and
man draf )>a scypu to Lunde[ne]. and manega forwurdon ser hi
J>yder comon. Da ^a scypu ha coman. j)a com Harold cjniing of
Norwegan nor% into Tinan on unwaran. mid swy^e miclfi scip
here, and na lytlan. f mihte beon [mid ^reo hund scypum] o^ik
ma. And Tostig eorl hi c6 to mid eallu )>a |>e he begiten haefde.
call swa hy aer gesprecen haefdon. and foran ya, begen mid eallii ^
li¥e. andlang Usan up to Ek)ferwic ward. Da cydde man Harolde
cynge be su^an ]>a he of scipe curaen waes. f Harold cyng on
Norwegan and Tostig eorl waeron up cumene neh Ek>ferwic. Da
for he nor^weard. daeges and nihtes. swa hra^ swa he his fyrde
gegaderian mihte. Da aer )>a )>e se cynning Harold |>yder ctunan
mihte. ]>a gegaderode Eadwine eorl and Morkere eorll of heora
eorldome swa my eel werod swa hi begitan mihton. and witS )>oDe
here gefuhton. and mycel wael geslogon. and ]>8er waes {laes Engliscan
folces mycel ofslagen. and adrenct. and on fleam bedrifen. and
Normen ahton waelstowe gewald. And |>is gefeoht waes on vioilu
MATHBi APLi'. and waes Wodnesdaeg. And )m eft' )>a gefeohte for
Harold cyningc of Norwegan and Tostig eorl into Eoferwic. mid
swa miclu folce swa heo |>a ge]>uhte. And hi mon gislade of |iaere
burh. and eac to metsunge fylste. and swa ]mnon to scipe foran. and
to follan fritSe gespraecon. f hig ealle mid hi su% faran woldon.
and ]>is land gegan. Da amang )>issan c6 Harald £n^ cyningc.
mid ealre his fyrde. on t$one Sunnan daeg. to Tada. and |>aer his VI6
fylcade. and for ]>a on Monandaeg ]>urhut Eoferwic. and Harold
cyningc of Norwegan. and Tostig eorl. and heora gefylce waeron
afaren of scipe begeondan Eoferwic to Stanford brycge. for )€ ^
hi waeron behaten to gewissan. f hi man )>aer of ealre ptere scire
ongean hy gislas bringan wolde. Da co Harold Engla cyning heom
ongean. on unwaran. begeondan )>aere brycge. and hi )>8er togaedere
fengon. and swy^e heardlice lange on daeg fcohtende waeron. and
pxr waes Harold cyning of Norwegan and Tostig eorl ofslagen.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 201

Westmynstre. And Harold eorl feng to Englalandes cyne (A.D. 1066)

rice, swa swa se cyng hit him ge a%e. and eac men hine j^ser

t6 gecuron. and wses gebletsod to cynge on twelftan msesse

dseg. And ]>y ilcan geare J>e he cyng waes. he for ut mid

scip here to geanes Wiirme. and \f& hwile com Tostig eorl

into Humbran mid Ix scipum. Eadwine eorl com landfyrde.

and draf hine ut. and {^a butsecarlas hine forsocan. And he

for to Scotlande mid xii snaccum. and hine gemette Harold

se Norrena cyng mid ccc scipum. and Tostig him to beah.

and hi bsegen foran into Humbran. oS ^et hi coman to

Eoferwic. And heom wilS feaht Morkere eorl. and Eadwine

eorl. and se Norrena cyng ahte siges geweald. And man

cydde Harolde cyng hu hit wses }^8er gedon and geworden.

and he com mid mycclum here Engliscra manna, and ge-

and ungerim folces mid he5. x^6er ge Normana ge Englisca. and (C 1066)
|>a Normen flugon )>a Englisca.

Dfl tees }^er an of Norwegan pe wPSstod }^t Englisce folc. \et hi ne
micte JMi brigge oferstigan, ne sige gerechen, Y)a seite an Englisce mid
anreflar. ac hit nactes ne ivrSstod, tend {mi co an o\er under }^ere brigge,
end hine yurustang en under pere brunie. pa com Harold Engla chinge
ofer \ere brigge and hys furde fof^ mid hine, and J>ertf michel wel
geslogon. ge Norweis ge FUeming, and ^s cyninges sui Hetmundus let
Harold faran ham to Norweie mid alle \fd scipe, §

cy^e )>a Harolde Engla cynge -f j)is waes Jjus gefaren. and jiis (D xo66)
gefeoht waes on uigilia 8ci Mathaei. Da com Harold ure cyng on
unwaer on }m Normenn. and hytte hi begeondan Eoforwic. set
Stemford brygge. mid micclan here Englisces folces. and ]>aer wear%
on daeg swi^e stranglic gefeoht on ba halfe. Dar wear5 ofslaegen
Harold Harfagera and Todti eorl. and |>a Normen )>e )>aer to lafe
waeron wurdon on fieame. and )>a Engliscan hi hindan hetelice
slogon. o9 f hig sume to scype coman. sume adruncen. and sume
eac forbaemde. and swa mislice forfarene. f ]>8er waes lyt to lafe. and
Engle ahton waelstowe geweald. Se kyng j)a geaf gry^ Olafe. j)aes
Noma cynges suna. and heora b'pe. and |)an eorle of Orcanege. and
eallon )>an )>e on |>a scypu to lafe waeron. and hi foron )>a upp to uran
kyninge. and sworon a^as. -f hi sefre woldon fry^ and freondscype in
to ]>isan lande baldan. and se cyng hi let ham faran mid xxiiii scypu.
Das twa folc gefeoht waeron gefremmede binnan fif nihtan.

$ End of MS. C. The last paragraph U in later English, and it is printed in
Italics to shew distinct.

Dd

202 THE PARKER MS. (S)

(A.D. 1066) land, and her on "Sison geare barn Xpes cyrc. and her

atiwede cometa xiiii kl* Mai. 2?

(D 1066) Da com Wyllelm eorl of Normandige into Pefhesea. on see
Michaeles mssBse aefen. and sona |>ae8 hi fere wseron. worhton castd
aet Hsestinga port. Dis weai% )>a Harolde cynge gecydd. and he
gaderade ya, mycelne here, and com him togenes set (isere haran
apuldran. and Wyllelm hi com ongean on unw«r aer his folc gefylced
wsere. Ac Be kyng |)eah him swi^ heardlice wBS feaht mid ]«
mannu ]>e him gelaestan woldon. and )>ser weadS micel wael geslaegen
on seg^re healfe. Daer weartJ ofsUegen Harold kyng. and Leofwine
eorl his bro^r. and Gyr6 eorl his bro^or. and fela godra manna,
and j)a Frencyscan ahton wselstowe geweald. call swa heom God
u^ for folces synnon. Aldred arceb* and seo burhwaru on Lun-
dene woldon habban )>a Eadgar cild to kynge. eall swa him wd
gec3mde wses. and Eadwine and Morkere hi beheton f hi mid him
feohtan woldon. Ac swa hit aefre forBhcor beon sceoldcswa weartJ
hit fra dsege to dsege Isetre and wyrre. eall swa hit set )>a ende eall
geferde. Dis gefeoht wses gedon on ))one dseg Calesti pape. And
Wyllelm eorl for eft ongean to Hsestingan. and geanbidode ]>aer
hwse^er man him to bugan wolde. Ac |>a he ongeat ^ man him to
cuman nolde. he for upp mid eallon his here ]>e him to lafe wses.
and hi sySSan fra ofer sse com. and hergade ealne )>one ende )>e he
oferferde. 0% f he com to Beorhhamstede. And )>ser hi com ongean
Ealdred arceb'. and Eadgar cild. and Eadwine eorl. and Morkere
eorl. and ealle )>a betstan men of Lundene. and bugon ^sl for neode.
)>a msest wses to hearme gedon. and f wses micel unrsed f man seror
swa ne dyde. |>a hit God betan nolde for umm synnu. and gysledan.
and sworon him a^as. and he heom behet f he wolde heom hold
hlaford beon. and |)eah onmang |>isan hi hergedan eall f hi ofer
foron. Da on midwintres dseg bine halgode to kynge Ekddred
arceb' on Westmynstre. and he sealde hi on hand mid Xpes bee.
and eac swor. ser )>an )>e he wolde {>a corona him on heafode settan.
f he wolde )>i8ne |>eodscype swa wel haldan swa senig kynge setforan
hi betst dyde. gif hi him holde beon woldon. Swa )>eah leide gyld
on mannii swi^ stV6. and for ]>a on )mm lengtene ofer 8« to Nor-
mandige. and nam mid hi Stigand arceb'. and i£gelna% abb' on Gl'br
IGUestingabin], and Eadgar cild. and Eadwine eorl. and Morkere eorl.
and Wseljieof eorl. and manege o^re gode men of Englalande. And
C3da b' and Wyllelm eorl belifen her sefter. and worhton castelas'
wide geond |>a8 jieode* and earm folc swencte* and a sy^an* hit
yflade swi^e. 'Wur^ god se ende* )K>nne God wylle.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 203

mette hine set Stsengfordesbrycge. and hine ofsloh and ]K>ne (A.D. 1066)
eorl Tostig. and eallne )7one here ahtlice ofercom.

And }?a hwile com Will'm eorl upp set Hestingan on see
Michaeles maesse dseg. and Harold com norSan and him wi'S
feaht iax )?an ]?e his here come ealL and )?8er he feoll. and his
twsegen gebrolSra Gyr8 and Leofwine. and Willelm J>is land
ge code.

And com to Westmynstre. and Ealdred arceb' hine to cynge
ge halgode. and menn guidon him gyld. and gislas sealdon.
and syiSISan heora land bohtan.

And )?a wses Leofric abbot of Burh set f ilea feord. and uofrU tiVba^
sseclode }?8er and com ham. and wses dsed sone ]?8er sefber on
selre halgan msesseniht. God are his saule. On his dseg
wses ealle blisse and ealle gode on Burh. and he wses leaf call
folc. swa f se cyng geaf see Peter and him f abbotrice on
Byrtune. and se of Couentre f se eorl LeofHc ^e wses his
eam ser heafde macod. and se of Crulande. and se of porneie.
And he dyde swa mycel to gode into f mynstre of Burh on
golde and on seolfre and on scrud and on lande. swa nefre *^
nan olSre ne dyde toforen him ne nan sefter him. pa wearS
gildene burh to wrecce burh. Da cusen )7a munecas to abbot
Brand puost. forSan f he wses swi'Se god man and swi'Se wis.
and senden him )?a to JEdgsr selSeling. forSan ^et ^e landfolc
wendon f he sceolde cyng wurSen. and se se'Seling hit him
geatte ]?a bli)>olice. pa ^e cyng Willelm ge hcrde f secgen.
pa. wearS he swiSe wra'S. and ssede f se abbot him heafde
forsegon. pa eodon gode men heom betwenen and saht-
loden heom forSan f se abbot wses goddera manne. Geaf
pB, )7one cyng xl marc goldes to sahtnysse. and ]7a lifede
he litle hwile J^ser sefter buton J^ry gear. SySISon comen
ealle drseuednysse and ealle ifele to )7one mynstre. God hit
gemyltse.

1067. Her for se cyng ofer sse. and hsefde mid hi gislas
and sceattas. and c6 pses oSres geares on see Nicolaes msesse
dseg. and J^ses dseges forbeam Xpes cyrce on Cantwarabyrig. co'bujJtio
and he geaf selces mannes land )>a he ongean co. And pBds ^^^ '^

&antuat'

(D) 1067- Her com se kyng eft ongean to Engla lande. on see Nico-
laes msesse daege. and ]>»8 daeges forbam Cristes cyrce on Cantware
b3rri. and Wulfvvi b' for^ferde and is bebyrged aet his b' stole on
Dorkacestre. And Ekidric cild and |>a Bryttas wurdon unsehte and

D d 2

204 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1067) sumeres for Eadgar cild ut. and Mserleswegen. and fela manna
mid heom. and foran to Scotlande. and se cyng Meloolm hi
ealle under feng. and gena }^e8 cildes awuster to wife Mar-
garetan.

(D 1067) wunnon heo wi5 j)a castelmenn on Hereforda. and fela hearmas heo
dydon. And her se kyng sette micel gyld on earm folc. and jwah
hwse^re let sefre hergian eaU f hi ofer foron. And pa, he ferde to
Defena scire, and hesaet )>a burh Exancester xviii dagas. and ydsr
wear^ micel his heres forfaren. ac he heom wel behet. and yfele
gelseste. and hig him )m burh ageafon for {>an ^ )iegena8 heom ge-
swicon haefdon.

And )>ae8 sumeres Eadgar cild for ut. mid his modor Agatha
and his twam sweostran. Margareta and XpTna. and Mserla swegen.
and fela godra manna mid heo. and comon to Scotlande on Malcho-
lomes cyninges gry%. and he hi ealle underfeng. Da begann se
cyngc Ml' gyman his sweostor him to wife Margaretan. ac he and
his menn ealle lange witScwsedon. and eac heo sylf wi9s6c.
And cw8e% f heo hine ne nanne habban wolde*
gyf hire seo uplice arfaestnys geunnan wolde*
f heo on maeg^hade mihtigan drihtne*

Ucrt

mid lichoman heortan* on ]>isan life sceortan*

on claenre forhsefednysse cweman mihte.
Se kyng befealh geome hire brewer 66 f he cwae^ ja wi*. and eac
he elles ne dorste. for]>an )>e hi on his anwald becmnene wasron.
Hit weaT% )>a swa geworden swa God fore sceawode on ser. and elles
hit beon ne mihte. eall swa He sylf on His godspelle ssei^. f fur^on
an spearwa on gryn ne mag hefeallan forutan his foresceawunge, Se
forewitola scyppend wiste on aer hwaet he of hjrre gedon habban
wolde. for))an |>e heo sceolde on )>an lande Godeslof geeacnian^ and
}>one kyng gerihtan of |>am dweliandan paeSe. and gebegean hine to
beteran wege and his leode samod. and alegcean )>a un)>eawas |)e seo
|)eod aer be code eallswa heo sy^S^n dyde. Se kyng hi ]>a ander
feng ]>eah hit hire un)>ances waere. and hi gelicade hire ]>eawas and
]>ancode God ]>e hi swylce ge maeccean mihtiglice forgeaf . and wis-
lice hine be|>ohte swa he fiill witter waes. and awende hinesylfne to
Gode. and aeloe unsiuemysse oferhogode. Be)>am|>e apostol Paalus
ealra }>eoda lareow cwae^. Salvabit' vir infidelis "9 muliere fidete.
Sic et mulier infidel* V viru fidele, et rl'. -f is on uran ge|)eode.yW
oft se ftngeleaffnUa wer biiS gehalgad and gehaled purh f rihtwise^

1 Over aaonian U written yoean. 3 Over rihtwiae is written leafftiUe.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 205

1068. Her on J^issu geare Will'm cyng geaf Rodberde eorle
}^one eorl dom on NorS hymbra land. Da comon 'pa, landes
menn togeanes hi. and hine of slogon. and ix hund manna

vnf, and swagelice f mf \urh geleaffulne wer, Deos foresprecene (D 1067)
cwen Beo99an on )>a lande manege nytwyr^ dseda gefremede Gode
to lofe. and eac on )>a kynewisan wel ge]>eh eallswa hire gecynde
wses. Of geleaffullan and se^elan cynne heo wses asprungon. hire
fseder waes Eadward 8e]>eling Eadmundes sunu kynges. Eadmund
iEjiek-eding. iE]>e]red Eadgaring. Eadgar Eadreding. and swa £01%
on f cynecynn. and hire modorcynn gae^ to Heinrice casere ^e
hsefde anwa]d ofer Rome.

And her ferde Gy%a ut Haroldes modor. and manegra godra
manna wif mid hyre into firadan Reolice. and ]>9er wunode eume
hwile. and swa for )>anon ofer see to see Audomare.

On ]>i8an Ekistron com se kyng to Wincestre. and }>a wseron Eastra
on X kl' Apr'l. and sona seft' ]>am com Mathild seo hlsefdie hider to
lande. and Ealdred arceb' hig gehalgode to cwene on Westmynstre
on Hwitan Sunnan dseg. ]>a ky^de man |>an k3rninge f f folc be
nor^an haefdon he5 gegaderad togsedere and woldon him ongean
standan gif he come, he for )>a to Snotingaham and worhte )>8er
castel. and for swa to Eoferwic and ]>ser worhte twegen castelas. and
on Lincolna. and ge hwar on )>an ende. and Gospatric eorl and |>a
betstan menn foron into Scotlande.

And amang )>isan com an Haroldes suna of Yrlande mid scyphere
into Afenanmui^an unwser. and hergode sona ofer call )>one ende.
foron ysL to Brygc stowe and )>a burh abrecan woldon. ac seo burh-
waru heo heardlice witJfeaht. and )>a hi ne mihton of j)8ere burh naht
gewinnan. hi foron ]>a to scypan mid j^an |>e hi gehergod hsefdon.
and swa hi foron on Sumersaeton. and |>ser upp eodon. and Eadno^
stallere heom wit5 gefeaht. and wear^ Jjaer ofslsegen. and manege gode
menn on seg^re healfe. and ]>anon aweig foron ]>e |>ser to lafe waeron.
1068. Her on )>is8u geare Willelm cyngc geaf Rodbearde eorle.
|>one ealdordom ofer NofS hymbra land, ac ]>a landes menn hine
be foron innan }>8ere burh aet Ddnholme. and hine ofslogon and ix.c
manna mid him. and sona )>8eraeft' Eadgar aeiSeling com mid eallum
Nor^hymbrii to Eoforwic. and }» burh menn wit$ hine grySedon.
And Wyllelm kyng com sut5an on unwaer on heo mid geotendan
here, and hi aflymde. and ]>a ofsloh )>a )>e aetfleon ne mihton. f waeron
fela hand manna, and }>a burh forhergode. and see Petres mynst' to
bysmere macede. and ealle )>a o9re eac forhergode. and forhynde.
and se ae^eling for eft ongean to Scotlande.

206 THE PARKER MS. (ff)

1070. Her Landfranc se }>e waes abb' on Kadum
com to j£ngla lande. se efter feawum dagum weai^J
arceb' on Kantwareberig. He wees gehaded iv kl'
Septeinbris. on his agenum biscpsetle fram eahte
biscopum his under Sioddum. Sa oJ>re ^ petr nseron.
J>urh aerendrakean and }>urh ge write atiwdon hwi
hi Sser beon ne mihton. On J>am geare Thomas se

(D 1068) iEft' |>i8u coman Haroldes simas of Yrlande to ^ middan samera
mid Ixiiii scypu into Taw mu^San. and }>8Pr unwserlice upeodon. and
Breon eorl com on dnwaer he5 togeines mid unlytlan weorode.
and wi%gefeaht. and ofsloh )>9er ealle ]>a betstan menn )>e on ^
ly^ waeron. and j)a o^re lytlan werode to scypu setflugon. and
Haroldea sunas foron eft to Yrlande ongean.

Her for^ferde Aldred arceb' on Eoferwic. and is yxr bebyrged set
his b' stole, and he ge wat on )K>ne dseg. Proti and Jadnthi. and he
heold ]>one arcestol mid mycclan weor^mynte x gear baton xv
wucan wanan. Sona |>aer seft' coman of Denmarcon )>reo Swegenes
suna kyninges mid cc scypu and xl and Esbeom eorl. and purkyl
eorl. into Humbran. and heom com )>8er togenes Eadgar cild. and
Wald{>eof eorl. and Mserleswegen. and Gospatric eorl mid Noi*
hymbru and ealle )>a landleoden. ridende and gangende mid un
maetan here swi^e faegengende. and swa ealle anrsedlice to Eoferwic
foron. and yone castel tobrsecon and towarpan. and anarimendlice
gsersuman )>aerinne gewannan. and fela hund manna Frenciscra )>ser
ofslogon and fela mid heo to scypan laeddan. and aer ]>an pe )»a
scypmenn ]>ider comon hsefdon )>a Frenciscan )>a barh forbsemed.
and eac f halie mynst' scs Petrus eall forhergod and forbsemed.
pa se kyng )>is ge axode. Y& for he nor^ward mid ealre his fyrde ]>e
he gegaderian mihte. and ]>a scipe mid ealle forhergode and aweste.
and f lit$ Iseig ealne wint' innan Humbre. ]>8er se kyng heo to cuman
ne mihte. And se kjmg waes }>one mid wintres daeig on Eoferwic.
and swa ealne ]>one wint' on ]>a lande. and com to Wincestre on )»a
ilcan Eastron. and iEgelric b* W8bs forwreged j>e waes on Burh.
and hine man laedde to Westmynstre. and utlagode his bro^r
iEgelwine b'.

1070, 1071. Her se eorl W8Blj)eof gry^de wi* Jjone cynge. and
}>8es on lengten se kyngc let hergian ealle )>a mynstra )>e on Engla
lande wseron. And )>8es geres wses mice! hunger, and man hergade
f mynst' set Burh. f waeron |>a menn |)e se b' iEgelric aer amansunv-

THE LAUD MS. (E) 207

mid hi. And Eadgar se^eling co ]7R mid eallu NorShymbram
to Eofer wfc. and ]?a port men wi-S hine gri^Sedon. And se cyng
WilFm CO su^an mid eallan his fyrde. and ]7a burh forher-
gode. and fela hund manna of sloh. and se se-Seling for eft to
Scotlande.

1069. Her man wrsegde )?one biscop iBgelric on Burh. and Be Vurgo
sende hine to Westmynstre. and utlagode his broker i^gel-

wine h\ pa betwyx ^h twam sea Marian msessan. comon
easton of Dsenmarcun mid ccc scipa. f wseron Swsegnes sunan
cynges. and his brolSer Osbeam eorl. And )?a ferde se eorl
Wal^eaf ut. and co he and Eadgar selSeling. and fela hund
manna mid heo. and gemetton ]fet lilS innan Humbran. and
ferdon to Eofer wic. and lippeodan and pa, castelas gewunnan.
and of slogon fela hand manna, and to scipe Iseddon sceattas
fela. and }^a heafodmen haefdon on beandon. and lagon be-
twyx Vsan and Trentan ealne yone winter. And se cyng
Will'm for into }>are scire, and hi call for[dy]de. And on J^isa ^
ilcan geare. forS ferde Brand abb' of Burh. on v kV Decembr'. g^^^jjj

1070. Her se eorl WalJ^eof gri-Sede wi^5 J^one cyng. And
ydds on lengten se cyng let hergian ealle ]7a mynstra ^e on
Engla lande wseron. pa on 'pk ilcan geare com Swegn cyng
of Denmarcan into Humbran. and f landfolc comen him
ongean and grilSedon wvS hine. wsendon f he sceolde pet land
ofergan. pa comen into Elig Xpistien )>a Densce b' and
Osbeam eorl and {^a Densca hus carles mid heo. and pet
Englisce folc of call )?a feon landes comen to heo. wendon f
hi sceoldon winnon call f land, pa herdon ]?a munecas of
Burh ssegen f heora agene menu wolden hergon ]7one myn-

stre. f wees Hereward and his genge. f wses forSan ]7et hi Herefntixt
herdon ssecgen )7et se cyng heafde gifen f abbot rice an
Frencisce abbot Turolde wees gehaten. and f he wses swi^e Be WbVe
styme man. and waes cumen )7a into Stanforde mid ealle hise ®wro|
Frencisce menn. pa waes J^sere an cyrce weard Yware wses
gehaten. na )>a be nihte eaU ]fet he mihte. pet weeron Xpes
bee and msesse hakeles and cantelcapas and reafes and swilce
litles hwat. swa hwat swa he mihte. and ferde sona ser dseg
to ]7on abbot Turolde and ssegde hi f he sohte his gri-Se. and
cydde hi hu )?a utlages sceolden cumen to Burh. f he dyde
eall be }?8ere muneoe nede. pa sona on morgen comen ealle
pa, utlaga mid fela scipe. and woldon into ]?am mynstre. and

208 THE PARKER MS. (S)

(A.D. io7o)w8es gecoran biscp to Eferwic. com to Cantwareberig
f man hine ^ser gehadede efter J^an ealdan gewunan.
Da "Sa Landfranc crafede fsestnunge his gehersumnesse
mid aSswerunge. }>a forsoc he. and saede j5 he hit
nahte to donne. J)a ge wraSede hine se arceb' Land-
fi*anc. and behead Jwim biscopan Se J^ar cumene wseran
be "Sas arceb' L. hsese J^a serfise to donde. and eallan
)>an munecan. f hi seoldan hi un scrydan. and hi be
his haese swa didan. Swa Thomas to J^am timan
agean ferde buton bletsunga. pa sona aefter jTysan
be lamp j) se arceb' Landfranc ferde to Rome and
Thomas for® mid. pa)>a hi }>yder comon and umbe
o}>er)?ing gesprecon haefdon umbe jJ hi sprecan
woldon. J?a angan Thomas his spsece hu he com to
Cantuuarebyri. and hu se arceb' axode hyrsumnesse
mid aj^swerunge at him. and he hit forsoc. pa
agann se arceb' L. atywian mid openum gesceade. ^
he mid rihte crafede J?as )?a he crafede. and mid
strangan cwydan j) ylce gefaestnode toforan J>am
papan Alexandre, and to foran eallan }>am concilium
J>e }7ar gegadered was. and swa ham foran. ^Efter
Jjysan com Thomas to Cantwarebyri and eal j) se
arceb' aet him crafede eadmedlice gefylde. and syJ>J?an
J?a bletsungan under feng. f

(D io7o^io7i)ade. for )k)d j>e hi uamoD )>8er eall f he ahte. And )>ae8 ilcan sumeres
com f li% into Temese. and lagon )>8er twa niht. and heoldon sy^^San
to Denmarcon. and Baldawine eorl for5ferde. and Arnulf his sunu
feng to )>an rice, and Francena kyning and Wyllelm eorl sceoldon
beon his geheald. ac }>ser com Rodbeart. and ofsloh Arnulf his
mseig and j>one eorl Wyllelm. and |>one kyngc aflymde. and ofsloh
his manna fela )>u8enda.

§ Here ends the Eaglisc text of closes with the consecration of his suc-
MS. i¥. A Uter hand has continued cessorAnselm. This piece will be given
the history of Lanfranc in Latin, and in the Appendix.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 209

Yk munecas wilSstoden f hi na mihton incunien. pa Isegdon (A.D. 1070)
hi fyr on. and forbserndon ealle )>a munece buses and eall )7a
tun buton ane huse. pa comen hi f^urh fyre in set Bolhi^e i5ol|)|
geate. and )?a munecas comen heo togeanes. beaden heo
gri'S ac hi n& rohten na )>ing. geodon into )?e mynstre.
clumben upp to ^e halge rode, namen {^a ]fe kynehelm of
ure Drihtnes heafod eall of smeate golde. namen ]>sl ]?et fot
spure 'pe wses undemse'Sen his fote. f wses eall of read golde.
Clumben upp to ye stepel. brohton dune f haecce pe pser
wses behid. hit wses eall of gold and of seolfre. hi namen
psere twa gildene serines and ix seolferne. and hi namen
fiftene mycele roden. ge of golde ge of seolfre. hi namen )?8ere
swa mycele gold and seolfr6 and swa manega gersumas on
sceat and on scrud and on bokes swa nan man ne msei oiSer
tttllen. ssegdon f hi hit dyden for "Ses mynstres holdscipe.
SyS^on geden heo to scipe. ferden heom to Elig. betsehtan
psdT ]?a ealla {^a gsersume. )>a Denescse menu wsendon f hi
sceoldon ofercumen {^a Frencisca men. {^a todrefodon ealle
}?a munekes. beleaf {^aer nan butan dn munec he waes gehaten
Leofwine lange. he Isei seoc in ^sl secrsemanin. Da co
Turold abbot and sehte 8i)7e twenti Frencisce men mid hi
and ealle fuUwepnode. pa he )?ider co )>a fand he forbsemd
wi'Sinnan and wi'Sutan. eall butan ]?a cyrece ane. )^a wseron
pa. utlagas ealle on flote. wistan f he scolde J^ider cumen.
pis wses don {^ses daeges iv non^ Junu. pa twegen kyngas
Will'm and Swsegn wurSon ssehtlod. ]?a ferdon ]?a Dsenesca
menn ut of Elig mid ealle pR foren sprsecena geersume and
keddon mid heo. pa hi comen on middewarde pe sse. )>a co
an mycel storm and todrsefede ealle pH, scipe pser pa ger-
sumes wseron inne. sume ferdon to Norwsege. sume to
Yrlande. sume to Dsenmarce. and eall f piAer co f wses
]7one hiecce and sume serine and sume roden and fela of pa

o'Sre gsersume. and brohten hit to an cynges tun hatte.

and dyden hit eall pa in J?one cyrce. Da sy8^5on J^urh heora
gemelest and pnrh heora druncenhed on &n. niht forbsemde
J>a cyrce. and eall )?et J^aer innse wses. Dus wses se mynstre J^j'^***
of Burch forbsemd and forhsergod. selmihtig God hit ge-
miltse ]?urh his mycele mild hertnesse. And }^us se abbot
Turold CO to Burh. and )?a munecas comen ]7a ongean. and
dydan Xpes ])eudom in ]>sere cyrce. f ser hsefde standen fulle

£ e

aiO THE LAUD xMS. (E)

seofeniht forutan selces cynnes riht. Da herde uEgelric
biscop )?et gesecgon. }7a amansumede he ealle )?a men )>a f
yfel dsede hsefden don. Da wses mycel hunger }?aes geares.
and )?a J^aes sumeres c6 )7et li-S norSan of Humbran into
Tsemese. and lagon 'ps^r twa niht. and heoldan sySISon to
Dsen mercan. And Baldewine eorl forS ferde. and his sunu
Amulf feng to rice, and WilFm eorl sceolde ben his geheald.
and Franca cyng eac. and co )^a Bodbriht eorl and of sloh
his mseg Amulf. and pone eorl. and ]7one cyng aflymda. and
his menu of sloh fela )?usenda.

1071. Her iSdwine eorl and Morkere eorl uthlupon and
mislic ferdon on wudu and on felda. Da gewende Morkere
eorl to Elig on scipe. and Eadwine eorl wearS ofslagen
arhlice fra his agena mannu. and co se b^ Egelwine. and
Siward Beam, and fela hund manna mid heo into Elig.
And )>a )?e se cyng Will^m f geaxode. ))a bead he ut scip
fyrde and land fyrde. and ]7et land abutan sset. and brycge
gewrohte. and innf6r. and seo scip fyrde on ]?a ssehealfe.
And ]?a ut lagan ]?a ealle on hand eodan. f wses Egelwine
h\ and Morkere eorl. and ealle )>a ]?e mid heo weeron buton
Herewarde ane and ealle ]>sl pe mid hi woldon. and he hi
ahtlice utlaedde. And se cyng gena scipa and wsepna and
sceattas manega. and po, men he ateah swa swa he wolde.
and )7one b^ Egelwine he sende to Abban dune, and he ]?ser
forS ferde sona )?8es wintres.

(D) 1072. Her Eadwine eorl and Morkere eorl hlupon ut. and roislice
ferdon on wada. and on feldon. cfS f Eadwine wear% ofslsegen fram
his agenum mannum. and Morkere mid scype gewende to Helig.
and )>8er com ^Egelwine b*. and Sigwar% Bam. and fela hund manna
mid heom. Ac )>a se k3mgc Wyllelm )>i8 geahsade. ]>a bead he
ut scyp fyrde. and land fyrde. and f land eaU utan embsette.
and brygce worhte and scypfyrde on )>a saehealfe. and hi ealle )>a
eodon )>an kyninge on hand, f wses ^Egelwine b'. and Morkere eorl.
and ealle |m )ie mid heom wseron. buton Herewerde anum. and ealle
]>a ]>e mid him setfleon mihton. and he hi ahtlice utalsedde. and se
kyng nam heora scypa and wsepna. and manega sceattas. and |)a

THE LAUD MS. (E) 211

1072. Her Willelm cyng Isedde scipfyrde and landfyrde
to Scotlande. and f land on ))a ssehealfe mid scipa ymbe
Iseg. and his landfyrde set )>a Oewsede inlaedde. and he ]78er
naht ne funde J^aes )?e him )?e bet waere. And se cyng Mel-
colm CO and grilSede wi^5 )7one cyng Willelm and gislas
sealde. and his man wses. and se cyng ha gewende mid
ealre his fyrde. And se b* Egelric forSferde. he wses to
biscop hadod to Eoferwic. ac hit wees mid unriht him of
genumon. and man geaf him ^ b^rice on Dunholme. and he
heafde hit ]?a hwile ]?e he wolde. and for let hit sySiSan. and
ferde to Burch to see Petres mynstre. and )?aBr drohtnode xii
gear. Da seft' ]7a )?e Willelm cyng gewan Engla lande. ]7a
na he hine of Burch and sende hine to West mynstre. and
he forS ferde on id' OctoV. and he is bebyrged J^ser innan
'pa, mynstre. innon scs Nicolaus portice.

1073. On l^isum geare Willelm cyng Isedde Engliscne here
and Frencisce ofer sse. and gewan f land Mans, and hit
Englisce men swy^e amyrdon. wfngearSas hi fordydon* and
burga forbserndon. and swilSe pet land amyrdon. and hit call

J)) menn ealle he toe. and dyde of heom f he wolde. and -^gelwine b'
he sende to Abbandune. and he )>8er for^ferde.

1073. Her Wyllelm kyng Isedde scyp ferde and landfyrde to Scot
lande. and f land on )>a ssehealfe mid scypum ymblaeig. and him sylf
mid his landfyrde ferde inn ofer f Wae^. and he j)3er naht ne funde
j>«8 J>e heom j)e betere ware, and Malcolm cyngc com and gry^ode
wi% Wyirm cyngc and waes his mann. and hi gyslas salde. and he
syWan ham gewende mid ealre his fyrde. and se b' iEgelric for^
ferde. he wees to b'pe gehadod to Eoforwic. ac hit was mid unrihte
hi of gennmen. and geaf him f b'rice at Dunholme. and he hit
hafde J)a hwile J)e he wolde. and forlet hit sy^^an and ferde to
Burh. to see Petres mynstre. and j)ar drohtnode xii gear. J>a aft*
}mm ))e Wyllelm gewann Engla land, he let hine nyman of Burh.
and sende hine to Westmynstre. and he J)ar foi^ferde. on id' Oct'b.
and is )>ar bebyrged innan see Nicolaes portice.

1074. On J)isan gere Willelm cyngc ladde Englisce fyrde and
Frencisce ofer sa. and gewann f land Mans, and hit Englisce menn
swiSe amardon. win geardas hi for dydon. and burga for bamdan.

E e 2

212 THE LAUD MS. (E)

abegdon* Willelme to handa. and hi sjrS^Son ha gewendon* to
Engla lande.

1074. On ]?i8Q geare for Willelm cyng ofer sae to Nor-
mandig. and Eadgar cild com of Scotland to Normandige.
and se cyng hine geinlagode and ealle his men. and he w»i
on ]?e8 cynges hyrede. and na swilce gerihta swa se ^ng
him geuiSe.

(D) and f land swi^ amyrdon. and call f land ge begdan ]>an kyninge
to handan. and big seo^^n bam gewendan.

107«^. On |>U8U gere Wyllelm cyng^ for ofer see to Normandige.
And Eladgar cild com of Fleminga lande into Scotlande. on ace
Grim baldes rosesse daeg. and se kyngc Malcbolom and bis sweostor
Margareta bine underfengon mid mycclan weor%8C3rpe. On )«re ilcan
tide sende ee kyng of Francrice Filipp' gewrit to him. and bead hi
f be to hi come, and be wolde geofan him )K>ne castel «t Mastnsl.
f be mihte sy^an dsegbwamlice bis unwinan un^ancas don. Hwct
)>a se cyngc Malcolm, and bis sweoster Margareta. geafon hi mycda
geofa. and manega gsersama. and eallon bis mannan. on scynnan
mid paelle betogen and on mer^eme pyleceon. and g^raschynnene.
and bearma scynnene. and on psellon. and on gyldenan faton and on
seolfrenan. and bine and ealle his scyperan mid mycclan weor9scipe
of bis gryt$e aloedde. Ac on pxre fare beom yfele gelamp. )« hi at
on sse waeron. ^ beom on becom swit^e breob weder. and seo wode
sae. and se stranga wind hi on f land awearp f ealle beora scypa
toburston. and hi sylfe earfo^lice to lande coman. and beora
gersama for neh eall losade. and bis men eac wurdon sume geliebta
of Frencyscan mannan. ac be sylf and bis ferestan menn ferdon eft
ongean to Scotlande sume breowlice on fotan gangende. and same
earrolice ridende. Da geraedde se kyngc Malcbolom him f he
sende to Wyllelme cynge ofer sse. and bsede bis grytSes. and he eac
swa dyde. and se cyngc him jiaes ge tirade, and eeft' him sende. and
se kyngc eft Malcolm and his sweostor. him and eallon his mannan
unarimede gsersama geafon. and swit$e weorfSlioe bine eft of beora
gry^e sendon. and se scirgerefa of Eoferwic com him togeanes set
Dunbolme. and ferde ealne weig mid him. and let hi findan mete
and foddor. set selcan castelle )>8er hi to comon. 66 f big ofer sse to
)>am kynige coman. and se kyngc Wyllelm mid micclan weor^Sscype
)>a bine underfengc. and he wees )>8er )>a on his birede and toe swilce
gerihta swa he him gelugade.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 21^

1075. On J^isu geare VViirm cyng geaf Raulfe eorle
Wiirines dohtor Osbearnes sunu. and se yica Raulf w8bs
Bryttisc on his moder healfe. and his feeder wses Englisc
Raulf hatte. and wses geboren on NorSfoIce. ]?a geaf se
cyng his sunu ]foh eorldom on NorSfolc and Su'Sfolc. ]ffi
laedde he f wif to NorSwic.

pser wes f bryd eala

mannu to beala.
Daer wses Roger eorl. and WalJ?eof eorl. and biscopas and
abbotes. and rseddon j^aer swa ^ hi woldon )7one cyng ge-
settan ut of Englalandes cynedome. And hit wearS sona
gecydd ^k cynge to Normandige hu hit wees gersed. f wses
Roger eorl. and Raulf eorl. pe wseron yldast to iSam unreode.
and hi speonan ]?a Bryttas heo to. and sendon east to Den
mearcan eeft' sciphere heo to fultume. And Roger ferde
west to his eorl dome, and gegaderode his folc to {^ses cynges
un^^earfe. ac he wearS gelet. And Raulf eac on his eorl
dome wolde forSgan mid his folce. ac ]>a castelmen ]>e
wseron on Englalande and eac f land folc hi togeanes
comen. and gemacodon f he naht ne dyde. ac for to scipe

(D) 1076. On )>i8san geare Wyllelm cyngc geaf Raulfe eorl Wyllelraes
dohtor Osbarnes budu. and se ylca Raulf wees Bryttisc on his modor
healfe. and Rawulf bis fseder wees Englisc. and wees geboren on
Nort$ folce. and se kyngc geaf for)>i his suna )>9er )>one eorldom. and
Su^folc eac. He )>a Isedde f wif to Nor^wic.

paer waes f bryd ealo*

f wses manegra manna bealo.
Dser waes Rogcer eorl and Wal)>eof eorl. and biscopas. and abbodas.
and rseddon )>ser f hi woldon beora kyneblaford of his cynerice
adrifan. and )>i8 wses )>am kyninge sona to Normandie gecydd.
Rawulf eorl and Rogcer eorl wseron hofdingas set )>i8an unrsede.
and hi speonon heom to )>a Bryttas. and sendon eac to Dene-
marcon seft' scyphere and Rogcer ferde west to bis eorldome.
and gaderad his folc )>an cyngce to un]>earfe he |K)hte. ac hit
wears heom seolfan to mycclan hearme. Rawulf eac wolde mid
his eorldome for^ gan. Ac ))a castel menn ^e wseron on Engla
lande. and eac ^ land folc heom tugcnes comon. and hi ealle gc-
letton. f hi naht ne dydon. ac wses fsegen f he to scypum set fieah.

214 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io75)8et NorBwic. And his wif wses innan )?a castele. and hinc
heold swa lange f man hire gri'S sealde. and heo ut ferde )«
of Engla lande. and eall hire men ]?e hire mid woldon. And
se cyng si^^an co to Engla lande. and gena Roger eorl his
mseg. and gefestnode hine. and Wal)?eof eorl he gena eac.

And sona aefter ]?am comon eastan of Denmearcan cc scipa.
and )?8er on wseron twsegen heafodmenn. Cnnt Swsegnes sunu
and Hacun eorl. and hi n^ dorstan nan gefeoht healdan wi^
Will'm cyrige. ac heoldon ofer sae to Flandran.

And Eadgi^ seo hlsefdig forS ferde on Winceastre vii nihton
ser Xpes msessan. and se cyng hi let bryngan to Westmynstre
mid mycclan wurSscipe. and Isegde hi wi'S Eadward kyng hire
hlaforde.

And se w»s on Westmynstre ]7one mide winter, and man
fordyde )7ser ealle ]7a Bryttas ]?e weeron set )>am brydealoiS set
NorS wic. sume hy wurdon ablsende and sume of land adrifene.
swa wurdon Will'mes swican geni'Srade.

(D 1076) and bis wif belaf spft' in )>a castele. and hine swa lang^ heold ot$ f
man hire gry8 salde. and heo )>a ut ferde of Engla lande. and ealle
hire menn ))e hire mid woldon. and se kyngc sy^an com to Engla
lande. and gefeng Rogcer eorl his mseg. and sette on prisun. And
Wal)>eof eorl ferde ofer sae. and wreide hine sylfne and baed forgy-
fenysse and bead gsersuman. Ac se kyngc let lihthce of 0% "^ he
com to Englalande. and hine let sy^an tacan.

And sona seft' )>i8an coman of Denemarcon twa hand scypa. )>9eron
waeron heafdesmenn Cnut Swegnessunu cynges. and Hacon eorl. and
ne dorston nan gefeoht healdan wit$ Willelme cynge. ac ferdon to
Eoforwic. and brspcon see Petres mynst\ and tocon )«rinne mycele
sehta and foron swa aweg. ac ealle )>a forferdon )>e set )^ rsede wseron.
f wses Hacones sunu eorles and manege o%re mid him.

And Eadgy^ seo hlaefdie fortJ ferde. seo waes Eladwardes cynges
geresta. seofon niht ser Xpes msessan on Wincestre. and se cyngc
hig let bryngan to Westmynstre mid mycclan weor^scype. and leide
heo wi^ Eadwarde cynge hire hlaforde.

Se kyngc wses jia )>one midwint' on Westmynstre. }>8er mon for
demde ealle }>a Bryttas )>e wseron set )>a brydlope set Nor5wic.

Sume hi wurdon geblende*

and sume wrecen of lande*

and sume getawod to scande*

)>us wurdon Jjses kyninges

swican geny^eradc.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 215

1076. On J?isu geare for8ferde Swaegn cyng on Daenmercan.
and Harold his sunu feng to J^e cynerice.

And 86 cyng geaf Westmynster Vithele abbode se wa's ser
abb' on Baemege. And WalJ^eof eorl wes beheafdod on Win
ceastre. and his lie wearS gelead to Crulande.

And se cyng for ofer 8». and Isdde his fyrde to Brytlande.
and beset )7one castel Dol. and ]>a Bryttas hine heoldon f se
cyng CO of Franc land, and Willelm )?anon f6r. and )?a3r for
leas segSer ge men ge hors. and feola his gersuma.

1077. Her on J>isu geare wurdon saBhte Franca cyng and
Willelm Englalandes cyng. ac hit heold litle hwile.

And )7es geares for barn Lundenburh anre nihte ser As- romb|
sumptio see Marie swa swySe swa heo nsefre aer nses syS
]?an heo gestabeled wses.

And on J?isu geare forS fyrde -Sigelwig abb' on Euesha on
J?a daege xiv k' Mr'. And Hereman b* eac forSferde on )?a
dsege X k' Mr\

(D) 1077- On )>i8an geare fort5 ferde Swegen kyngc on Deneraarcon.

and Harold his sunu feng to his cyne rice. Her Wyllelm cyngc

»bb'
geaf f abb* rice set Westmynstre Fij)ele abbode. se waes ser munuc

aet Bemege. And her waes Wal)>eof eorl be beafdod. on Wincestre

on see Fetronella maesse daeg. and his lie wear% gelaed to Crulande.

and he )>aer is bebyrged. And Wyllelm cyngc for ofer sae. and laedde

fyrde to Brytlande. and besaet ]H)ne castel set Dol. ac )>a Bryttas

hine heoldon o^ f se cyngc com of Franc rice, and Wyllelm cyngc

|7a )>anon for. and )>8er for leas aeg^er menn and hors and unarimede

gaersaman.

1078. Her se mona a)>y strode )>reom nihton aer Candelmaessan.
and iEgelwig se woruld snotra abb' on Eofeshamme for^ferde. on
sea Juliana maessedaeg. and Waltere waes to abb'e geset on his
stede. and Hereman b' foT% ferde. se waes b' on Bearrucscire. and on
Wiltunscire. and on Dorsaetan. and Her Malcholom kyngc gewann
Mselslaehtan modor. *♦*♦*♦♦***«
^ * * and ealle his betstan menn and ealne his gaersuman. and
his orf. and he sylf unease aetbaerst.

*

and her waes se dna sumor. and wilde fyr com on manega scira and
forbsernde fela tuna, and eac manega burga forbu[r]non.

216 THE LAUD MS. (E)

1079. On J^isQ geare c6 Melcolm cyng of Scotlande into
Englelande betwyx yh twa Mariam msessan mid mTCclQ
fyrde. and gehergode NorShymbra land 0*8 hit com to Tine,
and of sloh feala bund manna, and ham Isedde manige sceattas
and gersuma. and menn on heftninge.

And pi ilcan geare se cyng Willelm gefeaht to geanes his
8unu Botbearde wiiSutan Normandige be anQ castele Ger-
bomeiS hatte. and se cyng Wiirm wearS J^ser gewundod. and
his hors ofslagen pe he onsset. and eac his amiu Willelm
wearS )>8er gewundod. and fela manna of slagene.

1080. On l^isum geare wses se V Walchere ofslagen on
Dunholme set ana gemote, and an hand manna mid him
Frencisce and Flemisce. and he sylf wses on HloSeriuga ge-
boren. J?is dydon Nor8hymbran on Maies mon'Se.

1081. On )?isQ geare se cyng Isedde fyrde into Wealan. and
]78er gefreode fela hund manna.

1082. Her nam se cyng Odan h\ and her waes mycel
hungor.

(D) 1079. Her Rodbert Jws cynges sunu Will'm. hleop fram his
fseder. to his eame Rotbryhte on Flandron. for)>au |>e his fsder ne
wolde him Isetan waldan his eorl domes on Normandige }>e he sylf
and eac se kyng Filipp' mid his ge)>afunge him gegyfen haefdon. and
|>a |>e betst wseron on )>a lande hspfdon a^as hi gesworon. and hine
to hlaforde genumen. Her Rotbert feht wi^ his faeder and hine on
|>a hand gewundade. and his hors weafS under of scoten. and se ^
hi ofJer tobrohte weaf8 Jjserrihte mid anan arblaste of scoten. f waes
Tokig Wiggodes sunu. and fela )>8er wurdon ofslaegen and eac
gefangene. and Rotb't eft gewende to Fleminga lande. ne wylle
we )>eh her na mare sca^e awritan )>e he his fseder ge * * * *

1080. H& werp Anagus o/sleien from Scotia eire. and J?fr wer^
micel toeell ofsleigen mid him, )>er wes codes ript ge sochen on him for
))<e* he wes all for sw66m,^

§ MS. D closes with this carious the time of the rebellion of Angus earl

piece of English, which was added to of Murray against David I. Buchanan

the book after a considerable interval. touches on it : "... ^nea Moravic

The date is faulty, and instead of Comite cum suorum magna multitu-

MLXXX, should probably be, as Ingram dine caeso ..." Rer. Scot. Hist. vii.

has shewn, mcxxx; which was about 39.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 217

1083. On )>i8u geare aras seo ungehivaDrnes on GlsBStinga
byrig betwyx ]>& abbode purstane. and his manecan. iErest
hit CO of )7ees abbotes unwisdome. f he mis bead his munecan
on fela )>ingan. and ]7a munecas hit msendon lufelice to hi.
and beadon bine f he sceolde healdan hi rihtlice. and hifian
hi. and hi woldon hi beon holde and gehyrsume. Ac se
abbot nolde ]78es naht. ac dyde heo yfele. and beheot heom
wyrs. Anes dseges ]fe abbot eode into capitulan. and spraec
uppon ]fs. munecas. and wolde hi mis tukian. and sende seft'
Isewede mannu. and hi comon into capitulan on uppon ]fH
munecas fuUgewepnede. And ]fSL wseron ]>a munecas swi^e
&ferede of heo. nyston hwet heo to donne wsere. ac to
scuton. sume umon into cyrcean. and belucau )7a duran into
he5. and hi ferdon seft^ he5 into )>a mynstre. and woldon
hig utdragan. )>a$a hig ne dorsten nd utgan. Ac reowlic
)?ing )78er gelamp on daeg. f )?a Frencisce men brsecen )?one
ch6r and torfedon towaerd )?a weofode J?ier ^a munecas
weeron. and sume of ^am cnihtan ferdon uppon )>one upp
flore. and scotedon & dunweard mid arewan toweard ]>a
haligdome. swa f on )?8ere rode ]fe stod bufon ]>a weofode
sticodon on maenige arewan. and ]>a wreccan munecas lagon
on buton \>sl weofode. and sume crupon under, and gyrne
cleopedon to Oode his miltse biddende. ]>sl ^b. hi ne mihton
nane miltse set mannu begytan. Hwset magon we secgean.
buton ^ hi scotedon swi^e. and )>a o^re ^a dura braecon ]fddr
adune and eodon inn. and ofslogon sume J^a munecas to
deaiSe. and msenige gewundedon ]?£er inne. swa f 'Set blod
CO of "Sa weofode uppon J7a gradan. and of ^am gradan on J^a
flore. )?reo )?aer weeron of slagene to dea^e. and eahteteone
g^wundade.

And on )?res ilcan geares forSferde Mahtild Wiirraes cynges
cwen. on )?one daeg aeft' ealra halgena msesse daeg.

And on J^es ylcan geares aeft' midewint' se cyng let beodan
mycel gyld and hefelic ofer call Engla land, f waes set selcere
hyde twa and hund seofenti peanega.

1084. Her on iSisum geare for^ferde Wulfuuold abV on
Ceortesege. on )?a dseg xiii k' Mai.

1085. On j^isu geare menu cwydodon and to so^an
saedan. f Cnut cyng of Denmearcan Swaegnes sune cynges
fundade hidcrward. and wolde gewinnan |;is land mid Rod-

I f

^18 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A. D. 1085) beardes eorles fultume of Flandran. forSan pe Cnut heafde
Rodbeardes dohter. Da WilPm Englalandes cyng J^e )^a
wses sittende on Normandige. forSig he ahte seg^er ge Engla
land ge Normandige. yiH geaxode. he ferde into Engla lande
mid 8wa mycclan here ridendra manna and gangendra of
Franc rice and of Bryt lande. swa nsefre ser )7is land ne
gesohte. swa ^ menn wundredon hu l^is land mihte call
}?one here afedau. Ac se cyng let toscyfton yone here
geond call ]fh land to his mannon. and hi &eddon J^one
here selc be his land efne. And men heafdon mycel geswinc
]>BCB geares. and se cyng lett awestan f land abutan )?a 88&.
pet gif his feond comen upp. f hi nsefdon na on hwam hi
fengon swa rsedlice. Ac )?a se cyng geaxode to soSan f his
feond gelsette waeron. and ne mihten na geforSian heora fare.
]7a lett he sum ]?one here faren to heora agene lande. and
sum he heold on )7isQ lande ofer winter.

Da to \>k midewintre wses se cyng on Gleaweceastre mid
his witan. and heold )78er his hired v dagas. and sy^5^5an ^
arceb^ and gehadode men hsefdeu sino% ]>reo dagas. D»r
waes Maurici^ gecoren to b' on Lundene. and Will'm to
NorSfolce. and Rodbeard to Ceaster scire, hi waeron ealle
}?8es cynges clerecas. jEfter )?isu haefde se cyng mycel ge-
J?eaht. and swiiSe deope spa&ce wi'S his witan ymbe J;is land
hu hit waere gesett. oiSiSe mid hwylcon mannon. Sende )?a
ofer call Engla land into selcere scire his men. and lett agan
ut hu fela hundred hyda wseron innon psdre scire. oSSe hwet
se cyng him sylf haefde landes and orfes innan ^ lande.
o^iSe hwilce gerihtae he ahte to habbanne to xii mon]7um of
•Ssere scire. Eac he lett gewritan hu mycel landes his arceb's
haefdon. and his leod b's. and his abb^s. and his eorlas. and
)>eah ic hit lengre telle, hwaet &8^e liu mycel aelc mann
haefde ]>e land sittende waes innan Engla lande. on lande
o^'8e on orfe. and hu mycel feos hit waere wurS. Swa swy15e
nearwelice he hit lett ut aspyrian. f naes an aelpig hide, ne
an gyrde landes. ne furSon. hit is sceame to tellanne. ac hit
ne ))uhte hi nan sceame to donne. an oxe. ne An cii. ne in
swin. naes belyfon. f naes gesaet on his gewrite. and ealle )?a
gewrita waeron gebroht to him syJSiSan.

1085. Her se cyng baer his corona and heold his hired on
Winccaetre to )?a Eastran. and swa he ferde ^ he waes to

THE LAUD MS. (E) 219

)>a Pentecosten set W»st minatre. and dubbade his sunu (A.D. 1085)

Henric to ridere ]fser. Sy'S'San he ferde abutau swa f he

com to Lam msessan to Searebyrig. and ]>8er hi comon to

his witan. and ealle ^b, landsittende men. )?e ahtes wseron

ofer eall Englaland. wseron {^ses mannes men )?e hi wseron.

And ealle hi bugon to hi. and weron his menn. and hi

holda'Sas sworon f hi woldon ongean ealle oiSre men hi

holde beon. Danon he ferde into Wiht. forJ?ig he wolde

faran into Normandige. and swa dyde Sy'S'San. And ]?eah he

dyde serest sefter his gewunan. begeat swiSe mycelne sceatt

of his mannan }yser he mihte senige teale tohabban oSSe mid

rihte oSSe elles. Ferde )?a syS^an into Normandige. and

Eadgar sej^eling i^dwardes mseg cynges beah )?a fra hi.

(oTpig he naefde na mycelne wurSscipe of hi. ac se selmihtiga

God hi gife wurSscipe on J^am toweardan. And Cristina

}?ses seSelinges swuster beah into mynstre to Bumesege. and

underfeng halig rest.

And )?8es ilcan geares wses swiSe hefelic gear, and swiSe
swincfull and sorhfull gear innan Englelande on orfcwealme.
and com and wsestmas wseron setstandene. and swa mycel
ungelimp on wsederunge swa man uaht seiSelice ge)7encean
ne mseg. swa st6r j^unring. a\id Isegt wes. swa f hit acwealde
manige men. and && hit wyrsode mid mannan swi'Sor and
swiSor. Gebete hit God elmihtiga. J?onne his willa sy.

1086. ^fter ure Drihtnes Hselendes Cristes gebyrtide. an
}?usend wintra and seofan and hand eahtatig wintra. on ^a
dn and twentigan geare )7ses }>e Will^m weolde and stihte
Engleland swa hi God u'Se. gewearS swiSe hefelic and
swiiSe woldberendlic gear on )?issu lande. Swylc coSe c6
on mannum. f full neah sefre \>^ oSer man wearS on ]7a
wyrrestan yfele. ]?et is on 'Sam drife. and ]?et swa stranglice.
f msenige menn swulton on Sam yfele. SySSan co J^urh
pa. mycclan ungewiderunge ]?e comon swa we beforan tealdon.
swyiJe mycel hunger ofer eall Engle land, f manig hundred
manna earmlice dea'Se swulton ]?urh )?one hunger. Eala hu
earmlice and hu reowlic tid wses 'Sa. Da Sa wreccse men
Isegen fordrifene full neah to deaSe. and sySSan co se scearpa
hunger and adyde hi mid ealle.

Hwa ne mseg earmian swylcere tide? oS^e hwa is swa
heard heort ^ ne mseg wcpan swylces ungclimpcs? Ac swylce

F f 2

220 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A. D. 1086) ying gewur^a)? for folces synna f hi nella^ lufian God and
rihtwisnesse. Swa swa hit wses )7a on 'Sam dagu. f litel
rihtwisnesse wses on )7isu lande mid senige menn. buton mid
munecan ane J^aer )?fier hi wsell ferdou. Se cyng and }>a
heafod men lufedon swi^e and ofer swi^e gitsunge. on golde.
and on seolfre. and ne rohtau hu synlice hit waere begjtan
buton hit come to heo. Se cyng sealde his lande swa
deore to male swa heo deorost mihte. Donne co su oSer
and bead mare f^onfi ]fe o^er ser sealde. and se cyng hit
lett ]>R menn pe him mare bead. Donne co se J^ridde. and
bead geat mare, and se cyng hit let )7a men to handa ]>e
hi eallra meast bead, and ne rohte na hu swi^e synlice )«
gerefan hit begeatan of earme mannon. ne hu manige un-
laga hi dydon. Ac swa man swy^or spaec embe rihte lage.
swa mann dyde mare unlaga. hy arerdon un rihte tollas.
and manige o5re un rihte hi dydan. 'pe sindon earfe)>e to
areccenne.

Eac on %am ilcan geare setforan hserfeste for bam f halige
my nster see Paule ]>e b' stol on Lundene. and maenige oiSre
mynstres. and f mseste dsel and f rotteste ealle ]7aere borh.
Swylc eac on Sam ilcan timan for bam full neah aelc heafod
port on eallon Engle lande. Eala reowlic and wependlic tid
wses )?ses geares. ]>e swa manig ungelimp wses forSbringende.

Eac on }7am ilcan geare to foran Assumptio see Marie for
Will'm cyng of Normandige into France mid fyrde. and her-
gode uppan his agenne hlaford Philippe \>sl cynge. and sloh
of his mannon mycelne dsel. and forbeamde \>b. burh Ma^ante.
and ealle j^a halige mynstres )?e wseron innon J^aere burh. and
twegen halige menn J^e hyrsumedon Gode on ancer settle
wuniende. j^aer waeron forbearnde.

Dissu J?U8 gedone. se cyhg Willelm cearde ongean to Nor-
mandige. Reowlic }?ing he dyde. and reowlicor hi gelap.
Hu reowlicor? him geyfelade. and ^ him stranglice eglade.
Hwset mseg ic teollan? Se scearpa dea$ ]>e ne for let ne rice
menn ne heane. seo hine gena.

He swealt on Normandige on )?one nextan daeg aeft' nati-
uitas see Marie, and man bebyrgede hine on Ga)7um aet see
Stephanes mynstre. aprer he hit anerde. and sy^SiSan maeni
fealdlice gegodade.

Eala hu leas and hu un wrest is jjyssos raiddancardcs wela.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 221

Se J?e wses aorur rice cyng. and maniges landes hlaford. he (A. D. 1086)
iiaefde {^a ealles landes buton seofon fot mael. and se )?e wses
hwilon gescrid mid golde. and mid gimmu. he laeg )?a ofer
wrogen mid moldan.

He Isefde sefter hi ]7reo sunan. Bodbeard het se yldesta.
se wses eorl on Normandige seft' him. se oiSer het Willelm.
J>e baer aeft' him on Engleland )?one kinehelm. Se )?ridda
het Heanric. J?a se feeder beewseiS gersuman unateallend«
lice.

Gif hwa gewilnige^ to gewitane hu gedon mann he wses.
oiSiSe hwilcne wurSscipe he hssfde. o^^e hu fela lande he
waere hlaford. Donne wille we be- hi awritan swa swa we
hiue ageaton. Se hi onlocodan. and o^re hwile on his hirede
wunedon. Se cyng Willelm J^e we embe speca^ waes swiiSe
wis man. and swi^e rice, and wurSfulre and strengere
^onne aenig his foregengra wsBre. He waes milde }?a godu
mannu \>e God lufedon. and ofer call gemett stearc )7a
mannu ^e wi'Scwaedon his willan. On 'Sa ilcan steode ]?e
God him geu^e f he moste Engleland gegdn. he arerde
msere mynster. and munecas j^aer gessette. and hit wsell ge-
godade. On his dagan wses f msere mynster on Cantwar-
byrig getymbrad. and eac swi'Se manig oiSer ofer call Engla
land. Eac f^is land waes swi^e afylled mid munecan. and )?a
leofodan heora lif aeft' scs Benedict^ regule. and se Xpen-
dom'waes swilc on his dsege f aelc man hwaet his hade to
belumpe. folgade se j^e wolde. Eac he waes swySe wurSful.
)?riwa he baer his cyne helm aelce geare. swa oft swa he waes
on Engle lande. on Eastron he hine baer on Win ceastre. on
Pentecosten on Westmynstre. on midewintre on Gleawe
ceastre. And f^aenne waeron mid hi ealle ]fA rice men ofer
eall Englaland. arcebiscopas. and leodb's. abbodas and eorlas.
^egnas and cnihtas. Swilce he wees eac swySe stearc man
and rae'Se. swa f man ne dorste nan {ring ongean his willan
d<5n. He hsefde eorlas on his bendu. pe dydan ongean his
willan. Biscopas he ssette of heora biscop rice, and abbodas
of heora abb' rice, and ]7aegnas on cweartern. and aet nextan
he ne sparode his agenne bro'Sor Odo het. he waes swiiSe
rice b^ on Normandig'. on Baius waes his b' stol. and waes
manna fyrraest to eacan \>r cynge. And he haefde eorl
do on Engle lande. and )?onne se cyng on Normandige.

J222 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io86))'oiine wses he msegest' on J^isum lande. and bine he ssette
on cweartern. Betwyx oiSrQ ]nngu nis na to forgytane f
gode fri$ ^e he macode on ]?isan lande. swa f &a man ye
him sylf aht wsre. mihte faran ofer his rice mid his bosum
full goldes un gederad. and nan man ne dorste slean o^rne
man. nsefde he nsefre swa mycel yfel geddn wi'S )H>ne o'Seme.
And gif hwilc carl man hsemde wr6 wimman hire un'Sances.
sona he for leas jfB. limu )?e he mid pleagode.

He rixade ofer Englae land, and hit mid his geapscipe swa
]7urh smeade. f nses An hid landes innan Englse lande. f he
nyste hwa heo hsefde. oSiSe bwses heo wurS wses. and syS^Jan
on his gewrit geseett. Bryt land him wsas on gewealde. and
he )?ser inne casteles gewrohte. and ^et Mann cynn mid ealle
gewealde. swilce eac Scotland he hi under ]?8edde. for his
mycele streng^e. Normandige f land wses his gecynde. and
ofer )>one eorldo ^e Mans is gehaten he rixade. and gif
he moste )?a gyt twa gear libban. he hsefde Yrlande mid his
werscipe gewunnon. and wi'8utan selcon wsepnon. Witodlice
on his timan hsefdon men mycel geswinc. and swiiSe manige
teonan. castelas he let wyrcean. and earme men swi^
swencean. Se cyng wses swa swiSe stearc. and bena of his
under ]>eoddan man. manig marc goldes. and mA hundred
punda seolfres. Det he na be rihte. and mid mycelan tin
rihte of his leodc* for littelre neode. he wses on gitsunge
befeallan. and grsedinsesse he lufode mid ealle. he ssette
mycel deor fri'S* and he Isegde laga )?aer wiiS. f swa hwa swa
sloge heort o^'Se hinde* ^ hine man sceolde blendian. he
for bead )?a heortas* swylce eac )?a baras. swa swiiSe he lufode
)?a headedr swilce he wsere heora fseder. eac he saette be
]fh haran* f hi mosten freo faran. his rice men hit msendon.
and )?a earme men hit becedrodan. ac he swa stiiS* f he ne
rohte heora eallra uiS. ac hi moston mid ealle
l^es cynges wille folgian
gif hi woldon libban* o^^e land habban*
land oiSiSe eahta* o'8'8e wel his sehta*
Wala wd' f senig man sceolde modigan swa*
hine sylf tipp ahebban* and ofer ealle men tellan.
Se selmihtiga God cy)?se his saule mildheortnisse*
and do hi his synna forgifenesse.
Das )7ing we habba^ he hi gewritenc. a?gSer go gode ge

THE LAUD MS. (E) 228

yfele. f )?a godan men niman sefl' }>eora godnesse. and for (A. D. 1086)
leon mid ealle yfelnesse. and gan on 'Sone weg. ]fe us lett to
heofonan rice.

Fela J'inga we magon writan )?e on "Sam ilean geare ge-
wordene wseron. Swa hit waes on Denmearcan. f J?a
Dsenescan J^e waes aerur geteald eallra folca getreowast.
wurdon awende to ]7»re mestd untriw^e. and to )?a msesten
Bwicddme pe a^fre mihte gewurSan. Hi gecuron and dbugan
to Cnute cynge. and hi aiSas sworon. and sy^San hine earh-
lice ofslogon innan anre cyrcean. Eac wear^ on Ispanie
f jfVL hseiSenan men foran and hergodan uppon )7a Xpenan
mannan. and mycel abegdan to heora anwealde. Ac se
Xpena cyng Anphos waes gehaten he sende ofer eall into
eelcan lande. and gyrnde fultumes. and hi co to fultu of selcen
lande pe Xpen waes. and ferdon and ofslogon and aweg adrifan
eall yet hse^ena folc. and gewunnon heora land ongean. ]>urh
Gtodes fultum.

Eac on )?isan ilcan lande on ]>a ilcan geare. forS ferdon
manega rice men. Stigand b^ of Ciceastre. and se abb' of see
Augustine, and se abb' of BaSon. and J?e of Perscoran. and
J?a heora eallra hlaford Willelm Englaelandes cyng. J^e we aer
beforan embe spsecon. -^fter his deaiSe his sune. Will'm
hset eallswa )?e feeder, feng to ^a, rice and wearS gebletsod
to cynge fra Landfrance arceb' on Westmynstre. J?re6
dagum ser Michaeles msessedaeg. and ealle )7a men on
Engla lande hi to abugon. and him a^as sworon. Disu )?us
gedone. se cyng ferde to Winceastre. and sceawode f madme
hus. and )7a gersuman ye his feeder aer gegaderode. J^a wseron
un asecgendlice a^nie men hu mycel )>aer waes gegaderod. on
golde and on seolfre. and on faton. and on waellan. and on
gimman. and on manige o^re deorwur^e ]>ingon. )?e earfo^e
sindon to ateallene. Se cyng dyde )?a swa his feeder him
behead aer he dead waere. daelde )7a gersuman for his feeder
saule. to eelcen mynstre )?e wes innan Engle lande to suman
mynstre x marc goldes. to suman vi and to eelcen cyrcean
uppeland Ix peeii. and into eelcere scire man seonde hundred
punda feos. to daelanne earme mannan for his saule. And aer
he forSferde he bead f man sceolde unlesan ealle J>a menn
pe on haeftnunge waeron under his anwealde. and se cyng waes
on "Sam mide wintre on Lundene.

224 THE LAUD iMS. (E)

1087. On ^isu geare wses f^is land swi^e astirad. and mid
mycele swicdome afylled. swa f J?a riceste Frencisce men pe
weron innan J^isan lande. wolden swican heora hlaforde )?a
cynge. and woldon habban his bro'Ser to cynge Rodbeard ^c
wa)S eorl on Normandige. On J?isQ rsede waes arrest Oda
b*. and Gosfri^ b'. and WilPm b' on Dunholme. Swa waell
dyde se cyng be )?& h\ f eall Englaland iserde edtt' his
rsede. and swa swa he wolde. and he )?ohte to donne be him
eall swa ludas Scarioth dyde be ure Drihtene. And Rogere
eorl W8e8 eac aat )?a un rsede. and swi^e raycel folc mid
hed ealle Frencisce men. and J^aes unned waertS gersed innan
)7a lengtene. Sona swa hit co to )?a Eastron. )7a ferdon hi
and hergodon and bserndon and aweston ]fBds cynges feorme
hames. and eallra j^sera manna land hi fordydon ]}e wseroa
innan ]78es cynges holdscipe. and heora selc ferde to his
castele. and )?one mannoden and metsoden swa hig betst
mihton. Gosfri^ b' and Rodbeard amundbrseg ferdon to
Bricgstowe and hergodon and brohton to }ya castele J^a
hergunge. and sy^^on foron (it of iSam castele and her-
godon Ba'Son. and eall f land )?aBr abutan. and eall Beorclea
hymesse hi awaeston. And J^a men J?e yldest wseron of Here
forde. and eall peo scir forS mid. and )>a men of Scrob scyre
mid mycele folce of Bryt lande comon and hergodon and
bserndon on Wi^receastre scire forS f hi comon to ]>a porte
sylfan. And woldon ]7a ^sene port bsemen. and f mynster
reafian. and ]fves cynges castel gewinnan heo to handa. Das
J?ing geseonde se arwurSa b' Wlstan. wearS swiSe gedrefed
on his mode. forSig him wses betaDht \>^ castel to healdene.
)?eah hwe^er his hired men ferdon (it mid feawe mannan of
)?a castele. and ]f\irh Godes mildheortnisse and )?urh ]7ses b's
geeamunga ofslogon and gclaehton fif hundred manna, and
J?a o^re ealle aflymdon. Se b' of Dunholme dyde to hearme
f he mihte ofer eall be norSan. Roger het an of heo. se
hleop into )?§ castele set NorSwic. and dyde git eallra wserst
ofer eall f land. Hugo eac an ye hit ne gebette nan
J>ing. ne innan Laegreceastre scire, ne innan NorShatune.
De b' Odo )?e J?as cyng of awdcan ferde into Cent to his
eorldome. and for dyde hit swy^e. and \>tes cynges land, and
]78es arceb's mid ealle aweston. and brohtc call f god into his
castele on Hrofcccastre.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 225

Da ye cyiig under geat ealle )?a8 )?ing. and hwilcne swicdo (A.D. 1087)
hi dydon toweard his. )?a wearS he on his mode swi^e ge-
drefed. sende j^a sefter Englisce mannan. and heo fore ssede
his neode. and gymde heora fultumes. and behet heom
J^a betsta laga )7a eefre aer wses on J^isan lande. and »lc un
riht geold he for bead, and geatte mannan heora wudas. and
sisetinge. ac hit ne stod nane hwilc. Ac Englisce men swa
|?eah fengon to \>sl cynge heora hlaforde on fultume. ferdon
|>a toweard Hrofe ceastre. and woldon )?one b' Odan begytan.
)7ohtan gif hi hsefdon hine J^e waes serur heafod to "Sam un
raede. f hi mihton J^e bet begytan ealla )?a oi5re. hi comon
|?a to ya castele to Tonebricge. J^a wseron innan )?a castele
OdaVs cnihtas. and o^re manige )?e hine healdon woldan
ongean f^ofi cyng. ac )?a Englisce men ferdon and to
brsecon )?one castel. and J?a men J?e )?aer inne wseron. gri'S-
odon wiiS J?one cyng. Se cyng mid his here ferde toweard
Hrofe ceastre. and wendon f se b' waere J^aer inne. ac hit
wear8 J?am cynge cu^ )?et se b^ waes afaren to "Sam castele
Apefenesea. and se cyng mid his here ferde 8eft\ and bessett
|>on castel abutan. mid swi^e mycele here fulle six wucan.

Betwyx J?issu se eorl of Normandige Rodbeard ]>es cynges
bro'8er gaderode swiiSe mycel folc. and )?ohte to gewinnane
Engle land mid {^sera manna fultume ^e wseron innan f^isan
lande ongean J^oii cyng. and he sende of his mannan to J'isu
lande. and wolde cuman himsylf seW. Ac )?a Englisce men
J?e waerdedon J^aere sae. gelaehton of )?a mannon. and slogon.
and adrengton ma )?onn aenig man wiste to tellanne.

SyS^an heo ateorede mete wiiSinnan )?a castele. ^a
gjrrndon hi griiSas. and agefan hine J^a cynge. and se b'
swor f he wolde ut of Engle lande faran. and nd mare
cuman on ^isan lande butan se cyng hi aeft' sende. and f
he wolde agifan )?on castel on Hrofe ceastre. Ealswa se b'
ferde and sceolde agifan ];on castel. and se cyng sende his
men mid hi. 'Sa arisan ]7a men ]?e waeron innan ]>a castele.
and namon ]7one b^ and J^es cynges men. and dydon hi on
hseftnunge. Innan )?a castele waeron swi^e gode cnihtas.
Eustati' ye iunga. and Bogeres eorles )?reo sunan. and ealle
J;a betstboren men. ]>e waeron innan )7isan lande. o^iSe on
Normandige.

Da se cyng under geat )?a8 )?ing. );a ferde he aeft'

Gg

226 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1087) mid )>a here I'e he ^sbt heefde. and sende ofer eall Engla
]ande. and bead f seic man pe wsere unni'Sing sceolde
cuman to hi. Frencisce and Englisce. of porte and of uppe
lande. Hi c6 J^a mycel folc t6. and he for Hrofe ceastre.
and bessett )?one castel. o^iSet hi gri'Sedon ye J^ser inne
wicron. and ]7one castel ageafon. Se b^ Odo mid pk mannu
]>e innan )>a castele wseron ofer sse ferdon. and se b' swa for
let )7one wurBscipe )?e he on )?i8 land heefde. Se cyng sySSan
sende here to Dun holme, and let besittan )>one castel. and se
b' gri^ode and ageaf }>one castel. and for let his biscoprice.
and ferde to Normandig'. Eac manige Frencisce men for
leton heora land, and ferdon ofer sse. and se cyng geaf heora
land )>a mannu \>e him holde weeron.

1089. On )?i8um geare se arwurSa muneca feder and firouer
Landfranc arcb' gewat of Jiissu life, ac we hopia'S p he ferde
to f heofanlice rice. Swilce eac gewarS ofer eall Engleland
mycel eorS styrunge. on \fone dseg iii idus Aug', and wses
swi^e Isetsum gear on come, and on selces cynnes wsestmum.
swa f manig men raepon heora com onbutan Martines mses-
san. and gyt lator.

1090. Indictione xiii. Dissti pus ged6n. eall swa wse »r
abufan seedan be )?a cynge. and be his broiSer. and be his
mannon. se cyng wses smsegende hu he mihte wrecon his
broker Rodbeard swi^ost swencean. and Normandige of him
gewinnan. Deah ]?urh his geapscipe. oiSiSe )^urh gsersuma he
begeat )?one castel set see Waleri. and j^a hsefenan. and swa
he begeat ]7one set Albemare. and )>ar inne he sette his
cnihtas. and hi dydon hearmes uppon )?a lande on hergunge
and on baernete. MW yisH he begeat ma castelas innan |?a
lande. and )78er inne his rideras gelogode.

Se eorl of Normandige R' syS^an he under geat f his
gesworene men him tnicedon. and agefon hera castelas him
to hearme. ]>a sende he to his hlaforde Philippe Francena
cynge. and he co to Normandig' raid mycelan here, and se
cyng and se eorl mid ormsetre fyrde bessBton )>on castel
abuton. peer )?8es cynges men of Engle land inne wseron. Se
cyng Willelm of Engla lande sende to Philippe Francena
cynge. and he for his lufun o^Se for his mycele gersuma for
let swa his man }7on eorl Rodbeard and his land, and ferde
ongean to France and let heo swa weorSan. And betwyx

THE LAUD MS. (E) 2^27

)>isum J'ingu yis land wses swi^e forddn. on unlagagelde. and
on o'Sre manige ungelimpe.

1091. On J?isu geare se cyng WilFm heold his hired to
Xpesmessan on Waest mynstre. and )?8er aeft' to Candel
msessan he ferde for his broiSaer un J?earfe ut of Engla lande
into Normandige. Onmang )?a J?e he )?8er waes. heora sehte
togsedere code, on f gerad f se eorl hi to handan let
Uescam. and )?one eorld5 set Ou. and KisBres burh. and
)>sertoeacan \>es cynges men sacleas beon moston on ]fa,
caatelan. j>e hi ser )>es eorles nn)?ances begiten haefdon. And
se cyng hi ongean )?a Manige behet. Jie ser heora feeder
gewann and J>a fra J?a eorle gebogen waes. gebygle to
donne. and eall f his feeder ]?8er begeondan hsefde. butan
pa, )>e he )7a cynge J?a geunnen hsefde. And f ealle )?a ]>e on
Engle lande for ]?§ eorle seror heora land forluron. hit on
J^isnm sehte habban sceoldan. and se eorl on Englelande eall
swa mycel swa on heora forewarde waes. And gif se eorl forS
ferde butan sunu be rihtre aewe. waere se cyng yrfe numa of
eallon Normandig. be J?isre sylfan forewarde gif se cyng
swnlte. waere se eorl yrfe numa ealles Engla landes. Das
forewarde gesworan xii J^a betste of \>es cynges healfe. and
xii of J>es eorles. J>eah hit sy^^an litle hwile stode.

On mang ]>isu ssehte wearS Eadgar 8e)?eling belandod. of
pdL pe se eorl him aeror ]?aer to handa gelaeten hsefde. and ut
of Normandig for to Ipa, cynge his a^ume to Scotlande. and
to his swustor.

On mang )?a J^e se cyng W. ut of Engle lande wses. ferde
86 cyng Melcolm of Scotlande hider into Englu. and his
mycelne dael oferhergode. oiS f J>a gode maen }>e )?is land
bewiston. hi fyrde ongean saendon. and hine gecyrdon. Da
J?a se cyng W. into Normandige )?is gehyrde. J^a gearcode
he his fare, and to Englelande c6. and his broker se eorl
Bodbeard mid hi. and sona fyrde h^t ut abeodan. aegSer
scip fyrde and land fyrde. ac seo scip fyrde aer he to Scotlande
cuman mihte. aelmaest earmlice forfdr. feowan dagon toforan
see Michaeles niaessan. And se cyng and his broker mid
J^aere land fyrde ferdon. ac J?a "JSa se cyng Melcolm gehyrde
f hine man mid fyrde secean wolde. he for mid his fyrde ut
of Scotlande into Lo'Sene on Engla land and )7ser abad. Da
J>a se cyng W. mid his fyrde genealehte. j^a ferdon betwux

Gg2

228 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1091) Bodbeard eorl and Eadgar ad^eling and ];8era cinga sehte swa
getnacedon. f se cyng Melcolm to uran cynge co. and his
man wearS to eallswilcre gehyrsQnisse swa he aer his feeder
dyde. and f mid a^e gefestnode. and se cyng W. him behet
on lande and on ealle )?inge yses )?e he under his faeder aer
hsefde.

On )?i8Q sehte wearS eac Eadgar e)?eling wi* J>one cyng
gessehtlad. and )?a cyngas )?a mid mycclu sehte tohwurfon.
ac f litle hwile stod. And se eorl Rod beard her o"5 Xpes
maisse forneali mid J?a cynge wunode. and litel so^es J^ser
on mang* of heora forewarde onfand. and twa dagon ser
)?8ere tide on Wiht scipode. and into Normandig fdr. and
Eadgar se^eUng mid him.

1092. On l^isu geare se cyng W. mid mycelre fyrde ferde
norS to ^Cardeol. and ];a burh gese^staj^elede. and )>one castel
arerde. and Dolfin utadraf ye seror ]?a3r J?es landes weold.
and yoh castel mid his mannan gesette. and syS^an hider
sxvS gcwsende. and mycele msenige ^Eyrlisces folces mid
wifan and mid orfe )?yder ssende. )>8er to wunigenne f land
to tilianne.

1093. On J?isu geare to )?a laengtene warS se cyng W.
on Oleawe ceastre to )?a swi^e geseclod. f he wses ofer eall
dead gekyd. And on his broke he Gode fela behaesa behet.
his agen lif on riht to Isedene. and Godes cyrcean gri^ian
and fri^ian. and naDfre mA eft wilS feo gesyllan. and ealle
rihte lage on his )?eode to habbene. and f arceb'rice on
Cant war byrig )?e aer on his agenre hand stdd. Anselme be-
taehte. se wa^s aer abb' on Bsec. and Bodbeard his cancelere
f biscoprice on Lincolne. and to manegan mynstren land
geu^e. ac ^ he sySiSan eet breed. )?a hi gebotad wies. and ealle
)?a gode laga forlaet. J?e he us aer beh^t.

Da seft' ]7isson sende cyng of Scotlande. and Jyaere fore-
warde gyrnde ]?e hi behaten waes. and s^ cing W. him steof-
node to Glowe ceastre. and hi to Scotlande gislas sende. and
Eadgar sej^eling a)ft\ and j^a men sy^^an ougedn. ]?e hinc
mid mycclon wur^scipc to )?& cynge brohtan. Ac ]>a ^a he
to ]7a cynge c6. ne mihtc he beon weoi*Se naSer ne urc
cynges spa?ce. nc j^sera forewarde ]?c hi a^r behatene wseron.
and for};i hi yn, mid mycelon un sehte tohwurfon. and se

1 Carlool: Gibson's correction. 2 Englisoes: Gibson's correction.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 2^9

cyng Melcolm ha to Scotlande gewsBnde. Ac hra^e ]ftes ye (A. D. 1093)
he ha com. he his fyrde geguderode. and into Englelande
hergende mid maran unrsede ferde );(Hie hi abehofode. and
hine )?a Bodbeard se eorl of NorS hymbran mid his mannan
unwaeres besyrede and of sloh. Hine sloh Morsel of Baebba-
burh. se wses J^ses eorles stiward. and Melcolmes cynges god
sib. Mid hi M^ses eac Eadward his sune of slagen. se aeft' hi
cyng beon sceolde. gif he hit gelifode. Da ]?a seo gode cwen
Margarita j^is gehyrde. hyre )?a leofstan hlaford and sunu )?U8
beswikene. heo wearS o^ dea*8 on mode geancsuraed. and
mid hire prestan to cyrcean eode. and hire gerihtan under
feng. and set Gode absed. f heo hire gast ageaf. And j^a
Scottas J7a Dufenal to cynge gecuron Melcolmes broker, and
ealle j^a Englisce litadraefdon. J?e ser raid J?a cynge Melcolrae
wseron. Da ]7a Dunecan Melcolmes cynges sunu )7is call
gehyrde };us gefaren. se on j^aes cynges hyrede W. waes. swa
swa his feeder hine ures cynges faeder aer to gisle geseald
haefde. and her swa sy^iSan belaf. he to pa. cynge co. and
swilce getrywiSa dyde. swa se cyng aet him habban wolde.
and swa mid his unne to Scotlande f6r. mid pa fultume )?e
he begytan mihte Engliscra and Frenciscra. and his maege
Dufenal J?es rices bena. and to cynge wearS under fangen.
Ac )?a Scottas hi eft sume gegaderoden. and forneah ealle
his maenu of slogan, and he sylf mid feawu aetbaerst. Sy^^an
hi wurdon sehte. on )?a gerdd f he naefre eft Englisce ne
Frencisce into pnm lande ne gelogige.

1094. Her haefde se cyng W. to Cristes maessan his hired
set Gleawe ceastre. and him ]?ider fram his broiler Rodbearde
of Normandig bodan coman. j^a cyddon f his bro*8er gri€
and forewarde call aeft'cwaeiS. butan se cyng gelaestan wolde
eall )?et hi on forewarde haefdon aer gewroht. and uppon f
hine forsworenne and trywleasne clypode. buton he );a fore-
warda geheolde. o*8iSe j^ider ferde and hine j^aer betealde )?aer
seo forewarde aer waes gewroht and eac gesworen.

Da ferde se cyng to Hsestingan to ]>a Candel maessan. and
on mang );a ];e he pdsr wederes ab&d. he let halgian f mynster
aet ys^re Bataille. And Herbearde Losange ]?a b' of peot
fordan his staef bena. and ]?aer aeft' to mid lengtene ofer sae
for into Normandigc. Syi5^an he )?ider co. he and his broker
Rodbeard se eorl gccwaeiSan. f hi mid gri^e togaedere cuman

280 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io94)8ceoldan. and swa dydon. and gesemede beon ne mihtan.
SyiS^an eft hi togsedere coman mid )?a ilcan roannan ye ser
f loc makedon. and eac )?a a^as sworen. and ealne )>on bryce
uppon );one cyng tealdon. ac he nolde J^aes gepafa beon. ne
eac )?a forewarde healdan. and for)?a hi );a mid mycelon un-
sehte tocyrdon.

And se cyng syiS^an ]>on castel set Bures gewann. and yes
eorles men psdr inne gena. )?a sume hyder to lande sende.
Dser togeanes se eorl mid yes cynges fultume of France ge-
wann yone castel aet Argentses. and )?ear inne Rogger Peiteuin
gena. and seofen hundred yes cynges cnihta mid hi. and syS-
%an yon set Hulme. and oftreedlice heora segSer uppon o^eme
tunas beernde and eac menne laehte.

Da sende cyng hider to lande. and het abeodan (it xx
J^usenda Engliscra manna him to fultume to Normandig. ac
)?a hi to sse coman. yn, het hi man cyrran. and f feoh syllan
to )?8B8 cynges beh6fe ye hi genumen hsefdon. yet wses aelc
man healf punda. and hi swa dydon.

And se eorl innon Normandig ^W ]?ison mid J>a cynge of
France and mid eallon ]?an ye hi gegaderian mihton ferdon
towardes Ou J^aer se cyng W. inne waes. and )?ohtan hine inne
to besittanne. and swa foran o% hi coman to Lunge uile. Dsr
wearS se cyng of France )?urh gesmeah gecyrred. and swa
sy^^an eal seo fyrding tdhwearf. Her on mang ];ison se
cyng W. sende sefter his broker Heanrige. se waes on )?a
castele aet Damfront. ac for};i ye he mid fri"8e )?urh Norman-
dig faran ne mihte. he h! sende scipon sefter. and Hugo eorl
of Ceastre. Ac )?a %a hi towardes ()(i faran sceoldan yxr
se cyng wses. hi foran to Engle lande. and up coman aet
Hamtune on ealra halgena msessesefne. and her syiSSon
wunedon. and to Xpes msessan waeron on Lunden.

Eac on };isu ylcan geare )?a Wylisce menu hi gegaderodon.
and wi*8 )?a Frencisce ye on Walon. o*8^e on y^ere neawiste
waeron and hi aer belandedon. gewinn upahofon. and manige
festeua and castelas abraecon. and men ofslogon. and sy^'San
heora gefylce weox. hi hi on ma to daeldon. Wi^ sum ]>«ra
daele gefeaht Hugo eorl of Scrob scire and hi aflymde. Ac
l^eah hwe*8er )7a oiSre ealles y^es geares nanes yfelea ne ge-
swicon ye hi d6n mihton.

Discs geares eac j^a Scottas heora cyng Dunecan beayredon

THE LAUD MS. (E) 231

and of slogan, and heo sjrS'San eft o^re sySe his fsederan
Dufenal to cynge genamon. )?urh )?es tare and to tihtinge he
wearS to dea^e beswiceu.

1095. On j^isu geare waes se cyng Will'm to Xpes maessan
)?a feower fore warde dagas on Hwitsand. and sefter ph feorSan
dsege hider to lande fdr. and tipp com set Doferan. And
Heanrig J^es cynges bro*8er her on lande 0*8 lengten wunode.
and )?a ofer sse for to Normandig mid mycclon gersuman. on
)?aB8 cynges heldan uppon heora broiSer Rodbeard eorl. and
gelomlice uppon ]?one eorl wann. and him mycelne hearm
segSer on lande and on mannan dyde.

And };a to Eastran heold se cyng his hired on Win ceastre.
and se eorl Rodbeard of Nor^ bymbran nolde to hirede cu-
man. and se cyng forSan weariS wi€ hine swi^e astyrod. and
hi to ssende and heardlice bead gif he grimes weor8e beon
wolde. f he to Pentecosten to hired come. On )?isu geare
waeron Eastron on viii k' Apr^. and ps, uppon Eastron on see
Ambrosius maesseniht. f is ii no Apr^ waes gesewen forneah
ofer call )?is land swilce forneah ealle };a niht swi^e mseni
fealdlice steorran of heofenan feoUan. naht be anan o^^e
twam. ac swa ]?iclice f hit nan mann ateallan ne mihte. Her
seft' to Pentecosten wses se cyng on Windlesoran. and call
his witan mid hi. butan ]>a eorle of NorShymbran. forj^a se
cyng him na]?er nolde ne gislas syllan. ne uppon trywiSan
geunnon f he mid gri^e cumon moste and faran.

And se cyng for]?i his fyrde bead, and uppon )?on eorl to
NoriS hymbran fdr. and sona )?e8 pe he )^ider c6. he manege
and for neah ealle ]?a betste of )?es eorles hirede innan anan
&estene gewann. and on hseftene gedyde. And )?oii castel set
Tinemu*8an besset o^iSet he hine gewann. and )78es eorles
broker J^aer inne and ealle j^a ]>e hi mid waeron. and sy^'San
ferde to Bebbaburh. and )?on eorl )?8er inne besset. Ac J?a iSa
se cyng geseah f he hine gewinnan ne mihte. )?a het he
makian senue castel toforan Bebbaburh. and hine on his
spsece Malueisin het. f is on Englisc yfel nehhebur. and
hine swiiSe mid his mannan gessette. and syS^an suiS weard fdr.
Da sona aeft' j^am ]7e se cyng waes su"8 afaren. feorde se eorl
anre nihte ut of Bebbaburh towardes Tinemu^an. ac )?a ye
innan ]7am niwan castele waeron. his gewner wurdon. and him
aeft^ foran and on fuhton. and hine gewundedon. and sy^^an

(

232 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io95)gel8chton. and );& ]>e mid hi waeron sume of slogan, sume lifes
gefengou.

On mang )?ison wearS )?a cynge cu^S. f pa, Wylisce men
on Wealon sumne castel heafdon to broken Muntgumni
hatte. and Hugon eorles menn of slagene )?e hine healdon
sceoldan. and he for]?! oiSre fyrde het fearlice abannan. and
seft' see Michaeles meesse into Wealan ferde. and his fyrde
to scyfte. and f land call )?urh for. swa f seo fyrde eall to-
gffidere co to ealra halgena to Snawdune. Ac pa Wylisce a
toforan into muntan and moran ferdan f heo man to curaan
ne mihte. and se cyng )?a haweard gewende for)?a he geseah f
he pser pes wintres mare don ne mihte.

Da pa se cyng ongean co. {^a het he niman poh eorl
Botbeard of NorS hymbran and to BsDbbaburh Isedan. and
seg^er eage ut adon. buton ];a pe )78er inne waeron |>on castel
agyfan woldan. Hine heoldan his wif and Moreal se wses
stiward and eac his mseg. Durh )7is wearS se castel ps.
agyfen. and Moreal wearS )7a on pes cynges hirede. and j^urh
hine wurdon manege seg^er ge gehadode and eac Isewede
geypte. pe raid heora raede on pes cynges unheldan wseron.
)?a se cyng sume ser )?8ere tide h^t on haeftne^e gebringan.
and sy8^5an swi^e gemahlice ofer eall )?is land beodan. f
ealle ]7a pe of )>a cynge land heoldan. eall swa hi ftVSes
weorSe beon woldan. f hi on hirede to tide waeron. and }H)ne
eorl Rotbert het se cyng to Windlesoran laedan. and J^aer
innan pa castele healdan.

Eac on }7is ylcan geare togeanes Eastron co |?ae8 Papan
sande hider to lande. f waes Waltear bisceop swiiSe god lifes
man of Albin )?8ere ceastre. and pa arce b' Ansealme uppon
Pentecosten of );aes Papan healfe Urban' his palliu geaf. and
he hine underfeng set his arcestole on Cantwarabyrig. And
se biscop Waltear her on lande pses geares sySSan lange
wunode. and man sy^iSan f Romgesceot be hi sende. swa
man manegan gearan aeror ne dyde.

Discs ylcan eac geares waeron swiiSe un tid gewidera. and
forj^i geond eall J^is land wurdon eorSwaestmas eall to
medemlice gewende.

1096. On ];ison geare heold se cyng Will'm his hired to
Xpes maessan on Windlesoran. and WilPm bisc of Dunholroe
p^T forS ferde to geares daege. and on Octab' Epiphan' waes

i

THE LAUD MS. (E)

se cyng and ealle his witan on Searbyrig. peer beteah (A.D. 1096)
Gosfrei Bainard Will'm of Ou yes cynges maeg f he heafde
gebeon on ];es cynges swicdome. and hit hi ongefeaht. and
hine on orreste oferco. and syiS^an he ofercumen wses. hi
het se cyng pn. eagan ut ad6n. and syJ^'San belisnian. and his
stiward Will'm hatte. se waes his modrian sunu. het se cyng
on rode ah6n. Daer wearS eac Eoda eorl of Capaine )?ae8
cynges aXum and manege oSre belende. and sumne man to
Lundene laedde. and ];8&r spilde.

Dises geares eac to pa Eastran M^earS swiiSe mycel styrung
geond ealle )7as ]7eode and fela oiSra )?eodan };urh Urban' se
wses Papa gehaten J^eah ]>e he J?8es setles na)?ing naefde on
Borne, and ferde un arimedlice folc mid wifan and cildan td
t^i f hi uppon hseiSene )7eodan winnan woldan. Durh ]?as
fare wearS se cyng and his bro^or Bodbeard eorl sehte. swa
f se cyng ofer sse for. and call Normandig aet hi mid feo
alisde. swa swa hi )?a sehte waeron. And se eorl syS^an
ferde. and mid hi se eorl of Flandran. and se of Bunan. and
eac manige oi^re heafodmen. and se eorl Bodbeard and \>b.
pe raid him ferdon )?on winter on Puille wunedon. Ac )?es
folces ]>e be Hungrie for. fela )?u8enda \>ter and be waBge
earmlice forforan. and fela hreowlice and hunger bitene on-
gean winter ha tugon.

©is waes swi^e hefigtyme gear geond call Angel cyn. seg^er
ge )?urh msenigfealde gylda. and eac ]7urh swiiSe hefigtymne
hunger, pe )?isne card )?8es geares swiiSe gedrehte.

Eac on ]?ison geare ]?a heafodmen pe ]ris land heoldan
oftnedlice fyrde into Wealon sendon. and msenig man mid
)?a swi^e gedrehtan. ac man )^ser ne gespeedde. butan man
myrringe. and feoh spillinge.

1097. Her on );ison geare weas se cyng Willelm to Xpes
maessau on Normandig. and )?a togeanes Eastron hider to
lande for. for)7a he );ohte his hired on Win ceastre to heald-
enne. ac he wear^ )?urh weder gel^t. oSiSet Eastre aefen f he
up CO aerost rot Arundel, and forj^i his hired aet Windlesoran
heold.

And )?aBr aeft' mid mycclu here into Wealon ferde. and f
land swi^e mid his fyrde )?urh fdr. furh sume );a Wyliscean
)?e hi to waeron cumen and his laedteowas waeron. and J^aer
inne wunode fra middesumeran forneah 0*8 August, and mycel

H h

284 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. io97)]?a}r inne for leas on mannan and on horsan. and esc on
manegan o'Sran ]?ingan. Da Wylisce men sy^'Son bi fra }«
cynge gebugon. he5 manege ealdras of heo sylfan gecuron.
sum )?8era wses Caduugaun gehaten )?e heora weorSast wses.
se wses Griffines bro'Sersunu cynges. Ac ];a "Sa se cyng
geseah f be nan yingc bis willes yser geforSian ne mibte. he
ongean into )?ison lande for. and bra'Se sefter ]?&. be be ]m
gemaeron castelas let gemakian.

Da uppon see MicbaeF msessan iv non^ Octobr'. setywde An
selcu^ steorra on aefen scynende and sona to setle gangende.
He wses gesewen suiSweast. and se leoma )?e bi of stdd. wses
swi'Se lang ge)7uht suiSeast scinende. and forneab ealle )m
wucan on pfks wisan setywde. manige men leton f hit
cometa wsere.

Sona seft' j^yson. se arceb' Ansealm of Cantwarbyrig leafe
set \fa, cynge na. )?eab bit \fk cynge ungewill wsere \>bss ^e meu
leton. and ofer sse f6r. for];a bim ]7ubte f man on J^isne l^eodan
lytel sefter ribte and seft' bis dybte dyde.

And se cyng ]7ser seft' uppon see Martines msessan ofer sae
int6 Normandig f6r. ac ]7a bwile )?e be wederes ab&d. his
hired innon ]>& sciran )?8er bi lag<5n. )>oii mseston bearm
dydon ye sefre hired oiSSe here innon friiS lande don sceolde.
Dis wses on eallon ]?ingan swi^e befigtyme ge&r. and ofer
geswincfull. on ungewederan ]fSL man o^iSe tilian sceolde
aHe eft tiliSa gegaderian. and on ungyldan ];a nsefre ne
ablunnon. Eac manege sciran )>e mid weorce to Lundenne
belupon. wurdon J^serle gedrebte. )?urb )?oii weall ^e hi
worhton onbutan )?on ttir. and };urh )?a brycge ^e forneah
call toflotan wses. and pwrh )?8es cynges bealle geweorc ye
man on Westmynstre worbte. and msenige man |>8er mid
gedrebte.

Eac on )?ysu ylcan geare sona uppon see Micbaeles
msessan ferde Eadgar sel^eling mid fyrde yurh |?aes cynges
fultu into Scot lande. and yet land mid stranglicu feohte
gewann. and yon cyng Dufenal*ut adrsefde. and bis mag
Eadgar se wses Melcolmes sunu cynges and Margarite )>sere
cwenan he yssr on )?ses cynges Willelmes heldan to cynge
gesette. and sy*5iSan ongean into Engleland fdr.

1098. On ]?ysum geare to Xpes msessan wses se cyng W.
on Normandig. And Walcelin b' on Winceastre and Baldewinc

THE LAUD MS. (E) 235

abb' on see j^dmund innan ]?8ere tide bsegen forSferdan. (A. D. 1098)
And on J^isu geare eac Turold abb' of Burh forS ferde.

Dises geares eac to );an sumeran innan Barruc scire set
Finchastsede dn mere blod weolL swa swa manige try we men
ssedan he hit geseon sceoldan.

And Hugo eorl wearS ofslagen innan Angles ege fra lit
wikingan. and his broker Bodbert wearS his yrfe numa. swa
swa he hit set J>a cynge of code.

Toforan see MichaeF msessan setywde seo heofon swilce
heo for neah ealle ]7a niht bymende waere. Dis wses swi^e
geswincfull gear ]7urh manigfeald ungyld. and )?urh mycele
renas ye ealles geares ne ablunnon. for neah selc til€ on mersc
lande for ferde.

1099. Her waes se cyng WilFm to midewintra on Nor-
mandig. and to Eastron hider to lande co. and to Pentecosten
forman siiSe his hired innan his niwan g'byttlan aet West
mynstre heold. and J^aer Rannulfe his capellane f biscop rice
on Dunholme geaf. ]?e aeror ealle his gemot ofer call Engle
land draf and bewiste. and sona J^serseft' ofer sse fdr. and
J?on eorl Elias of )?3ere Manige adraf. and hy sy^^an on his
geweald gessette. and swa to see MichaeF msessan eft hider
to lande co.

Dises geares eac on see Martin msesse daeg. asprang up to
J^answiiSe see flod. and swa mycel to hearme gedyde. swa nan
man ne g'munet f hit sefre seror dyde. and wses iSses ylcan
dseges luna p'ma.

And Osmund biscop of Searbyrig innon Aduent forS ferde.

1100. On J^ison geare se cyng W. heold his hired to Xpes
maBssa on Gleaweceastre. and to Eastron on AVinceastre. and
to Pentecost' on West mynstre.

And to ];a Pentecost' waes gesewen innan Barruc scire aet
anan tune blod weallan of eorJ?an. swa swa maenige saedan )?e
hit g'seon sceoldan. And )?8er aeft' on morgen aeft' hlamaesse
dsege wearS se cyng Willelm on huntno^e fra his anan men
mid anre fla ofsceoten. and syiS^an to Winceastre gebroht.
and on ]>& biscop rice bebyrged. f waes )?aes )>reotte'San geares
ye he rice onfeng.

He waes swiiSe Strang and reSe ofer his land and his maenn.
and wiiS ealle his neahheburas. and swi'Se ondraedendlic. and
l^ui-h yfelra manna raedas ye hi aefre gecweme waeran. and

H h 2

(

236 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. iioo) J7urh his agene gitsuuga. he sefre )?a8 leode mid here and mid
ungylde tyrwigende wees. for]?an J?e on his dagan aelc riht
afeoU. and aelc unriht for Gode and for worulde (iparas.
Gt)des cyrcean he ny8erade. and )?a b^cop rices and abb* rices
pe ]?a ealdras on his dagan feollan. Ealle he hi 0*8^6 wy6 fee
gesealde. oSiSe on his agenre hand heold. and to gafle gesette.
for]7an J>e he aelces mannes gehadodes and Isewedes yrfenuma
beon wolde. and swa f )?8B8 dseges ]?e he gefeoU. he heafde
on his agenre hand f arceb^rice on Cant warby rig. and f
bisceoprice on AVincea8t\ and f on Searbyrig. and xi abb'
rices, ealle to gafle gesette. And );eah ]fe ic hit laeng ylde.
call J?et J?e Gode waes la"? and rihtfuU' mannan. eall f waes
gewunelic on ];isan lande on his tyman. and for)?i he waes for
neah ealre his leode la's, and Gode andsaete. swa swa his aende
aetywde. forj^an )?e he on middewardan his unrihte buten
behreowsunge and aelcere daedbote gewat.

On ]78ene punresdaeg he waes ofslagen. and ]>aes on morgen
bebyrged. and sySj^an he bebyrged waes. j?a witan \pe )?a neh
handa waeron. his broker Heanrig to cynge gecuran. and he
j^cerrihte f bisc'rice on Winceast' Will'me Giffarde geaf.
and si];)?an to Lundene f6r. and on ]?an Sunnandaege |?aer aeft'
to foran pk weofode on West mynstre Gode and eallan folce
beh^t ealle )?a un riht to aleggenne pe on his broker timan
waeran. and )?a betstan lage to healdene )?e on aeniges
cynges daege to foran him stodan. And hine syS'San aeft'
]>a se biscop of Lundene Maurici' to cynge gehalgode. and
hi ealle on );eosan lande to abugan. and a'Sas sworan. and his
men wurdon.

And se cyng sona aeft^ \fa. be l^aere raede )>e hi abutan
waeran. ]?on biscop Rannulf of Dunholroe let niman. and into
pk ture on Lundene let gebringon. and paer healdan. Da to
foran see MichaeF maessan co se arce biscop Ansealm of Cant
warbyr* hider to lande. swa swa se cyng Heanrig be his
witena raede hi aeft' sende. for)?an ]fe he waes ut of )?is lande
gefaren. for )?an mycelan unrihte ye se cyng Will'm him dyde.

And sii$)?an sona herseft' se cyng gena Mahalde hi to wife
Malcolmes cynges dohter of Scotlande. and Margareta f^aere
goda cwaene Eadwardes cynges magan. and of |?an rihtan
iSnglalandes kynekynne. and on see Martines maessedapg
heo wearS him mid mycelan weorSscipe forgifen on West

THE LAUD M8. (E) 237

mynstre. and se arcebisc' Ansealm hi hi bewseddade. and(A.D. noo)
siiS^an to cwene gehalgode. And se arceb' Thomas of
Eoferwic heraeft^ sona forSferde.

Deoses ylces geares eac innan hserfest co se eorl Rotbert
ham into Normandi. and se eorl Rotb^t of Flandr'. and Eu-
stati' eorl of Bunan fra lerusale. And sona swa se eorl R.
into Normandig com. he wearS fra eallan pk folce bli]?elice
under fangen. butan j^a castelan 5e waeron g'ssette mid pxs
cjnges Heanriges manna, togeanes )?an he manega gewealc
and gewinn hsefde.

1101. Her on J?isu geare^to Xpes msessan heold se cyng
Heanrig his hired on West mynstre. and to Eastran on
Winceastre.

And ]>2L sona ]>mr softer wurdon )7a heafodmen her on lande
wiiSer raeden togeanes J?a cynge. aegSer ge for heoran agenan
mycelan ungetrywSan. and eac J?urh pon eorl Rodbert of
Normandig. J?e mid unfri'Se hider to lande fundode. And se
cyng 8yi5^an scipa ut on sae sende his broiSer to dsere and to
kettinge. ac hi sume seft set )?8ere neode abru*8on. and fra };a
cynge gecyrdon. and to J>a eorle RotbHe gebugan. Da to
middesumeran ferde se cyng ut to Pefenesae mid call his
fyrde togeanes his broker and his l^ser ab&d. Ac onmang
|>ison CO se eorl Rotb't up aet Portesmu^an xii nihtan toforan
HlafmsBssan. and se cyng mid ealre his fyrde hi togeanes
CO. Ac pB. heafod men heo betwenan foran. and ]?a bro^ra
gesehtodan on ];a gerdd. pet se cyng for let call f he mid
streangSe innan Normandig togeanes )?a eorle heold. and f
ealle \fSL on Engle lande heora land ongean heafdon. pe hit aer
)>urh ]7one eorl forluron. and Eustaties eorl eac call his feeder
land her on lande. and )?et se eorl Rotb't aelce geare sceolde
of Engla lande ]?reo )?usend marc seolfres habban. and loc
hwe^er J?aBra gebro^ra o'Seme oferbide. waere yrfeweard
eallcs Engla landes and eac Normandiges. buton se forS
farena yrfe numan heafde be rihtre aewe. and };is };a mid a^e
gefestnodan xii )?a hihste of aeglSre healfe. And se eorl sy^-
iSan o€ ?et ofer see Michael' maesse her on lande wunode. and
his men mycel to hearme aefre gedydon swa hi geferdon. J?a
hwile ye se eorl her on lande wunode.

Discs geares eac se b' Rannulf to )?a Candel ma3ssan ut of
)?a ture on Lunden nihtes o'Sbaerst );ser he on hreftne^e wsps.

238 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. iioi)and to Normandigc fdr. J?urh ]>es macunge ma&st and to-
spryttinge se eorl Botb^t Ibises geares ]?is land mid un (iVk
g'sohte.

1102. On );i8u geare to NatiuiteiS wss se cyng Heanrig on
Westmynstre. and to Eastron on Winceastre.

And sona )?8er8eft' wurdon unsehte se cyng and se eorl
Botb't of Bselsesme se hsefde J^on eorldo her on lande on
Scrobbesbyrig J?e his fiseder Roger eorl ser ahte. and micel
rice yesTto, seg^Ser g' beheonon sse ge begeondon. And se
cyng ferde and besset )>on castel set Arundel, ac ]?a he hine
swa hra^e gewinnan ne mihte. he let ]fser toforan castelas
gemakian. and hi mid his mannan gesette. and sy^^San mid
ealre his fyrde ferde to Brigge. and J^aer wunode oiSiSet he
]7one castel hsefde. and )?one eorl Rotbert belsende. and ealles
benaemde. ]?es he on Engla lande hsefde. and se eorl swa ofer
sse gewdt. and se fyrde sySi^an ha cyrde.

Da l^aer aeft* to see MichaeP msessan wses se cyng set Wapst
mynstre. and ealle \fa, haefod men on )?is lande g'hadode and
Isewede. and se arceb' Ansealm heold g'hadodra manna sino^.
and hi )?aer manega beboda setton ^e to Xpendome belimpal^.
and seg^Ser manige Frencisce and Englisce j^ser heora stafas
and rice forluron. pe hi mid unrihte begeaton. o'SSe mid
woge l^aeron lifedon.

And on iSisu ylcan geare on Pentecostenmsessan wuce. )>h
coman ]?eofa8 sum of Alueamie. su of France, and su of
Flandres. and breokan J?a mynstre of Burh and )?8Br inne
naman mycel to gode on golde and on seolfre. pet waeron
roden and calicen and candelsticcan.

1103. Her on l^isu geare to midewintra wees se cjcng Hean-
rig aet Westmynstre. And ]>ter seft' sona ferde se b' Willelm
Giffard ut of pis land. for)?an ]>e he ongean riht nolde his
hades on fon set pa, arce b' Girarde of Eoferwic. And pa to
l^an Eastran heold se cyng his hired on Win c*. And )?ser
aeft' ferde se arce b' Ansealm of Cantwarbyrig to Borne, swa
swa hi and );a cynge gewearS.

Discs geares eac co se eorl Botbert of Normandig to spree-
ene wiS ]7one cyng her on lande. And aer he heonne ferde he
for geaf pa J'reo ];usend marc pe hi seo cyng Heanrig be fore
weard aelce geare gifan sceolde.

On )?isum geare eac set Heamstede innan Barruc scire, wses

THE LAUD MS. (E) 239

gesewen blod of eorSan. ©is wses swi^e gedeorfsura gear(A.D. 1103)
her on lande. J?urh maenifealde gyld. and )?urh orf cwealm.
and wsestma for weorj^enesse segSer ge on come and eac on
eallon treow wsestman. Eac on morgen uppon see Laurent'
ma?ssedseg gedyde se wind swa my eel to hearme her on lande
on eallon wsestman. swa nan man ne gemunde f sdtre senig
ser gedyde.

On "Sisum ylcan geare Mathias abb' of Burh foriSferde. se
ne lyfode na leng )>a an geare. sy^iSan he abb' wees, ^ft'
•see Michael' msessan on xii k' Nov' he wses mid procession
under fangan to abb', and on ^a ylcan dsege )?es o'Sres geares
he wearS dead on Gleawceastre. and Jraer bebyrged.

1104. Her on yisu geare to Xpes msessan heold se cyng
Heanrig his hired set Wsest minstre. and to Eastron on Win
ceastre. and to Pentecosten eft on Westmynstre.

Discs geares waes se forma Pentecostes dseg on no Jun'.
and on ]7am Tiwses dsege pserteW setywdan feower circulas to
]>k mid dsege onbutan )?8ere sunnan hwites hiwes. selc under
o^ran gebroiden. swylce hi gemette wseron. Ealle )?e hit
g'sawon wundredon. for)?an hi nsefre ser swilce ne gemundon.

Herseft' wurdon sehte se eorl Rotb't of Normandig. and
Rotb^t de Bselesme ^e se cyng Heanri aeror belsend hsefde
and of Engla lande adrifen. and [7urh heora sehte wurdon
wii^errsede se cyng of Engla lande and se eorl of Normandig.
and se cyng his folc ofer sse into Normandig sende. and )?a
heafod men {^ser on lande hi under fengon. and on heora ,hlaf-
ordes pses eorles swicdome into heora castelan gelogodan.
|?anon hi manige gedrecednissa on hergunga and on bseminge
}?ara eorle gedydon. Eac j^ises geares Willelm eorl of Moretoin
heonon of lande into Normandig fdr. ac sjrSiSan he afaren
wes. he wi^ )?one cyng g'worhte. for hwan hine se cyng ealles
bcnsemde. and belsende pses ]>e he her on lande hsefde.

Nis ea^e to asecgenne )?]ses landes earm'Sa* \>e hit to ];ysan
timan dreogende waes- j?urh mistlice and maenig fealdlice un
riht and gyld* psB nsefre ne geswican ne ne ateorodon. and
aefre ealswa se cyng for ful hergung );urh his hired uppon
his wreccea folc waes. and )7aeronmang for oft bserneta and
manslihtas.

Eall )?is wses Grod mid to gremienne.
and psis arme leode mid to tregienne.

240 THE LAUD MS. (E)

1105. On J?i8u geare to Natiuitei5 heold se cyng Heanrig
his hired aet Wmdlesoran.

And J^aerseft' to ]?a lengtene he for ofer stk into Normandig
uppon his bro'Ser Rotbert eorl. And onmang ]fs. pe he j^aer
wunode he gewann of his broker Ca)?um and Baius. and
msest ealle )?a castelas and )>a heafod men l^aer on lande h!
wurdon under j^eodde. and se syiSBan to herfest eft ongean
hider to lande c5. And f he on Normandig g'wunnen hasfde.
sjrS^an 6n sibbe and hi gebygle wunode. butan |>a |^e )>a
eorle Will'me of Mortoin ahwaer neah wunedon. ]7a he gelom-
lice geswsencte swa he swi^ost mihte. for his land lyre her on
lande. And ]?a toforan Xpes msessan co Rotb*t de Baeleame
hider to lande to )?a cynge.

Dis waes swiiSe gedyrfsum gear her on lande )?urh wsDstma
forwordenessa. and )^urh )>a msenigfealde gyld \^ naefre ne
geswican ser se cyng ofer fore, and )?a hwile pe he J^aer wses.
and eft sylSISan he ongean com.

1106. Her on yison. geare wsss se cyng Henrig to NatiuiteS
on West mynstre. and psar his hired heold. and uppon ^re
tide Rotbert de Baelesme mid unsehte fra ]>k cynge tit of
]7ison lande into Normandige fdr.

Da her aeft^ on foran Isengtene wses se cyng set NorS ha
tune, and se eorl Rotbert his bro^Ser of Normandig )>yder to
hi CO. and for)?a se cyng hi nolde agifan f pc he on Nor-
mandig' uppon hi genumen hsefde. hi mid unsehte tohwurfon.
and se eorl ferde ofer se sona eft ongean.

On )?8ere forman Isengtenwucan on J^on Frige dseg i.e. xiiU
k' Mr' on sefen setywde An ungewunelic steorra. and lange
stunde J^aerseft' wses selce sefen gesewen hwile ^inende. Se
steorra setywde innon f a\vS west, he w»8 litel ge]7uht. and
deorc. ac se leoma )?e hi fra stod wses swiiSe beorht. aud
swilce ormsete beam ge]7uht norSeast scinende. and Sune
sefen wses gessewen swilce se beam ongean weardes wrS ]?es
steorran ward fyrcliende wsere. Gehwylce ssedon f hig ma
on )?ison timon un cuiSra steorra gesawon. ac we hit openlicor
ne awriton. for)?a pe we hit sylfe ne sawon. On ps. niht \>e on
morgen waes cena Diii. f is se punres daeg toforan Eastran.
wseron gesewen twegeu monan on j^sere heofonan toforan
)7am daege o^er be eastan. find se o^er be westan begen fuUe.
and ]yees ylcan dseges waes se raona xiiii*.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 241

To Eastran wees se cyng set Ba^an. and to Pentecosten set (a.d. 1106)
Searbyrig. forpk )?e he nolde on his fundunge ofer see hired
healdan. Dsersefber toforan August ferde se cyng ofer see
into Normandig. and ealle msest ]fe f^ser on lande wseron hi
on his willan to gebugon. wi'Suton Botb't de Baelesme. and
]?& eorle of Moretoin. and feawa oiSre of ps, heafodmannan ^e
mid )?a eorle of Normandige ^e gyt heoldan. and for)?an se
cyng syiSSan mid fyrde for. and besset )?8es eorles senne eastel
of Moretoin Tenercebrai hatte. On mang )?a pe se cyng ]7on
eastel besset. cd se eorl RotbH of Normandig on see MichaeF
msesse sefen nppon )?one cyng mid his fyrde. and mid hi
Rotb*t de Bselesme. and Willelm eorl of Moretoin. and ealle
]7a )?e mid he5 woldan. ac seo streong^e and se sige wearS
ysBB cynges. Dser wearS se eorl of Normandig gefangen.
and se eorl of Moretoin. and Rotb't de Stutteuile. and to
Engla lande syiSiSan gesende. and on hsefkneSe gebrohte.
RotbH de Bselesme Jwr wearB aflymed. and Will*m Crispin
g*lseht. and manige forSmid. Eadgar se)^eling pe litle ser fra
}^a cynge to )>a eorl wses gefaren )?8er wses eac gefangen. )70ne
let se cyng syiSiSan sac leas faran. SyiSiSan geeode se cyng
eall f on Normandige wses. and hit on his willan and ge*
weald gesette.

Discs geares eac wseron swiiSe hefige and sinlice gewinn
betwux )>a Casere of Sexlande and his sunu. and on mang
ys, g'winnan se feeder forS ferde. and se sunu feng to ^sm
rice.

1107. On l^isQ geare to Xpes msessan wses se cyng Henri
on Normandig. and f land on his g'weald dihte and sette.
and ]7ser seft^ to Isengtene hider to lande co. and to Eastran
his hired on Windlesoran heold. and to Penteeosten on West
mynstre. And sy^'San eft to Augustes anginne on Westmyn-
fltre wses. and ]7ser )ia biscopricen and abbodric geaf and
sette. ^e on Engle lande oiS'Se on Normandige buton ealdre
and hyrde. Dera wseron swa fela swa nan man uses ]?e ge-
mvnde f sefre ser swa fela togsedere gyfene wseron.

And set pen ylcan*sy1Se. on mang )?a o-8iSre )?e abb' rices
under fengon. Emulf ]>e ser wses prior on Cant war byrig feng
to pk abb' rice on Burh. Dis wses rihtlice ymbe vii gear )wes
}?6 se cyng Henri cynedomes on feng. and wses f an and
fowertigcSe gear j^ses )?e Francan ]?yses landes weoUan.

I i

U2 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A. D. 1 107) manege ssedon pet hi on ]?a monan pises geares mistlice
tacna gesawon. and ongean cynde his leoman wexende and
waniende.

Dises geares forlSferdon. Maurici' biscop on Lunden. and
Rotb't abb* on see Eadmundesbyrig. and Bicard abb* on Elig.
Dises geares eac forS ferde se cyng Eadgar on Scotlande id'
Jaiir'. and feng Alexander his broker to pk nee swa se cyng
Henri hi geuiSe.

1108. Her on ]?i8u geare wes se cyng Henri to NatiuitcS
on Westmynstre. and to Eastron on Winceastre. and to
Pentec eft on Westmynstre. and ptersdW toforan Aug' he
ferde into Normandig.

And se cyng of Prance Philipp^ forS ferde non' Aug', and
feng his sunu Lo^ewis to ];a rice, and wurdon sySSon man^e
gewinn betwux ]7a cynge of France and ph of Englelande. p^
hwile pe he on Normandig wunode.

On |?isu geare eac forS ferde se arceb* Girard of Eoferwic
toforan Pentecost', and wearS sjrS'San Thomas ]7ser to gesett.

1109. Her on ]>i8on geare wses se cyng Henri to Xpes
msessan and to Eastron on Normandig. and toforan Pentec
hider to lande c5. and his hired on Westmynstre heold. Dsr
wurdon )?a forewearda full worhte. and pSL aiSas gesworene his
dohter J>a Casere to gifene.

Dises geares g' wurdon swi^e fela )?unra. and |?a swifie
segeslice. And se arceb' Ansealm of Cantwara byrig forS
ferde on pa dsege xi k* Apr', and wses se forma Easter dseg
on Letania maior.

1110. On ]?isu geare heold se cyng Henri his hired to Xpes
maessan aet West mynstre. and to Eastron he wses tet Mserle
beorge. and to Pentea forman si}^e his hired on pk niwan
Windlesoran heold.

Dises geares sende se cyng toforan Isengtene his dohter
mid maenig fealdan madman ofer sse. and hi ]7am Casere fiyr
geaf. On {^sere fiftan nihte on Maies moniSe. setywde se
mona on sefen beorhte scinende. and syS^an litlan and
litlan his leoht wanode. swa f he sona nihtes to }^a swife
mid ealle acwanc. f nBLper ne leoht ne trsendel ne nan p'mg
mid ealle of hi wses gesaewen. and swa )?urh wunode fuUneab
0% dseg. and sy$]?an fiill and beorhte scinende setywde. he
waes l^aes ylcan daegcs fcovvertyne nihta eald. Ealle }>a niht

THE LAUD MS. (E) 243

wses seo lyft swi'Be clene. and )?a steorran ofer call J>a heofon (A.d. mo)
swi'Se beorhte scinende. and treow wsestmas wurdon jwere
nihte )?urb forste swiiSe fornumene. Daer aeft' on Junies
monSe eetywde an steorra norSaneastan. and his leoma stod
toforan hi on ]>et su'Swest. and ]>U8 manega niht wses ge-
ssewen. and furSor nihtes sySSan he ufor astah. he wses
g'sewen on bsec on f norSwest gangende.

Dises geares wurdon belsende Philipp' de Brause. and
WilPm Mallet, and Will'm Bainart.

Eac yinen geares forS ferde Elias eorl. ye )^a Mannie of )?a
cynge Heanri geheold. and on eweow. and ssft' his forsi'Se
fengto se eorl of Angeow. and hi togeanes )?a cynge heold.

Dis wses swiiSe gedeorfsQ gear her on lande )?urh gyld }>e
se cyng nam for his dohtergyfte. and }>urh ungewsedera. for
hwan eorSwestmas wurdon swi'Se amyrde. and treow westmas
ofer eall )^is land forneah eall for wurdon.

Dises geares me began serost to weoreenne on };a niwan
mynstre on Ceortessege.

1111. On }>ison geare ne bser se kyng Henri his coronan
to Xpes msessan. ne to Eastron. ne to Pentec. And innan
August he ferde ofer sse into Normandig. for unsehte )?e
wi^ hi hsefdon sume be \fa. gemaeran of France, and swiSost
for }>a eorle of Angeow ye )?a Mannie togeanes him heold.
and syiS'San he l^yder ofer co. manega un rada and bsemetta
and hergunga hi heo betweonan gedydan.

On )?ison geare forS ferde se eorl Rotbert of Flandran. and
feng his sunu Baldewine }?8erto.

Dises geares wses swiSe lang wint' and hefigtyme and
Strang, and }>urh f eorS wsestmas wurdon swiiSe amyrde. and
g^wearS se msesta orf cwealm )?e senig mann mihte gemunan.

1112. Eall )?is gear wunode se cyng Henri on Normandig
for ysRre un sehte ^e he hsefde wi* France, and wiiS ]?on eorl
of Angeow )?e }>a Mannie togeanes hi heold. And on mang
pa. ye he }>ser wses. he beleende )?on eorl of Eureus and WilPm
Crispin, and ut of Normandi adraf. and Philippe de Braus his
land ageaf ye ser wses belsend. and Rotb^t de Bselesme he let
niman and on prisune don.

Dis waes swiSe god gear and swiiSe wistfull on wudan and
on feldan. ac hit wses swi^e hefigtyme and sorhfull )>urh
ormsetne man cwealm.

I i 2

844 THE LAUD MS. (E)

1118. Her on }>isou geare wses ae cyng Henri to NatiuiteiS
and to Eastron and to Pentec on Normandig. And yxr
seft' to snmeran he sffinde hider to lande Rotb't de Bselesme
into )^am castele to Weerha. and hisylf sona J^sersefV hider to
lande com.

1114. On J^ison geare heold se cyng Henri his hyred to
NatiuiteS on Windlesoran. and )^ses geares sySiSan he ne
heold hired nan oftar.

And to middan sumeran he ferde mid fyrde into Wealon.
and l^a Wyliscean coman and wi'S J^on cyng gri'Sedon. and he
Ut J^ser inne castelas weorcean. And )?8er seft' innan Septemb'
he for ofer 88B into Normandig.

Discs geares on sefteward Mai wees gesewen an selcu^
steorra mid langan leoman manege niht scinende. Eac on
)?is ylcan geare wees swa mycel ebba aeghwser anes dsBges swa
nan man seror ne g'munde. and swa ^ man ferde ridende and
gangende ofer Tsemese be eastan )?8ere brigge on Lnnden.
pises geares wseron swiSe mycele windas on Octob'r moni^.
ac he wses or msete mycel on )?a niht Octab' sci Martini, and
f gehwser on wudan and on tunan gecydde.

Eac on }>isu geare se cyng geaf ^et arceb^rice on Cant
warabyrig Banlfe. se wses seror biscop on Hrofeceastre. And
se arceb' on Eoferwic Thomas forS ferde. and feng Turstein
)^rto. se wses seror )^8es cynges capelein.

On )?8es ylcan tyme feorde se cyng toweard )?on sse and
ofer wolde. ac waeder hi Isette. }>a hwile }>a sonde he his writ
seft' ]foh abb' Ernulf of Burh. and behead hi f he efeostlice
scolde to hi cnman. for]?i f he wolde sprecon mid hi dseme
sprece. Da he to hi co. )?a neodde he hi to }>a biscop rice
of Hrofeceastre. and )?a arcbiscopes and biscopes and f
dugcS ^ wses on Engla lande forS mid se cyng. and he lange
wi'Sstdd. ac hit ne forheol naht. and se cyng )?a behead
)?on arcb^ ^ he sceolde hi keden to Cantwarabyrig and
blsetson hi to V wolde he noldehe. }>is wses don on ytere
tuna }>a man cleopaiS Bume. f wses }>es dseges xvii k' Octobr'.
Da pe munecas of Burch hit herdon ssegen. ]?a waeron hi
swa sari swa hi nsBfre ser ne wseron. f(Nr)?i f he wsea swi^
god and softe man. and dyde mycel to gode wi^innan and
wi'Sutan. }>a hwile pe he J^ser wunode. GoA selmihtig wunie
sefre mid hi.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 245

Da soua (^seraeft^ )7a geaf se cyng yon abb' rice an miinec(A.D. 1114)
of Sseis Joban wses g'haten. }>urh )?se8 arce b' geamunge of
Cantwarbyrig. And sona ^^serseft' sende se cyng hi and
se arceb' of Cantwarb' to Rome sft* )>e8 aerceb' paiua. and

an munee mid hi Warner is gehaten. and ]>oh serce disecne
Johan ^es areeb' neafe. and hi J?8Br well spseddon. Dis wjes
don )>es daeges xi k' Octobr'. on }>one tuna )>e man cleopa'S
Rugenore. and )?es ylces dseges eode se cyng on scipa on
Portesmu'Se.

1115. Her wses se cyng Henri to Natiuite'8 on Normandig.
and on mang }>a }?e he )79er wses. he dyde f ealle ]>vl heafod
maen on Normandig dydon manrs&den and holdaSas his sunu
Will'me ^e he be his cwene haefde. and seft' )?an sySiSan innon
Julies mon'Se hider into lande co.

Dises geares wses swa Strang wint' mid snawe and mid
forste. swa nan man ]fe }>a lifode 8er)?an nan strengre ne
g'munde. and wearB )>urh^ ungemsete orfcwealm.

On }>ison geare ssende se papa PaschaP Raulfe serceb' on
Cantwarabyrig pallitl hider to lande. and he his onfeng mid
mycelan wurSscipe set his arce stole on Cant'byrig. Hine
brohte Ansealm abb' of Rome se wses nefa Ansealmes serceb'.

and se abb' Johan of Burh.

1116. On )?ison geare wses se cyng Henri to NatiuiteS set
see Albane. and }>ser l^t f mynster halgian. and to Eastron
on Wudiham. And wes eac ]7yses geares swi'Se hefigtyme
winter and Strang and lang. wi'S orf and wi'S ealle }>ing. And
se cyng seft' Eastron sona ferde ofer sse into Normandig. and
wurdon manega unr&da and rsefunga and castelas g'numene
betwux France and Normandig. Msest )>is unsehte wses
for)mn )>e se cyng Henri fylste his nefan ]?a eorle Tsedbalde
de Blais. "pe 'ph wyrre heefde togeanes his hlaforde ]>a cynge of
France Lo'Se¥ris.

Dis wses swi'Se g'swincfull gear and byrstfull on eor5
wsestman. pxxrh pn ormsete reinas pe coman sona onforan
August, and swi'Se gedrehton and geswencton ]>e gyt )?e c6
Candelmsessan. Eac }>is gear wses swa gsesne on msestene.
swa f on eallon piBon lande ne eac on Wealon ne g'hyrde me
of nanan segcean. Dis land and )?as leodon wurdon eac pyses
geares oftrsedlice sare geswencte. )7urh J?a gyld pe se cyng na.
segSer ge binnan burgan and butan.

246 THE LAUD MS. (E)

comBuiStio On j^isu ylcan geare baernde eall f mynstre of Burh. and
f eerie eallae )>a husas butan se Captelhus and se Slseppeme. and yaar
to eac bsernde eall }?a maeste dsel of }?a tuna. Eall J^is belap
on an Frigdseg. f wses ii no Aug't.

1117. Eall yis gear wunode se cyng Henri on Normandig.
for ^09 cynges un sehte of France and his oSra nehhebura.
And )?a to "San sumeran co se cyng of France and se eorl of
Flandra mid hi mid fyrde into Normandig. and ane niht yxt
inne wunedon. and on morgen butan gefeohte ongean ferden.
And Normandig wearS swiSe gedreht. segSer g' )?urh gyld ge
}>urh fyrde )?e se cing Henri }>ser ongean gaderode. Eac yeoB
)7eode }>urh l^is ylce }>urh manigfealde gyld. wearS strange
geswenct.

Discs geares eac on )?8Bre nihte kl' Decemb' wurdon or-
maetlica wsedera mid )?unre. and lihtinge. and reine. and
hagole. And on )?9ere nihte iii id' Dec wearS se mona lange
nihtes swylce he eall blodig wsere. and syS^an a^istrode.
Eac on ^re nihte xvii W Janr' wses seo heofon swySe read
gesewen. swylce hit bryne w»re. And on Octab' sci JoWs
EugPee wses seo mycele eorSbyiung on Lumbardige. for
hwan manega mynstras and turas. and buses gefeoUon. and
mycelne hearm on mannan gedydon. Dis waes swyBe byrst-
ful gear on come. }>urh pH renas ]?e fomeh ealles geares ne
geswicon.

And se abb' Gilebert of West mynstre forS ferde viii id'
Dec. and Farits abb' of Abbandune vii k' Martii. And on
)?isum ylcan geare

1118. Her eall )?is gear wunode se cyng Henri on Nor-
mandig. for ]>es cynges wyrre of France, and ps^s eorles of
Angeow. and 'pdds eorles of Flandran. And se eorl of Flandra
warS innan Normandig gewundod. and swa gewundod into
Flandran for. Durh )>isra un sehte wearS se cyng swySe
gedreht. and mycel for leas. segiSer ge on feoh and eac on
lande. and msest hine dryfdon his agene msen pe hi gelome
fra bugon. and swicon. and to his feondau cyrdon. and heo
to ]?8es cynges hearme and swicdome heora castelas ageafon.
Eall yis strange gebohte Englaland. j^urh ]7a msenig fealdlice
gyld pe ealles J/ises geares ne geswicon.

On |>ison geare on ]?are wucon Theophanie wa».s anes sefenes
swy^e mycel lihtinge. and ungemetlice slsege faer aeft'.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 247

And seo cwen Mahald for8 ferde on Westmynstre )>aBs (A.D. mS)
dseges kP Mai. and J^aer wses bebyrged. And se eorl Rotbert
of Mellent J^ises geares eac forS ferde.

Eac on }?i8on geare to see Thomas msesse. wses swa swiSe
ungemetUce mycel wind. ^ nan man }?e ]?a lifode nsenne
maran ne gemunde. and f wses seghwer geseone. aegSer ge
on husan and eac on treowan.

Dises geares eac forS ferde se papa Paschar. and feng Johan
of Gaitan to ]?a papddme. )>a wses o"5er nama Gelasius.

1119. Dis gear eall wunode se cyng Henri on Normandig.
and W8BS }>urh )78es cynges wyrre of France, and eac his
agenra manna }>e hi mid swicdome fm wseron mid abugon.
oftraedlice swyj^e gedreht. o'S^et )>a twegen cyngas innan
Normandige. mid heoran folcan coman togsedere. j^ser wearS
seo cyng of France aflymed. and ealle his betste mfen genum-
ene. and sy^San l^ses cynges maen Heanriges manega hi to ge
bugen. and wiiS hine acordedan \fe aeror mid heora castelan hi
togeanes wseron. and sume }>a castelas he mid strengSe gena.

Dises geares ferde Willelm }>8es cynges sunu Heanriges and
)?8ere cwene Mahalde into Normandige to his feeder, and )?8er
wearS hi forgifen and to wife beweddod }>8es eorles dohter
of Angeow.

On see MichaeP msesseaefen wses mycel eorSbifung on
suman steodan her on lande. }>eah swySost on Gloweceastre
scire, and on Wigreceastre scire.

On ]?\a ylcan geare forS ferde se papa Gelasius on )?a8 halfe
}>aere muntan. and wses on Clunig bebyrged. and seft' hi te
arce b' of Uiana wearS to papan gecoren. )>am wearS nama
Calixtus. Se sy'S'San to see Lucas msessan eug^lista co
into France to Bseins. and )?ser heold concilia, and se arce b'
Turstein of Eoferwic )?yder ferde. and for)?i }>e he togeanes
rihte and togeanes )?a arce stole on Cant wara byrig. and
togeanes J^ses cynges willan his had set f^am papan under
feng. him wi'Scwse'S se cyng selces gean fares to Engla lande.
and he ]?U8 his arceb' rices {^sernode. and mid ISam papan
towardes Rome f<5r.

Eac on )?ison geare forS ferde se eorl Baldewine of Flandran
of f^a wundan }>e he innan Normandige gefeng. and sefter hi
feng Carl his fai$asunu to )>am rice, se wees Cnutes sunu ^ses
haligan cynges of Denmarcan.

248 THE LAUD MS. (E)

1120. Dises geares wurdon sehte seo cyng of Englelande
and se of France, and sefter heora sehte acordedan ealles ]?8M
cynges Heanriges agene msen wiiS hine innan Normandige.
and sc eorl of Flandran. and se of Puntiw. Sy'S'San her sefter
s8Btte se cyng Henrig his castelas and his land on Normandi
eefter his willan. and swa toforan Aduent hider to lande for.

And on )>am fare wurdon adrincene j^ses cynges twegen
sunan Willelm and Ricard. and Ricard eorl of Ceastre. and
Ottuel his bro'Sor. and swyiSe manega of ]?»s cynges hired
stiwardas and bur)?enas and byrlas and of mystlioean wican.
and ungerim swyiSe sonlices folces forS mid. Dysra deaf
Yfses heora freondan twyfealdlic sibr. an pet hi swa fearlioe
)?ises lifes losedan. o'Ser f feawa heora lichaman ahwser sylSiSan
fundena waeron.

Dises geares com ]fet leoht to Sepulchru Dni innan lerusale
twiges. 8Bnes to Eastron. and o'Sre si'Se to AssQptio see Marie
swa swa geleaffulle ssedon ]fe l^anon coman.

An se aroeb^ Turstein of Eoferwic wearS )^urh f^one papan
wis )?one cyng acordad. and hider to lande com. and his
biscoprices onfeng. ]?eah hit }>a arceb' of Cantwarabyrig
swySe ungewille wsere.

1121. Her wses se cyng Henri to Xpes maessan on Bram-
tune. and ]?8er sefter to foran Gandel msessan on Windlesoran
him to wife forgyfen ASelis and sySiSan to cwene gehalgod.
seo wses }>ses heretogan dohtor of Luuaine.

And se mona a)^ystrode on )^re nihte None Apr\ and wses
xiv luna.

And se cyng wses to Eastran on Beordea. and pssr sefter
to Pentecosten he heold mycelne hyred on Westmynatre.
and sySiSan J^ses sumeres mid ferde into Wealan f6r. and )mi
Wyliscean him ongean coman. and sefter pen cynges willan hi
wis hine acordedan.

Dises geares com se eorl of Angeow fira lerusale into hii
lande. and sySSan hider to lande sende. and his dohter let
feccean. seo wses Will^me ]?es cynges sune seror to wife for
gyfan.

And on )?sere nihte uigilia Natal^ Dni wses swySe mycel
wind ofer call )^is land, and )?et wearS on mauegan ]?ingan
swySe gesene. §

$ Here ends the first hand in MS. K.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 249

1122. On }>is geare wses se king Heanri on Cristes msessan
on Norhtwic. and on Pasches he weas on Norht ham tune.

And on }>one lententyde }>8er toforen for beam se burch on combu^
Gleawe ceastre. J?a hwile )>e )>a munecas sungen )?8ere messe. ®'<>wce»t
and se dtecne hafde ongunnan }>one godspel P'teriens Ihc.
pB, CO se fir on ufenweard )?one stepel. and forbearnde ealle
pe minstre. and ealle )?a gersumes )>e ]>ser binnen wseron
foruton feawe bee. and iii messe hakeles. ]>et wes \fes dseies
viii id' Mr'.

And }>8&raefter |?e Tywesdsei aefter Palmes Sunendsei
W8BS swi'Se mice! wind on f d»i xi k* Apr^. )>8er aefter
comen feale tacne widehwear on Englaland and feole
dwild wearen geseogen and geheord. And ]>es niht viii k'
Aug' wses swiiSe micel eorSdyne ofer eal Sumer sete scire
and on Gleawe cestre scire. Si'SiSon on )>8es daei vi id' Sept*
)?et waes on see Marie messe dsei. )>a wear8 swi^e mycel wind
fra }>a undemdaeies to )^a swarte nihte.

peos ilce geares forS ferde Raulf seo aerce biscop of Cant
warbyrig. f waes on J^aes daeies xiii® k' Nouemb'. paer aefter
waeron feole scip men on sae. and on waeter. and saedon f hi
saegon on norS east fir mycel and brad wi'S }>one eorSe. and
weax on leng}?e up on an to }>am wolcne. and se wolcne un
dide on fower healfe and faht )?8er togeanes. swilc hit scolde
6, cwencen. and se fir weax na )?a ma up to ]>e heouene. paet
fir hi seagon in %e daei rime and laeste swa lange f hit waes
liht ofer call, j^et waes |>aes daeies vii idus Decembr'.

1123. On ]>yssum geare waes se king Henri on Cristes tyde
set Dunestaple. and |78er comen }>es eorles sander men of An-
geow to him. and )?eonen he ferde to Wudestoke. and his
biscopes and his bird eal mid him. pa tidde hit on an Wod-
nesdei. ]>et waes on iv id' Jamril. pet se king rad in his derfald
and se biscop Roger of Seres byrig on an half him. and se
biscop Kotbert Bloet of Lincolne on q'Ser half him. and riden
)^r sprecende. pa aseh dune se biscop of Lincolne and seide
to pb.m kyng. Laferd kyng ic swelte. and se kyng alihte dune
of his hors and alehte hine betwux his earmes. and let hine
beran ham to his inne. and wearS }>a sone dead, and man
ferode hine to Lincolne mid micel wurSscipe. and bebyrigde
hine toforen see Marie wefod. and hine bebyrigde se b' of
Ceastre Rotbert PecceS waes gehaten.

Kk

250 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. 1133) Da sone )78er aefter sende se kyng hise write ofer eall Engla "^
lande. and bed hise biscopes and hise abbates and bise J^eignes
ealle }>et hi scolden cumen to his gewitenemot on Candd
messe deig to Gleawceastre him togeanes. and hi swa diden.
Da hi wserau }?8er gegaderod. )?a bed se cyng heom past hi
scoldon cesen hem aercebiscop to Cantwarabyrig swa hwam
swa swa hi woldon. and he hem hit wolde tyj^ian. Da sprsecon
"Sa biscopas hem betwenan. and saeden )?8et hi nsefre mare ne
wolden hafen munec hades man to ereebiscop ofer hem. ac
iedon ealle samodlice to )?one kyng and ieomden f hi mosten
cesen of clerc hades man swa hwam swa swa hi wolden to
ereebiscop. and se kyng hit hem tidde. Dis waes eall ear
gedon "Surh se biscop of Seres byrig. and )>urh se biscop of
Lincolne aer he waere dehd, forSi )>et nsefre ne luueden hi
munece regol. ac wseron sefre togsenes muneces and here
regol. And se prior and se munecas of Cantwarabyrig. and
ealle ]?a o'Sre pe "Saer wseron munec hades men hit wi"5cwjeiSen
fulle twa dagas. ac hit uaht ne beheld, for se biscop of Saeres
byrig waes Strang and wealde eall Engleland. and waes ygsr
togeanes eall ^ he mihte and cuSe. Da cusen hi an clerc
Willelm of Curboil waes gehaten. he was canonie of an myn-
stre Cicc hatte. and brohten him toforen se kyng. and se
kyng him geaf Sone serce biscop rice, and eaUe ]?a biscopas
him under fengen. him wiScwaeiSen muneces and eorles and
)?eignes ealle mest }>e ]>aer wseron.

On )7a ilea tyma ferden yes eorles sandermen mid unsaehte
fra kyng. na of his gyfe naht ne rohton.

On }?a ilea tyma com an Legat of Borne Henri waes gehaten.
he waes abbot of see Johs mynstre of Anieli. and he c5 aefter
ye Rome scot, and he saede ]>one cyng ^ hit waes togeanes
riht f man scolde setten clerc ofer muneces. and swa swa hi
hsefden cosen aercebiscop aeror in here capitele aefter rihte.
ac se cyng hit nolde undon. for yes h' luu^n of Saeres byrig.
Da ferde se aercebiscop sone )?ser aefter to Cantwarabyrig
and waes }?aer under fangan |^seh hit wsere here unj^ancas. and
was J^aere sone gebletsod to biscop fram se biscop of Lundene.
and se b' Ernulf of Roueceastre. and se b' WilFm Gifard of
Winceastre. and se b* Bernard of Wales, and se b' Roger of
Scares byrig. Da sone in ye lenten ferde se aercebiscop to
Rome aefter his palliu. and mid him ferde se b' Bernard of

THE LAUD MS. (E) ^1

Wales, and Sefred abbot of Gleasting byrig, and Ansealm (a.d. 1123)
abbot of s' iEdmund. and Johan aBrcedaecne of Cantwara
byrig. and Gifard waes )?e8 kinges bird clerc.

On l^a ilea tima ferde se serce biseop Durstan of Eoferwic
to Rome ]7urh ]7es papes hese. and com )?ider iSre dagas ser se
fierce b' of Cantwarabyrig come, and waes )?8ere under fangan
mid micel wnrSscipe. Da co se serce b* of Cantwarabyrig
and waes 'Saere fuUe seoueniht aer hi mihte cumen to ]7es
papes spraece. f waes for)>an ^ hit waes don ^one pape to
under standen f he haefde under fangen 'Sone aerce biseop rice
togeanes )?a muneces of \fe mynstre and togeanes rihte. Ac
f oferco Rome }>et ofercumeS call weoruld f is gold and
seolure. and se pape sweSolode and gaf hi his pallium, and se
aerce b' swor him under)?eodnysse of ealle "Sa )?ing ^ se papa
hi on leide on s' Petres heuod and s' Panics, and sende him
ha 'Sa mid his bletsunge.

Da hwile f se aerce b' waes ut of lande geaf se kyng 'Sone
biseop rice of Ba^e )>es cwenes canceler GodefreiS waes ge-
haten. he waes boren of Luuein. ^ waes }>es dseiges Annuntiatio
s' Marie at Wudestoke. Da sone )?aer aefter ferde se king to
Winceastre and waes ealle Eastrentyde }>aere. and ]7a hwile
f he )?aer waes }>a geaf he )>one biseop rice of Lincolne an
clerc Alexander waes gehaten. he waes ]>es biscopes nefe of
Scares byrig. j^is he dyde call for )?es biscopes luuen.

Da ferde se kyng }>enen to PortesmuiSe. and laei {Taere call
ofer Pentecostewuce. ]?a sone swa he haefde wind swa ferde
he ofer into Normandie. and betaehte j^a call Engle land to
geamene and to wealden )>one b' Roger of Scares byrig. Da
waes se kyng call \fes geares in Normandie. and weax )?a
micel unfri'S betwux him and hise J^eignas. swa ^ se eorl
Walaram of Mellant. and Hamalri. and Hugo of Mundford.
and WilFm of Romare. and fela o'Sre wendan fra him and
helden here castles him togeanes. And se kyng held strang-
lice he togeanes. and )?es ylces geares he wan of Walaram his
castel Punt Aldemer. and of Hugo Mundford. and si^Sen he
spedde aefre leong ]?e bet.

Des ylce geares aer se biseop of Lincolne c6 to his b'rice
for beam call meast se burh of Lincolne. and micel un gerimc
folces waepmen and wimmen forburncn. and swa my eel heanii

K k 2

252 THE LAUD MS. (E)

Ybbt was gedon swa nan man hit cuiSe oj^r secgen. pet waes
l^es dfeges xiv kV Junii.

1124. Eall }>i8 gear wes se king Heanri on Normandi. f
wes for se miccle un fri'S f he heafde wi% se king Lodewis of
France, and wi'S se eorl of Angeow, and wvS his agene men
aire mest.

pa gelamp hit on ]7es dseges Annuntiatio see Marie ^ se
eorl Waleram of Mellant ferde fra his an castel Belmunt het
to his an oiSer castel Watteuile. mid hi ferde J?es kinges
stiward of France Amalri. and Hugo Oerueises sunu. and
Hugo of Munford. and fela oSre godre cnihte. pa comeu
hem togeanes |?es kinges cnihtes of ealla ]7a casteles "Sa {^ser
abutou wseron and fuhton wiS hem and aflemden he and
namen |?one eorl Waleram and Hugo Gerueises sunu. and
Hugo of Wundford. and fif and twenti oSre cnihtes and
brohton he to j^one kinge. and se king let don ]?one eorl

n

Waleram and Hugo Gerueises sunu on heftninge on %one
castel on Ro^em. and Hugo of Mundford he sende to Engle
land, and let hine don on ifele bendas on }>one castel on
Gleucestre. and of )?a o^re swa fela swa hi }>uhte he sende
norS and su% to hise castelas on heftnunge. Da si'SiSon ferde
se king and wan ealle }>e8 eorles castelas Walera ]?a wseron on
Normandi. and ealle }>a o^re ]>a his wi'Sre wines healden hi
togeanes.

Eall ^ pes un fri'S for )?es eorles sunu Botbert of Nor-
mandi Willelm het. Se ilce Will'm hefde numen Fulkes
eorles gingre dohter to wife of Angeow. and forSi se king of
France and ealle }>as eorles heolden mid hi. and ealle ]?a rice
men. and sseidon )?et se king heold his broker Rotbert mid
wrange on heftnunge. and his sunu Will'm mid unrihte
aflemde ut of Normandi.

Des ilces geares waeron fsela untime on Engle lande. on
come and on ealle westme. swa f betweonen Cristes messe
and Candel messe man sselde f acerssed hwsete f is tw^en
sedlaepas to six scillingas. and ^ baerlic ^ is ]fre sedlaepas

in

to six scillingas. and f acerssed aten ^^feower sedlsepas to
feower scillingas. pet waes for}>i ^ corn wees litel. and se
penig wses swa ifel f se man }>a h^efde at an market an pund
he ne mihte cysten J^aerof for nan |?ing twelfe penegas.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 253

On )?es ilces geares for8ferde se eadig biscop Ernulf of (A. 0.1124)
Koueceastre se aeror wses abbot on Burch. ]>et wses ^^es dseies
id' Martu. And J^aer »ft' forSferde se king Alexander of
Scotlande on )?es dseies ix kV Mai. and Dauid his broker }>a
w«s eorl of NorShamtune scire feng to rice and hsefde "JSa
ba'Se togedere }>one kinerice of Scotlande. and )?one eorldom
on Englelande. And on )wbs daeies xix kV Janr* for8ferde
se pape on Rome Calistus wees gehaten. and Honorius feng
to papedom.

Des ilces geares seft* s' Andreas messe toforen Cristes
messe held Raulf Basset and }>es kinges 'Sseines gewitenemot
on Le}>ecsestre scire at Hundehoge. and ahengen }>aer swa
fela ]>efas swa naefre aer ne waeron. ]?et wseron on )>a litle
hwile ealles feower and feowerti manne. and six men spilde
of here segon and of here stanes. Fela so'Sfeste men sseidon
f l^aer wseron manege mid micel unrihte gespilde. oc ure
Laford God aelmihtig }>a call digelnesse seS and wat. he SCO'S
f man Iset f serme folc mid ealle unrihte. serost man hem
beraefo'S her eahte and si)7Son man he of slse'S. Ful heui gser
wses hit se man ye seni god heafde. him me hit bersefode mid
strange geoldes and mid strange motes, ^e nan ne heafde
stserf of hungor.

1125. On yis gser sende se king Henri toforen Cristes
messe of Normandi to Englalande and behead }?et man Kota l)f |
scolde beniman ealle ]>n, minitere ]>e wseron on Englelande
heora liman. f wses here elces riht hand and heora stanen
beneSan. f waes for se man "Se hafde an pund he ne mihte
cysten senne peni at anne market. And se biscop Roger of
Sseresbyrig sende ofer call Englalande and behead hi ealle
f hi scolden cumen to Winceastre to Cristes messe. pa hi
'Sider coman "Sa nam man an and an and benam selc 'Sone
riht hand and )?a stanes bencSan. Eall )^is wfes gedon wiS
innon ]?a twelf niht. and f wses eall mid micel rihte forSi ^
hi hafden for don eall f land mid here micele fals. f hi ealle
abohton.

On )>es ilces gaeres sende se papa of Rome to Sise lande an
cardinal Johan of Creme wbbs gehaten. He com first to
)?one king on Normandi. and se king hine under feng mid
micel wurSscipe. beteahte hine siiS"8on )?one serceb' W. of
Cantwarabyrig. and he hine ledde to Cantwarabyrig. and

254 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. ii35)hc waes )>8er under fangen mid micel wurSscipe and mid
micel processione. and he sang "Sone hehmesse on Eastren
daei set Cristas wefod. And si'SiSon he ferde ofer call Engla
lande to ealle )?a biscop rices and abbot rices )?a wseron on ]?is
lande. and ofer eall he wses under fangen mid wurSscipe and
ealle hine ieefen micele gife and msere. And si'S'Son he heold
his concilie on Lundene fuUe )?reo dagas on natiuitas see
Marise on Septemb' mid aercebiscopes and mid leodbisc and
abbotes and Isered and lawed. and bead )?ser J^a ilce lagas ]?a
Anselm serceb^ hsefde seror beboden and feala ma }>eah
hit litel for stode. And }>eonon he for ofer sse sone 9dW see
Michaeles messe and swa to Rome and se aerceb^ W. of Cant
warabyrig. and se aerceb' T. of Eferwic. and se bisc A. of
Lincolne. and se b' of Lo}>ene J. and se abbot of see Alban
G. and wseran }>8er under fangen of )7one pape Honori' mid
micel wurSscipe. and wseron }?8Bre eall J^one wintre.

On iSes ilces geares wearS swa micel flod on see Laurent'
messe dseig ^ feola tunes and men weorSon adrencte. and
brigges to brokene. and corn and msedwe spilt mid ealle. and
hunger and cwealm on men and on erue. and on ealle westme
swa micel untime wearS swa hit ne waes feola gear ser.

And )>es ilces geares forS ferde se abbot Jo. of Burch on ii
id' Octobris.

1126. Eall l^is gear wees se kyng Heanri on Normandi eall
to seft' heruest. )?a c5 he to yis lande betwyx natiuit' see
Marie and Michaeles messe. mid hi co se cwen and his dohter
f he aeror hafde giuen )>one kasere Heanri of Loherenge to
wife. And he brohte mid him )>one eorl Waleram and Hugo
Gerueises sunu. and |?one eorl he sonde to Brigge on heft-
nunge. and ]>eonon he sende hi to Walingeforde si'S'Son. and
Hugo to Windlesofra. and let hine don on harde bande.

And l^a «ft' Michaeles messe com se Scotte kyng Dauid
of Scotlande hider to lande. and se kyng Heanri under feng
hine mid micel wurSscipe. and he wunode J?a eall J^et gear on
)?i8 lande.

On ]fes ilces geares let se kyning nimen his bro'Ser Rotbert
fra )?one biscop Roger of Sseres byri. and betahte hine his sune
Rotbert eorl of Gleucaestre. and let hine laeden to Bricstowe
and )?8er diden on ]>one castel. pset waes eall don iSurh his
dohtres raed. and )?urh se Scotte kyng Dauid hire earn.

THE LAUD MS. (E) 255

1127. Dis gear heald se kyng Heanri his bird set Cristes 9i\^ ()U(|
msesse on Wiudlesoure. ]fSBr wses se Scotte kyng Dauid. and
eall "Sa heaued Isered and Iseuued f wsds on Engleland. And
]7ser he let sweren ereebiscopes and biscopes and abbotes and
eorles and ealle )>a "Seines "Sa )>8er waeron his dohter ^Selic
Engle land and Normandi to hande sefter his dsei. )?e ser wses
|?es Caseres wif of Sexlande. And sende hire si'SSen to Nor-
mandi. and mid hire ferde hire 1)ro^er Rotbert eorl of Gleu
cestre. and Brian }>es eorles sunu Alein Fergan. and leot
hire beweddan )>es eorles sunu of Angeow Gosfrei'S Martsel
wses gehaten. Hit of )?uhte na}>ema eaUe Frencisc and Englisc.
oc se kyng hit dide for to hauene sibbe of se eorl of Angeow,
and for helpe to hauene togsenes his neue WilPm.

Des ilces gseres on }>one lenten tide wses se eorl Karle of
Flandres of slagen on ane circe }>8er he Isei and bsed hine to
Gode tofor }>one weofede amang }>ane messe fra his agene
manne. And se kyng of France brohte }>one eorles sunu
Will'm of Normandi and iaef hine )>one eorldom. and )>et land
folc him wi-S tdc. pes ilce WilPm hsefde seror numen 'Ses
eorles dohter of Angeow to wife oc hi wteron si'S'Sen to
tweamde for sib reden. }>et wes eall iSurh }>one kyng Heanri
of Engleland. Si'SSen )>a na he j^es kynges wifes swuster of
France to wife, and forj^i iaef se kyng him )>one eorldom of
Flandres.

Des ilce gseres he gsef );one abbot rice of Burch an abbot abb'^tnx*
Heanri waes gehaten of Peitowe. se hsefde his abbot rice s'
Johs of Angeli on hande. and ealle )^a serce biscopes and
biscopes seidon f hit waes togeanes riht. and f he ne mihte
hafen twa abbotrices on hande. Oc se ilce Heanri dide }>one '

king to under standene f he hsefde laeten his abbot rice for ^
micele un sibbe f wses on f land, and f he dide 'Surh ]?es
papes raed and leue of Rome, and Surh )?es abbotes of Clunni.
and }>urh }>8et he waes legat of 'Sone Bomescott. Oc hit ne
wses na'Sema eallswa. oc he wolde hauen ba'Se on hand, and
swa hafde swa lange swa Godes wille waes. He wses on his
clserchade biscop on Scesscuns. si'S'San warS he munec on
Clunni. and siS'Son prior on )?one seolue minstre. and siiSSon ^^^

he wserS prior on Sauenni. )?ar seftor )^urh f he waes "Ses
kynges msei of Engle land and )?es eorles of Peitowe )>a geaf
se eorl him ]?one abbot rice of s' Johs minstre of Angeli.

258 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D.I 129) land, and seft' ealle )>a )?et Cristendome haefdon to begemen
and to locen. and f hi scolden ealle cumen to Lundene at
Michaeles messe. and }?8er scolden sprecon of ealle Godes
rihtes. pa hi iSider comen )?a began f mot on Monen dseig
and heold on an to 'Se Fridseig. pa hit eall co for^ pa, weorS
hit eall of earcedsecnes wifes and of preostes wifes f hi
scolden hi forlaDten be scs Andreas messe. and se pe p ue
wolden done, forgede his circe and his bus and bis ham and
nefra ma nan clepunge ]>8erto na hafde mare. )^is bebaed se
serce b' WilKm of Gantwarabyrig and ealle )?a leod biscopes
"Sa ^h wseron on Englalande. and se kyng hem geaf ealle
leue ha to farene. and swa hi ferdon h&. and ne forstod noht
ealle ]>a bodlaces. ealle heoldon here wifes be )?es kynges leue
swa swa hi ear didon.

Dis ilces geares forSferde se biscop Will*m Giffard of Win
ceastre and }>ear bebyriged on viii kV Febr\ and se kyng
Henri geaf ^one biscop rice seft' Micheles messe J^one abbot
Henri his nefe of Glasting byri. and he wses gehalgod to
biscop fra )>one aerceb' WilFm of Cantwarabyri pes dseies
XV k' DeceV.

pes ilces geares forBferde Honori* papa. ^Er be wsere wd
ded. )>a wsere j^ser coren twa papes. Se an waes gebaten Petr'.
he wses munec of Clunni. and weas boren of pSL ricceste men
of Rome, mid hi helden 'Sa of Rome, and se due of SiciUe.
Se o'Ser bet 6regori\ he wses clerc and wserS flemd ut of
Rome fra )7on o^er pape and fra his cinnes men. nud hi held
se Kasere of Sexladde and se kyng of France and se kyng
Heanri of Engleland. and ealle ]>a be ]?is half )?a muntes. Na
wserS swa mycel dwyld on Gristendom swa it nsefre ser ne
wses. Crist sette red for his wrecce folc.

Dis ilces geares on s' Nicholaes messe niht litel ser dsei
wses micel eorSdine.

1130. Dis geares wses se mynstre of Cantwarabyri halgod
fra )?one serce b' WilPm pes dseies iv no^ Mai. Dser wseron
)?as biscopes. Johan of Roue ceastre. Gilbert Uniu'sal of Lun-
dene. Heanri of Win ceastre. Alexander of Lincolne. Roger
of Saeresbyri. Simon of Wigorceastre. Roger of Couentre.
Godefreith of Bathe. Eourard of Noruuic. Sigefrid of Cicaes-
tre. Bernard of s' Dauid. Audoen' of Euereus of Normand'.
Johan of Seeis,

THE LAUD MS. (E) 259

Des feorSe da&ges J^aerseft* waes se king Heanri on Roue (A. D. 1 130)
ceastre. and se burch forbemde selmsest. and se serceb'
Will'm halgede s' Andreas mynstre and "Sa forsprecon bisc
mid hi. And se kyng Heanri ferde ouer sse into Normandi
on heruest.

Des ilces geares c6 se abbot Heanri of Angeli seft' iEsteme idurg*
to Burch. and seide f he hsefde for Iseten ]?one mynstre mid
ealle. MfV him c6 se abbot Clunni Petr^ gehaten to Engle
lande bi )>es kynges leue and wses under fangen ouereall swa
hwar swa he c6 mid mycel wurSscipe. To Burch he co. and
J?8er behet se abbot Heanri hi f he scolde bejeton hi ]>one
mynstre of Burch f hit scolde beon underSed into Clunni.
DC man sei'S to biworde. h£9ge sitte^ H aoeres dsaleth.
God selmihtig adylege iuele nede. And sone )>8Br 8Bft* ferde
Be abbot of Clunni ham to his serde.

1131. Dis gear setter Cristesmesse on an Moneniht set ]>e
forme slaep wees se heouene o^e uorS half call swilc hit wsere
bsemende fir. swa f ealle "Be hit ssegon wseron swa of faered
swa hi naefre aer ne wseron. f wses on iii id' Janr'. Des ilces
geares wses swa micel orf cwalm swa hit nsefre ser ne wses on
manne gemynd ofer call Engle land, f wses on nset and on
swin. swa ^ on j^a tun }>a wses tenn ploges o'Ber twelfe
gangende ne be Isef ]>ser noht an. and se man )?a heafde twa
hundred o^^e Sre hundred swin ne beleaf him noht an. pser
aeft' swulten }?a henne fugeles. }>a scyrte 'Sa flescmete and se
ceose and se butere. God hit bete )>a his wille beS.

And se kyng Heanri co ha to Engle land toforen heruest
seft' s' Petres messe ^e firrer.

Des ilces geares for se abbot Heanri toforen Eastren fram l^uvg'
Burch ofer sae to Normandi and |?aer spreac mid ^'one kyng.
and sseide hi )7et se abbot of Clunni heafde hi beboden f he
scolde cumen to hi and betsecen hi )>one abbot rice of Angeli.
and si^]>en he wolde cumen ha be his Isefe. and swa he ferde
ha to his agen mynstre and }>8er wunode call to mid sumer
daei. And ^es o^er daeies setter s' Johes messe dsej. cusen
l^a muneces abbot of he self and brohten hi into cyrce mid
processione. sungen Te D'm laud', ringden j^a belle, setten
hi on )?es abbotes settle, diden hi ealle hersunesse swa swa lii
scolden don here abbot, and se eorl and ealle }>a heafed raeun
and ]^a muneces of ]?a mynstre flemden se o^er abbot Heanri

L 1 2

262 THE LAUD MS. (K)

(A. D. 1 137) eft' gold •] syluer. *] pined heo. untellendlice pining, for ne
uuaeren nseure nan martyrs swa pined alse hi waeron. Me
henged up bi the fet 'j smoked heo mid ful smoke. Me
henged bi the l^ubes. other bi the hefed. ^ hengen bryniges

her

on fet. Me dide cnotted strenges abuton here haeued. 'j
uurythen to "S it gsede to )?e haemes. Hi dyden heo in
quarteme {^ar nadres ^ snakes ^ pades wseron inne. ^
drapen heo swa. Sume hi diden in crucethus % is in an
cseste |?at was scort "5 nareu. 'j imdep. ^ dide scserpe
stanes {^erinne. ^ ]?rengde ]fe man peer inne. % hi brsecon
alle pe limes. In mani of J^e castles wseron lof 'j gri. "5
wseron rachenteges *$ twa dper thre men hadden onoh to
bseron onne. )7at was sua maced. 'S is feestned to an beom.
^ diden an scserp iren abuton ]?a mannes throte and his
hals. *$ he ne myhte nowiderwardes. ne sitten ne lien ne
slepen. oe bseron al % iren. Mani |7usen hi drapen mid
hungser.

J ne can ne i ne mai tellen alle \>e wutider ne alle pe
pines iS hi diden wreccemen on |7is land. ^ *$ lastede }^a
xix wintre wile Stephne was king "j aeure it was uuerse ^
uuerse. Hi Iseiden gseildes o[n] the tunes seureuwile ^
clepeden it tenserie. |7a \fe uureccemen ne hadden namore
to gyuen. J^a rseueden hi ^ brendon alle the tunes. % wel |7a
myhtes faren all adaeis fare sculdest thu neure finden man
in tune sittende. ne land tiled, pa was com daere. ^ flee
•] csese "5 butere. for nan ne waes o )?e land. Wreccemen
sturuen of hungser. sume ieden on selmes pe waren su wile
rice men. sume flugen ut of lande.

Wes naeure gaet mare wreccehed on land, ne nseure hethen
men werse ne diden ]7an hi diden. for ouersithon ne for
baren.nouther circe ne cjrrceiaerd. oc nam al J^e god "5 J^ar
inne was. ^ brenden sythen pe cyrce "5 altegsedere. Ne
hi ne forbaren bMand ne abb' ne preostes. ac raeueden
munekes •] clerekes. •] seuric man other )?e ouer myhte. Gif
twa men of^er iii coman ridend to an tun. al \>e tnnscipe
flugsen for heo. wenden "S hi waeron rseueres. pe biscopes
and lered men heo cursede seure. oc was heo naht J^ar of. for
hi uueron al forcursa^d "5 forsuoren ^ forloren.

War sse me tilede. J^e erthe ne bar nan com. for pe land
was al for don. mid suilce daedes. ^ hi saeden openlice i

THE LAUD MS. (E) 263

xpist slep. ^ his halechen. Suilc ^ mare )?anne we cunnen(A.D. 1137)
saein. we ]?oleuden xix wintre for ure sinnes.

On al )7is yuele time heold Martin abbot his abbot rice ISurg'
XX wint' "5 half gaer 'j viii daeis. raid micel suinc. "5 fand
ye munekes ^ te gestes al )7at heo behoued ^ heold mycel
carited in the hus. ^ )7o)?wethere wrohte on )?e circe ^
sette J^arto landes *] rentes. ^ goded it suythe *] Iset
it refen ^ brohte heo into |?e neuuse mynst' on S' Petres
rosessedsei mid micel wurtscipe. % was anno ab incarii D'
Mcxl. a cobustioe loci xxiii. And he for to Rome. "3 )?aer
wses wsel underfangen fra pe pape Eugenie, and begset thare
puilegies. an of alle j^e landes of j^abbotrice. "] an o)?er of
J?e landes |?e lien to pe circe wican. "] gif he leng moste liuen
alse he mint to don of ]>e border wycan. And he begast in
landes Jiat rice men hefden mid strengthe. of Will'm Malduit Ka
)?e heold Rogiugha )?8e castel. he wan Cotingha -5 Estun. and t>f HifW
of Hugo of Walt^ uile he uuan Hyrtlingb'. and Stanewig. ^ t>f 9Luti(*
Ix soP of Aldewingle. And he makede manie munek' "5 ^^fi*^^"
plantede winiserd. "j makede mani weorkes. t wende )?e tun
betere )>an it aer wses. t wses god munec "] god man. t for|?i
hiluueden God ^ gode men.

Nu we willen saegen su del wat belamp on Steph' kinges fie Jbc'o
time. On his time pe Judeus of Norunic bohton an xpisten S^iirmo
cild beforen Estren "5 pineden hi alle pe ilce pining 'K ure
Drihten was pined. ^ on langfridsei hi on rode hengen for
ure Drihtines luue. ^ sythen byrieden hi. Wenden 'K it sculde
ben for holen. oc ure Dryhtin aty wede "8 he was hali mr. ^
to munekes hi namen. and bebyried hi heglice in ]7e minst'.
and he maket ]7ur ure Drihtin wunderlice ^ manifaeldlice
miracles. -5 hatte he S' Willelm.

1138. On ]fis gser co Dauid king of Scotl' mid ormete 5cot'
faerd to Jns land, wolde winnan ]?is land, and hi c6 togsenes
Will'm eorl of Albamar )?e )?e king adde beteht Euorwic
*} to other seuezmen mid fseumen and fuhten wid heo. ^
fleden ]>e king set te Standard. -} sloghen suithe micel of his
genge.

1140. On )?is gser wolde )?e king Steph' taecen Rodb't eorl
of Gloucestre ]>e kinges sune Henries, ac he ne myhte for he
wart it war.

per eft' in )?e lengten ];e8trede ];e sunne ^ te daei. abuton

264 THE LAUD MS. (E)

(A.D. ii4o)nontid daeies. )?a men eten. ^ me lihtede candles to seten bi.
and ]7at was xiii k' Ap'l. wieron men suythe of wundred.

per eft' fordfeorde Will' serceb' of Cantwarb'. j te king
roakede Teodbald aereeb* pe was abbot in the Bee.

per eft^ waex suythe micel uuerre betuyx pe king ^ Randolf
eorl of Csestre noht for pi i he ne iaf hi al ^ he cuthe axea
h!. alse he dide alle othre. oc sefre pe mare he iaf hed. pt
wserse hi ws&ron hL pe eorl heold Lincol ag8enea pe king.
^ bena hi al V he ahte to hauen. ^ te king for {^ider -]
besaette hi ^ his brother Will'm de R[om]are in pe castel.
•3 te seorl stael ut ^ ferde eft' Rodb't eorl of Gloucestre. ^
brohte hi )?ider mid micel ferd. "] fuhten suythe on Candel
masse dsei agenes heore lauerd. *} naraen hi for his men him
suyken ^ flugsen. 'j Ised hi to Bristowe 'j diden pKr in psnn.
T . . . teres, pa was al EngleF styred mar pBxi ter wses. ^ al
yuel wses in lande.

per eft^ co pe king' doht' Henries pe hefde ben Emperice
in Alamanie. ^ nu wses cuntesse in Angou. "] co to Lundene
^ te Lundenissce folc hire wolde tsecen. "] scse fleh 'j forles
t^ar micel.

per eft' pe biscop of Wincestre Henri pe king' brother
Steph' spac wid Bodb't eorl ^ wyd J^eperice j saor bed
athas $ he neure ma mid te king his brother wolde halden.
^ cursede alle pe men l^e mid hi heoldon, ^ ssede heo ^ he
uuolde iiuen heo up Wincestre. *} dide heo cumen }^ider.
pa hi )7ser inne wseren. ph c6 pe king' cuen [mid al] hire
strengthe. ^ besset heo. i )7er wses inne micel hungser. pa
hi ne leng ne muhten )?olen )m stali hi ut *} flugen. ^ hi
wurthen war widuten 'j folecheden heo. 'j namen Bodb't eorl
of Glouc. ^ ledden hi to Rouecestre. ^ diden hi )7are in psun.
"] te emperice fleh into an minstre. pa feorden pe wise men
betwyx pe kinges freond *} te eorles freond. ^ sahtlede sni
i me sculde leten ut pe king of psun for pe eorl. ^ te eorl for
pe king, 'j sua diden.

Sithen J^ereff sahtleden pe king ^ Randolf eorl at Stan
ford. ^ athes suoren *} treuthes fseston i hernou}>er sculde
be suiken other. ^ it ne for stod naht. ^r pe king hi sithen
na in Hatun. ]?urhc wicci raed. ^ dide hi in psun. "j ef sones
he let hi ut ]7urhc wserse red. to *$ forewarde i he suor on
halido ^ gysles fand. )7at he alle his castles sculde liuen up.

THE LAUD MS. (E) n65

Sume he iaf up *j sume ne iaf he noht. ^ dide Jeanne wserse (A.D. 1140)
l^anne he hser sculde.

pa was Engleland suythe to deled, sume helden mid te
king. *} sume mid ]?eperice. for ]7a ^e king was in psun ]7a
wenden pe eorles "] te rice men ]?at he neure mare sculde
cum ut. 'J ssehtleden wyd J^eperice. ^ brohten hire into Oxen
ford. ^ iauen hire ]>e burch. pa pe king was ute ]fa, herde
•8 ssegen. ^ toe his feord ^ besset hire in |?e tur. ^ me laet
hire dun on niht of ]>e tur mid rapes. ^ stal ut. ^ scee ileh ^
iacde on fote to Walingford.

paer eft' scse ferde ouer sse. ^ hi of Normandi wenden
alle fra J?e king, to )?e eorl of Angseu. sume here )>ankes ^
sume here un)7ankes. for he besset heo til hi aiauen up here
castles. ^ hi nan helpe ne hsefden of j^e k\

pa ferde Eustace pe king* sune to France ^ na )>e king'
suster of France to wife, wende to bigieton Normandi j^ser
J?urh. oc he spedde litel. ^ be gode rihte for he was an
yuel man. for warese he [com he] dide mare yuel )?annc
god. he reuede )>e landes ^ laeide mic[ele gildejs on. he

brohte his wif to Engleland. ^ dide hire in ]>g caste

teb'. God wiman scae wses. oc scae hedde litel blisse mid hi.
•5 Xpist ne wolde *S he sculde lange rixan. "^ wferd dcd ^ his
moder beien.

*] te eorl of Angaeu wserd ded. ^ his sune Henri toe to ]fe
rice. *] te cuen of France todselde fra )>e king. ^ scse c6 to
pe iunge eorl Henri. ^ he toe hire to wiue. -j al Peitou mid
hire, pa ferde he mid micel faerd into Engleland. ^ wan
castles. ^ te king ferde agenes hi mid micel mare ferd. ^
)>o)?waBthere fuhtten hi noht. oc ferden )?e aerceb' t te wise
me" betwux heo. ^ makede iS sahte ^ te king sculde ben
lauerd ^ king wile he liuede. ^ seft' his dsei ware Henri king.
•3 he helde hi for fader ^ he hi for sune. "] sib ^ saehte sculde
ben betwyx heo. ^ on al Engleland. pis "j te othre foruuardes
)>et hi makedeu. suoren to halden ]fe king ^ te eorl *;) te b' &
te eorles *j nee men alle. pa was J?e eorl under fangen ret
Wincestre ^ aet Lundene mid micel wurtscipe. ^ alle did en
hi man red. ^ suoren ]>e pais to halden. ^ hit ward sone suythe
god pais, sua ^ neure was here, pa was ]>e k' strengere
Jeanne he aeuert her was. ;] te eorl ferde ouer sae. T al folc hi
luuede for he dide god iustise ^ makede pais.

M m

266 THE LAUD MS. (E)

1154. On )?i8 gser wserd J^e king Steph* ded "] bebyried
yer his wif "j his sune wseron bebyried set Fauresfeld. I^st
minstre hi makeden. pa ye king was ded. )?a was pe eorl
beionde sse. ^ ne durste nan man don o)>er bute god for
pe micel eie of hi. pa he to Engleland cd. pA was he under
fangen mid micel wurtscipe. and to king bletcsed in Lundene
on pe Snnnen daei be foren midwinf deei. and held )>sr micel
curt.

pat iloe dsei j^at Marf abb' of Burch sculde ]?ider faren. ph
sseclede he ^ ward ded iv no. Jan. *} te munek* innen daeii
cusen o]?er of hed sself. Will'm de Walt'uile is gehaten. god
clerc "3 god man. ^ wsel luued of pe V *] of aUe gode men.
and o[n cyricjen byrie' ynhV hehlice *] sone ye cosan aV ferde
^ te muneces [mid him to] Oxen ford to ye king [and he] iaf
hi )?at abb^ce. ^ he ferde hi sone [to Lincjol *j was yer
bletcad to abbot ser he ham come. ^ sithen was under fangen
mid micel wurtscipe at Burch. mid micel pcessiun. *] sua he
was alsua at Ramesseie. ^ at Torn'. ^ at ... ^ SpalP ^ at

SA. bares, t t nt« w abbot. ^ fair haued begunnon.

Xpus hi xxnne . . . ! •

END OF MS. E.

To give the whole of the historical material

preserved in the series of Saxon Chronicles,

a few more supplerMnta/ry pieces,

for which no place toas found

vn the body of the work,

are added in the

Appendix.

APPENDIX.

1. — F 7^6. corUimied from the asterisk on page 58.

796. . . . And let him pycan ut his eagan. and ceorfan of his
handa. Ond A^elard arceb' of Cantwareb* sette syno^. and ge-
trymde and gefsestnode. t5urh t$as papan haese Leones. ealle %a %ing
be Codes mynstran. ^a waeron gesett be Wihtgares dsege. and be
o^ra cinga dsege. and ^us cwaetS. Ic A^elard. eadmod arceb' of
Cantwareb'i. mid anmodan rsede ealles sino^es. and mid ealra %are
gegaderungse ealra ^ara mynstra ^a be ealdan dagan frignesse was
geaaen fram geleaffullan mannum. on Codes naman. and %urh his
bifigendan dom. ic bebeode swa swa ic hsese habbe of %an papan
Leone. ^ heononforfS nan ne dyrstlaece ceosan him hlaaordas of
laewedan mannan ouer Codes erfwyr^nysse. Ac eal swa swa hit ys
on t$an gewrite t$e se papa h«f5 giuen. ot$t$e €a haligan weras ge-
setton. %e beotS ure faederas and are lareowas be haligum mynstrum.
swa hi beliaon unawemed butan aelcre anssece. Gif aeni mann ys
% )>i8 Codes and urses papan and ure bebod healdan nelle. ac
farseo^ and far naht healda^. witan hi i$ hi sculon gifan gescead to
foran Codes domsetle. And ic A^lhard arceb'. mid twelf biscopan.
and mid )>rim and twentigan abbodan. I'is ylce mid rodetacne Cristes
getrima^ and gefspstnia.

II. — A curious note (peculiar to ¥) of the traditions of Christ Churchy
Canterbwry, In Saxon amd Latin : from the margin of F.

870. ... Da ferde ^EtJered cing to and iElfred his brotJer. and
naman iE^elred Wiltun scire b'. and settan hine to arceb' to Cantuare
b'i. fortSan he was »r munec of ^an ylcan mynstre of Cantwareb'i.
Ealswa hratJe swa he com to Cantuareb'i and he war^ getremmed
on his arce stole. )>a he 5ohte hu he mihte ut adraefan tJa clericas j)e

M m 2

268 APPENDIX.

j)ar binnan . a . . . . )>a se arceb* Ceolno^ )>ar biforan selte far swylcre
neode ge . 8 . . swa we seggan wyllatJ. Das form an geares ye be
to arceb' geset was. J>a wear^ swa mycel man cwealro f of eallan
)>a muneca \>e he )>ar binnan fiinde. na belifan na ma jwne fif
munecas. Da far )>are and .... ge he his hand preostas. and eac
sume of his tun prestan. f hi scoldan helpan )>a feawan munecan
pe )>ar bylifen wseran to donne Xpes tSeowdom. for ^an he na mihte
swa ferlice munecas findan. |>a mihtan be heo sylfum )>one ^Seowdom
don. and far t$yssen he bet f %a prestas |>a hwile eal f God giefe
sibbe on )>is lande })a munecan helpan scoldan. To pan ylcan
timan was j)is land 8wyJ)e geswent mid gelomlican feohten. and
far{>i se arceb' na )>ar embe beon. far %an ealne his timan was
gewinn and sorhge ofer England, and for)>i belifan )>a clericas mid
%an munecan. Nas nsefre nan tima f )>ar nseran munecas binnan.
and apfre hefdan |>one hlafordscipe ofor ^a prestas. Eft se arceb'
Ceoln' )>ohte and eac to )>an %e mid him wseran ssede. eal swa
hra]>e swa God gif)> sibbe on j)isan lande. oWe ))as prestas scolan
munecas beon. o$t$e ca. ellos hwar munecas eal swa fela don binnan
)>a minstre wylle f magan ]K)ne ^owad be heom sylfon don. far
^an God wat ^ ic

Cum autem venisset Cantuariam, statim cogitare coepit quomodo
possit eicere clericos de ecclesia Christi, quos Ceolnothus pro tali
necessitate compulsus ibi posuit. Primo igitur anno ordinationis
suae tanta mortalitas facta est in ecclesia Christi, ut de tota congre-
gatione monachorum non remanerent nisi quinque. Qua de causa
quia ita subito non potuit invenire tot monachos qui ibi servitium
Dei facere possent, ex simplicitate cordis prsecepit capellanis clerids
suis, ut essent cum eis usque quo Deus pacificaret terram^ quae tunc
nimis crat turbata propter nimias tempestates bellorum. Accepit
etiam de villis suis presbiteros, ut essent cum monachis, ita tamen
ut monachi semper haberent dominatum super clericos. Cogitavit
idem archiepiscopus et saepe suis dixit, quia statim cum Deus pacero
nobis dederit, aut isti clerici monachi fient, aut ego ubicumque
monachos inveniam quos reponam. Scit enim Deus inquid, quod
aliter facere non possum. Sed nunquam temporibus suis pax fiiit in
Anglia, et ideo remanserunt clerici cum monachis, nee uUo tempore
fuit ecclesia sine monachis. Sed nee iste ^E^redus archiepiscopus
potuit facere.

APPENDIX. 2()9

III. — This is a little Mercian Register of a period ofiweivty yearSj
and niay he styled ^^The Annals of ^}pelfl(Bd.''* It was wnshilfuUy
jointed into B and C after da^j and so sta/nds out conspicuous and
isoUUed from the midst of the surrounding compilation. But the
compiler of MS. D made selections from this piece, and mingled
them with vnaterials from other sources, digesting the compound
into chronological order. So that we ham here the opportunity of
contemplating a portion of our history both i/n its earlier isolated
and in its later compiled aspect.

The MSS. B ami C, after closing the yea/r 915 (918 7^), fetch back
to 902, and introdtice the present episode, which may he considered
to dose a< 921. Barren from 921 to 924, they here fall in again
with the ttsttal current of history, and relate the dearth ofEadtoea/rd
(S 925), hut in a ma/nner of their own. Both are then vacant
for ten years, and to exhibit their poverty a>t this point, the extract
has heen continued tux> annals heyond the termination of the Mer-
cian Register or Annals of JE\dflaed.

The text is from C, and at the foot are given the variations ofB.

902. Her Ealhswi^* forSferde. and |)y* ilcan gere waes f gefeoht
set )>am Holme Cantwara and )>ara Deniscra.

904. Her mona aJ>y8trode3.

905. Her 8etywde4 conoeta.

907. Her wses Ligcester5 ge edniwod.

909. Her waes see Oswaldes lie gelaeded^ of Beardanigge on
Myrce.

910. On |>ysum gere 7 Engle and Dene gefuhton^ get Teotanheale
and Engle sige namon9. and J>y ilcan geare iESelflsed^o getimbrede
}>a borh aet Bremesbyrig.

911. Da ^aes oj)res geares gefor JE^ered Myrcna hlaford.

912. Her com iEjyelflaed Myrcna hlaefdige on |>one halgan aefen
Inventione see crucis to Scergeate. and })aer ^a burh getimbrede. and
)>ae8 ilcan geares |>a " set Bricge.

913. Her Gode forgyfendura '^ for iE)?elflsed Myrcna hlaefdige
mid eallum Myrcum to Tamaweor^ige. and pa '3 burh |>aer'4 getim-

1 EalhswyS. 2 J>y ilcan geare. '^ a'Seostrode. 4 ol'ywde.

•'» Ligceaster ^cedneowad. ^ geliedd. 7 geare. ^ gefuhtan.

i> naman. lo /E)>elfl»d. 11 J>a. 12 forgifendum. »•* ha.

274 APPENDIX.

pc^niteutes suae pertinacise, ad Lanfrancum miseniut, et ei
omnem obedientiam promiserunt. Quibus continuo peperdt,
mandans ut redirent, et professionem suam prsefato Abbati
86 servaturos sacraraento confirmarent. Itaque redierunt, et
se deinceps fore fideles, et obedientea Widoni Abbati super
corpus beati Augustini juraverunt. Qui vero remaDserant
cepit Lanfrancus, et per Ecclesias Anglise divisit ; conatrinxit,
donee eos obedientiam profiteri coegit. Circa idem tempus
^luredum unum ex illis vagantem fugiendo cepit, et Can-
tuarise in sede metropoli, cum quibusdam sociis illius, qui
Abbati malum moliti sunt, ferro compeditos, multis diebus
rigorem ordinis in claustro discere fecit : sed postquam suffi-
cienter humiliati sunt, ut sestimatum est, et emendationem
promiserunt, misertus eorum Lanfrancus de singulis locis,
quo eos disperserat, prsecepit reduci; et suo Abbati recou-
ciliari.

Eodem anno, dissentione reiterata, pemiciem Abbati clam
machinati sunt; et dum unus ex eis, nomine Columbanus,
deprehensus fuisset, jussit eum Lanfrancus sibi addud. Cum-
que coram eo astaret, interrogavit si Abbatem uoluisaet peri-
mere. Qui confestim, Si, inquit, potuissem, pro certo eum
interfecissem. Prsecepit itaque Lanfrancus, ut ante portaa
beati Augustini, spectante populo, ligaretur nudus, flageUis
afficeretur : deinde prseciso capitio, ab urbe pelleretur. Factum
est ut imperavit, et ex hoc, inquietudinem csBteroruna, donee
vixit, sua formidine quassavit.

Nono decimo anno, defunctus est Lanfrancus venerabilia
Archiepiscopus, et sepultus est in sede Metropoli Cantuarise;
qui in sede Pontificali sedit annis decem et octo mensibus
ix duobus diebus. De cujus actibus, sedificiis, eleemosynis,
laboribus, scriptura quae in ejus anniversario legitur ex
parte commemorat. Multa enim erant valde. Post ejus
obitum, Monachi S. Augustini, prsefato Abbati suo Widoni
palam resistentes^ cives Cautuariae contra eum concitaverunt ;
qui ilium armata manu in sua domo interimere tentaverunt
Cujus familia cum resisteret, pluribus utrinque vulneratis, et
quibusdam interfectis, vix Abbas inter manus illorum illsesus
evasit; et ad mat rem Ecclesiam, quserendo auxilium, Can-
tuariam fugit. Hujus facti fama citati suffraganei ejnsdem
Ecclesiae, Walkelmus Wentanus et Gundulfus Bofeasis Epi-

APPENDIX. 275

scopi^ Cantuariam, cum quibusdam uobilibus, qnos miserat
Rex, veniunt : ut tantae offensae vindictam adhibeant. Audi-
tis ergo rationibus seditionis, Monachi k culpa excusari non
poterant : quos coram populo subire disci plinam, quia palam
peccaverant, ii qui adveneraiit, decreverunt: sed Prior, et
Monaclii Ecclesise Christi, pietate raoti restiterunt; ne si
palam punirentur infames deinceps fierent; sicque eorum
vita ac servitus contemneretur. Igitur concessum est, ut
in Ecclesia fieret, ubi noQ populus, sed soli ad hoc electi
admitterentur. Vocati sunt ad hoc Monachi Ecclesise Christi,
Wido videlicet, et Normannus, qui disciplinam ad Episcopo-
rum imperium iutulerunt. Deinde divisi sunt per Ecclesias
Anglise, et loco illorum xxiv Monachi Ecclesise Christi ad-
missi^ cum Priore nomine Antonio, qui Sub-prioratns officio
Cantuarias fungebatur. Gives vero, qui Abbatis curiam ar-
mata manu intraverant, eapti; et qui se ab ejus impugnatione
purgare non poterant, oculos amiserunt.

Post obitum Lanfranci caruit Ecclesia Christi Pastore qua-
tuor annis mensibus ix et diebus ix in quibus multa adversa
perpessa est. Anno vero Dominicae incarnationis mxciii datus
est Pontificatus Cantuarberiae Anselmo Beccensi Abbati, ii
Non. Martii, viro probo, bono, apprime erudito, et sui tem-
poris nominatissimo. Venit autera Cantuariam vii kal. Octob.
multis eum causis rationabilibus dctinentibus, quod prius ve-
nire nolebat ; et sacratus est ii Non. Decemb.

N II 2

NOTES

The letteri t, h, m, 1, b, attached to the figure of a page, mean top,
high, middle, low, bottom.

NOTES

pal. Wesseaxna] This is the form which survives in

the name of Wessex. I'he form without the t occurs in many

places in S and its earlier successors ; but never in E. E. g. p 4 :

A, D. 560, 61 1, 643, 6jo, 670. 827, 836. In 855. C exhibits the

archaic form, where S has the t. It has been questioned whether

Wes- had the same meaning as the later West- ; and this doubt

would apply also to the parallel case of the Visigoths =Westgoth8.

Forstemann, Ortsnaraen, p 133, treats the identity as certain, and

produces Visula and Bisula as acknowledged forms of the river-name

Vistula, which river he supposes was once the western boundary of

the Gothic tribes.

P 3 ^ Se}>eode] gej>e6du D. This word means, not nations or

peoples, but langiiages. The translators have been misled by the

sequel, which goes on to speak of them as peoples ; following Beda

m roug-h epitome. The Latin of flf ge)>eode is quinque gentium

Unguis, Gens, natio is |>eod, but ge]>eod is the national language :

cf. Matth. i. 23. on ure geJ)eode=in our speech. As ]>eod was thus

affected by the prefix ge-, so by the suffix -isc : )>eodi»c= language,

both in A. S. (Boeth. 19) and in the continental dialects; whence

Ilieotiscus, Tedesco, Deutsch, Dutch.

Among' the five languages used in Britain, Beda enumerated
Latin. A g;>Iance at his text will shew that this would be included
quite naturally from his point of view, which was to enumerate the
languag-es used in this island in the services of religion. In D, the
list stands unaltered ; but E, who did not go to the original, but
copied from (such as) D, not catching the idea, tried to make five

280 NOTES

languages in the common secular sense^ and therefore he resolved
the Bryt Wylso of D intd two, Brittiso and Wilso. The sense
which he attached to this distinction was fVeUh and ComUh. See 835
and foot-note. We find Wales called Brytland in 1063, 1 086 (p 22a).
This alteration of E was followed by F.

Book-Latin is the usual but inapt rendering of Boc-Iioden.
Book-language would be a truer equivalent. Already, before the
date of D, had the word Leden attained that * Common-Noun ' state,
in which it equalled language in general, or a strange, mysterious,
learned language in particular ; and from which it was able to form
its derivative Latimer = an interpreter. See Genesis xi. 6. Dis is
an folc and ealle hig spreca^ an Ly den = This is one folk and they
all speak one language. The determinative Boo- would not have
been prefixed, so long as Leden was regarded as a Proper Name.
In Chaucer, Squier*s Tale, it is used of the discourse of birds.

p 3 h. Soithiam] Meaning Scandinavia, or as it is expressed in
Smith's note in Beda i. i . " Scythiam citeriorem." The tendency
to transform names into those of classical celebrity is seen just above,
where Armenia stands for Armories.

P3l. Sootta sumdsBl gewat of Ybemian on Brittene] =
Some of the Scots emigrated from Hihemia into Britain, And that
emigration proved the cause of transferring the national name.
The name of Scotland appears to date from the eleventh century ;
previously it was ' Albania.' In the Saxon Chronicles we find earlier
mention of the * Scots* in the north of Britain, as at 684, 937 ; but
we do not find • Scotland' until 1066 (p 201). The ' Scots' in 891
are plainly those in Hibemia.

p 3 b. Beoda from )>am heo Bind genemnode DsbI

Beodi] The Irish authorities give a difilerent account of this
name. They say that British Dalrieda (a kingdom comprehending a
large part of South -Western Scotland, namely, Argyle, Kantire, &c.,
founded by an Irish colony A. D. 503) was named from the territory
of Dalrieda in Antrim, because its chiefs were from the Irish
Dalrieda.

It was probably the Dalriedan king who gave lona to Colambkille.
and not the Pictd, as stated by Beda. King's Hist, of Irish Church
vol. i. p 8j, referring to Lanigan ii. 159.

425 E. A Latin Chronicle, apparently Prankish, of which we
have had instalments above, is incorporated from time to time.
Faramundiis in Prankish story is the traditional name of the
founder of the monarchy. His personality was doubted by De Thou ;
and Sorel {Ln Biblioth^que Frangoise, Paris, 1667, P573) went so

NOTES 281

far as to say : " On est fort pea asseur^ si Pharamond fut jamais au
monde." Backle, Civilization, p 705.
Patridua]
430 K. Falladius] This mistaken correction by the interpolator

a, was probably borrowed from some MS. like £, the only one that
reads Fatrioius. It is the only notice of S. Patrick in the Saxon
Chronicles. As to Palladius and Patricias, see some annals of Ma-
rianas in Monamenta Historica Britannica, ps^3 ^^^^' ^^^ Nennias
c. 55 and 56. The earliest authority is said to be Prosper, who was
a contemporary of Palladias and Patricias. The date given for the
preaching of S. Patrick is 43 1 , the year after the mission of Palladias.
The proximity of the dates, and the comparative obscarity of Palla-
dias, led to the substitation of S. Patrick in his place. Prosperi Chro-
nicon apad H. Canisiam. Lect. Ant. Vol. i. p 301. £d. Basnage.

457 A\ Creogan ford] In margin of C is written in an Elizabethan
hand : nunc creyford non longe a dartford^nxid at top of page,
partly cat away in binding: Creajl intrat[r\ ...*,., dartford,
eftisque fona est ad arpyngtouj super earn sunt seint Mary
erey, powles crey, north crey, beckesley ^ creaforde. This and
some other notes, (chiefly topographical) in C, may possibly belong
to the collection of material for Camden's Britannia ; bat the hand*
writing is anknown. See Introduction, description of C. Infra 477,
49I' 577. 59»» 648, 673, 679, 685, 752, 763, 822, 874, 875, 878,
880, 893, 894 (p 93).

477 "R, Ci88s] ab hoc Cissaputo Chichester dictam Oissan-
cectsf C marg. : cf. note on 457 2L

477. Cymenesora] Camden and, after him, Gibson say this
place most have been near Wittering on the coast of Sussex. They
rely on a Charter which Kemble (Cod. Dipl. 992) has marked as
spurioas, but which was no doubt constructed with a regard for pro-
bability. In it this name occurs as Cumeneshoray a form which
coantenances Ingram's guess that Shoreham is the place; qaasi
Cym^RMhoreham.

491 Ti, Andredes oester] Hose {ut puto) ab Iu>c Oissa post
dicta est Cissanceaster C marg. In Cod. Dipl. 1094 there is a
Cifisanbeorh. The site of Andredes ceaster is discussed in Archeeol.
Journal, vol. iv. p 203 ; and decided in favour of Pevensey.

508. Natanleod] This is equivalent to NaitonBex (Pictorum
Beda v. 21) or Neotanus Bex in Annals of Tighernac 717 (Ann.
Ulster 716). There is also a Neohtain Ann. Ulst. 709. The indices
to the Irish Annalists will give sundry others in the seventh and
eighth centories. This name Natan, Naiton, Nechtain was cvi-

o o

«8« NOTES

dently a name frequently borne by Keltic princes. It entered abo
into names of places : Dnnnichen near Forfar is identified with tlie
Diiin Neohtain of Tighemac 686 quoted below, note on 685 E
The word leod is identical with olwydd or llwyd^prtiire ; which is
seen in the Welsh compound Arglwydd=Lord : and which is so
well known as a family name of Welsh extraction Lloyd. See
Gamett's Philological Essays, p 329.

I copy from Mr. Hawker, Vicar of Morwenstow, the following
Cornish illustration of this name : " In a rocky Glen, midway between
the Castles of Bottreaun and Dandagel, there is a Fall of Waters
into a hollow Cauldron of native 8tone» which has borne for Ten
Centuries the Name of St. Nectan's Kieve. He was the brother of
St. Morwenna, and like her a famous Saint of this Northern Shore.
He founded the Stations of Hartland and Wellcombe; and be-
queathed his Name to other Sacred Places along the Sea, in the
Former Ages of Cornish Faith." The Quest of the Sangraal. Exeter
1864. Appendix A.

Since the above was written I am glad to discover from a note on
p 56 of Mr. Pearson's Early and Middle Ages of England, that Dr.
Guest has already g^ven this seose to leod in Philolog. Trans, vol. i.
No. 2. He translates Natan-leod, king of the Nattas.

534. There was in the time of Edward the EJder, a barrow at
Stoke near Hurstboume (Hants) known as Ceardioes beorg, the
hill or (?) barrow of Cerdic. Cod. Dipl. 1077. For this remark I am
indebted to an article in the Archseological Journal, July 1 85 7 — a
posthumous paper of Mr. Kemble, who has rendered such services
to our early literature and history by his Translation of Beowulf and
other works ; but above all by the invaluable store of materials he has
brought together in the Codex Diplomaticus Mvi SaxonicsL

556. Beranbyrg] Probably Barbury Camp between Swindon
and Marlborough. " This is a large camp, in excellent preservatioo.
It is nearly circular, and girdled by a double ring of ditch and
rampart ; the inner very strong, sloping full jo feet to the bottom
of the ditch.'' Murray's Hand Book, Wilts.

577. This Annal with that of 584 record two important steps
in the advance of the West Saxons upon the British population,
bringing our ancestors, according to Dr. Guest, along the Severn
valley, so far as Faddiley (Fejnm leag) on the confines of the Vale
Royal of Cheshire.

Deorham, where the battle of 577 was foUght, by which the
important triangle of Gloucester — Cirencester — Bath became SaxoQ,
is identified, with Dyrham, on the turnpike-road between Bath and

NOTES 283

Gloucester. In Domesday it is written Dirham ; and Gibson (Glos.
ad Sax. Cfar. sub voc,^ says it was called Durham in his day.

Ctoxnmaily Condidan, Farinmail may have been (as suggested
by Dr. Guest) the princes of those three cities, and they may have
made a stand at Deorham with their combined forces, against the
aggressive Saxon.

M. de la ViUemarqud has adopted the view of Sharon Turner,
identifying Condidan with Kyndylan son of Kyndru3m, whose fall
in the Saxon invasions is the theme of a celebrated Welsh Elegy by
the cotemporary bard, Lljrwarch Hen. Dr. Guest, who makes that
Elegy apply to 584, contends that this view is faulty, because Kyn-
dylan in the Elegy is slain near Shrewsbury, whereas Condidan in
the Chronicle falls at Deorham. But it is a curious coincidence, that
among Kyudylan's companions in arms in the Elegy, there figures
conspicuously Garanmael son of Kyndylan. Goreu gwr Garantnael :
Bravest hero Garanmael. See Les Bardea Bretons du vi^ Si^cle^ par
M. de la Villemarqu^, pp66, 107.

The 'many towns' and 'countless spoil' of 584 come out very
well under the theory of Dr. Guest. For if Fe))azileag is in Cheshire,
the expedition passes through Powys-land, of which the capital was
Pengwem (Shrewsbury). Of this district M. de la Villemarqu^

says : " Powis, ce paradis des Cambriens ce pays de la

po6sie et de la renomm6e" — referring to the expressions of the
Welsh bards. That the desolation of Uriconium may with high
probability be referred to these invasions, has been shewn in a very
convincing manner by Dr. Guest in the Paper so often referred to
(Archaeological Journal, No. 75 : On the English Conquest of th$
Severn Valley) ; a remarkable example of approach to certainty in
the twilight scenes of our early history.

These Annals, so distinctly original, were hardly penned before
the events were on the verge of oblivion — therefore, if a transposition
of names or other slight adjustment seems to be required by the
Welsh remains, historical criticism could not object. The Saxons
had arms, and the Britons arts.

577. Cirenceaster] cyceter C marg. : cf. note on 457 ff.
Gibson in his Glos. to Sax. Chron. spells it Ciceter.

591. Woddes beorge] Wodebryg^ in Suthfolkfrom Ipawych
V myle C marg. Again 71 j. Gibson says : Hodie Wodnesburh
in agro WUtun, Viculus fossae cuidam admirandse adsidens, quae
Wodnesdic appellatur, et totam eam reg^onem transversa inter-
secat. E has set Wodnesbeorge.

603 R, 89t JBgesan stane] The readings eat Egisan stane B C —

o o 2

284 NOTES

et DcBgsan stane (E) — at Dag$tane (a) — are pretty deari?
identical in origin. The D form is according to Beda i. 34. in looo
celeberrimo qui dicitor Degsastan id est Degsa lapis. So it wookl
seem as if in the resolution of coherent dentals the D was lost, tod
hence the form in ^ B C. Gibson says : Da¥rston (Cumberland)—
Ingram conj. Theekstone (Yorks. N. R.).

633. He^felda] Hatfield (with Hatfield Moor. Hatfield Chace)
in West Riding of Yorkshire : cf. Beda ii. 20, Smith's note ; Googb's
Camden, vol. iii. p 273.

641 E. Maserfeld] This place is matter for conjecture. Smith
(Beda iii. 9 note) produces a place of the same name in Lancashire.
Gibson fixes it at Oswestry (Oswaldestre) because this name
has Oswald in it. Ingram guesses Mirfleld, Yorkshire West
Riding.

643. )« oirioean] ]>a ealdan cyricean BC. For the importance
of this insertion see the description of MS. B in the IntrodnctioD.
In F it stands : Des cing bet getimbrian f mynster on Wintanceastre
on See Petres naman.

648. JBsces dime] Jschedaumfaresta yn StUhesexe C marg. :
cf. note 457 S.

There are three other mentions of this same place^ and all Terv
significant. In 661, Wulfhere king of Mercia carries his ravages
as far as this — in 871, JE?6ered and iElfred fight with the wbde
Danish army on this down — and in 1006, we have the Danes passing
from the neighboarhood of Walling^ord "along Ashdown;" and
we next find them at East Kennett,.not far from Marlborougb.
iEscesdun is clearly that mass of chalk-hills between WaUingford and
Marlborough, on which is the famous white horse of Berkshire, and
on which a private residence, Ashdown Park near Ufiington, pre-
serves the ancient name. Here it was that king Cenwalh gave a
large tract of country to his cousin Cuthred ; probably with a view
to make the position secure against the Mercians. It is remarkable
that 661, when Wulfhere advanced to iEscesdun, is the year of
Cuthred's death. Perhaps he fell defending his territory. Cuthred's
father Cwichelm was also famous in those parts, for " Cwichelm's
low" was somewhere near Ashdown (1006). Cf. Cod. Dipl. 693.

652 E. Fendan] An error of the scribe for '* Peadan."

653 E. set loanhoe] set yceanho' BC ; on loanho F. Gibson
supposes this place to be Boston in Lincolnshire, qtuui Botnlfeston.

654. for|>an |>et Vser is an wsbI] Smith on Beda iv. 6 disputes
this derivation ct /ante voraginoso, and explains the name as LocfU
habitationis in pratis.

NOTES 285

656. p3ot: wedbroteres] This relationship, whatever it was, must
be understood as between Peada and Oswi — not Wulfhere and Oswi.
The Northumbrian victory of 654 had broken the power of Mercia,
and made it dependent on Northumbria. Peada ruled by Northum-
brian favour, and as having a Northumbrian princess for his consort.
It is the family alliance and pledged brotherhood between Peada
and his father-in-law Oswiu that is represented in the word wed-
broteres : whether the writer of this slovenly interpolation so un-
derstood it or not. In Beda iii. %^fin. it is said that Oswiu gave
Peada the government of South Mercia eo quod esset cognatus swis.
There was a double marriage between the families : Peada married
Alchfled daughter of Oswiu, and Alchfrid son of Oswiu married
Cyneburg sister of Peada. Yet we must not understand wed- by
its modern association with marriage : but simply as signifying that
a covenanted alliance existed between the parties, which made them
bound to stand by each other like (or even more than) natural
brothers.

Sir Frederic Madden (La^amon^ vol. iii. p 354) has adopted the
more usual explanation of this passage, brother by baptism.

^5^« P 30 h. for hwi] The Demonstrative to this Interrogative is
for jd ; e. g. p 256 1

^56* P 33 ^* )>eonest men] This appears like the Danish Ijeneste
= service; which also compounds with a noun of the person who
serves, as, Tjeneste-dreng = serving-boy : Tjeneste-folk = serving-
folk : Ijeneste- mo or Tjenste-pige= serving-girl: Tjeneste-qvindes
serving-woman. Molbech v. Tjeneste.

656. p33 m. undyde] irritum redderet : disannul. It is not
asual to find undon in this sense of xoraXvfiy, i^avBtvuv^ dBrrtly : its
prevalent use is that of opening what is shut, as below in the same
page, of S. Peter with his keys undoing, opening the doors of heaven.
Infra 1 1 22, of the phenomenon of a cloud seeming to burst open,
and divide into four parts (se wolcne undide on fower healfe). In
Fragments of S. SwitShun, p6. line 17, l^a eagan undyde = opened
bis eyes. In iElfric's Homilies, vol. i. p 548, undyde his mu%
(= opened his mouth); otherwise expressed in the same page "geo-
penode his mu%."

658. set Feonnum] " Pen, an obscure village now, but antiently
famous, being ordained by destinie as it may seeme to the overthrow
both of Britans and Danes. For at this verie place Keniwalch a
West Saxon, had such a day of the Britans, that they would scarsely
ever after abide to come into the field against the English Saxons.
And many a yeare after that, king Edmund surnamed Ironside,

286 NOTES

gaye there a notable foil to the Danea, as he puraaed CaDntoa didr
kiDg."

This is Pen^lewood, or Pensoeliwood, i. e. Pen-S^wood, or haul
of Sdwood, (lodJly pronounced Zilw'd,) on the confines of WiltBhire,
Somersetshire, and Dorsetshire. The place is famous for the " Pes
Pits," which are said to be the vestiges of an ancient British towe.
In the neighbourhood there is an earthen fortress of iarge area,
known as " Keniwilkins's Castle" — a name which bears a strong
resemblance to that of Cenwalh.

664. Wagele] This passage is from Beda (iii. 27), but the name
of Tuda's burial-place is so different here from that which is found
in the text of Beda, that it becomes a topog^phical question be-
longing to the Saxon Chronicles. In the EccL Hist, it is FsBgnalsech :
in the Anglo-Saxon version it is Peginaleah. Smith, the editor of
Beda, thinks the similarity of name is enough- to identify it with
Pincanheal (now FinchaU two miles from Durham), where a Synod
was held in 788. Ingram, who brings forward another form of the
word, Vegnalechy from Leland Bed. Collect, ii. 143. ed. 1774,
conjectures that it is Whalley, or as he otherwise writes it (I know
not whether upon authority or by way of - etymology) Wayldgh.
This Whalley is an extensive parish, lying iu three counties, Lan-
cashire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire, containing several towns, chapelries,
and townships, with a fine Abbey Church — so that it is not unlikely
to have been of ancient celebrity. But the identification of "Wagele
must after all be left to the local antiquarian.

67 1 . W8b1] ruina iEthelweard. strages Flor. Henry of Hunting-
don and Roger of Wendover both make it a battle among the birds !

673. iE)>eldiyht] alids etheldrythe C pciarg. : cf. infra 679
note; and supra 457 note.

675* P 3^ b* onsting] Cf. Mr. Baron's Edition of Johnson's Ec-
clesiastical Laws, vol. i. p 1 27 and note. Cod. Dipl. 843.

675. p38h. hwilo abbot |>e hwilo man 8ws]=whAt

abbot soever what man soever, &c.

675. P38I. geredd] read, published by reading. For the sake
of any reader who may not be familiar enough with his mother-
tongue to perceive the comparulive modernness of this and such like
late insertions, this word is selected as a palpable illustration. No-
where in the elder Chronicles will this verb be found in the modem
sense of avay(vcb(rie», legere, B»dan is to plan, counsel, advise ; e. g.
P157, where the same participle gered means resolved upon,

675. p 38 1. Al Bwa io beode )>e Sazulf, &c.] And as ontheomt
hand I ordain unto thee^that {according as thou desirest) the mimsier be

NOTES i87

fret — JO fm the other hand do I forbid thee and all the bishops that come
after thee in the name of Christ and of all His Saints thai ye have
no claim on the minster but according to tite Abbotts wilL This pre-
tension would appear to be set ap as early as 65$ (p 33 1), but the
expression is not so distinct there as here. In this place the language
is so distinct that no doubt can remain about the anachronism. The
first real case of exemption of an English monastery from episcopal
jurisdiction appears to have beea that of Battle Abbey. Hallam's
Middle Ages, vol. ii. P165 note. Robertson, Church Hist. vol. ii.
pp 103. 203.

675. p39m. toligge^] See Glossary to Ormulum, Ed. White,
V. Toli|>.

675. p39ro. Bredune. Hrepingas* Cedenao] See a Paper by
Mr. Stubbs in the Archaeological Journal of 1 86 1 , p ^02.

678 E. Eatan] There is a life of this Eata in vol. viii of the Surtees
Society Publications, entitled, " Miscellanea Biographica."

679. iBJ)el|>ryH flBj)eldri« C. Jet avdrye C marg. : cf. Cough's
Camden's Brit. ii. 194, and supra 673 note. See E 963 ; and Halli-
well, v. Tawdry.

685. Cedwalla qtiondam Rex Southsexicejundatar Cicestren*
ecclesicB C marg. See note on 457 K, But as to the foundership
which this annotator attributes to Ceadwalla, cf. Cough's Camden,
vol.ii. pp 194, 195.

685 A. Eogfer)) cyning mon o&log] E adds be nor^an s».
The commencement of his expedition against the Scotti is noticed in
684 E. The battle in which he fell is called the battle of Dunni-
chen, and is thus recorded in the mixed language of the Annals of
Tighemac :— 686. Oath Duin Nechtain [1. e. The battle of Duin
Nechtain'] xx die m. Maii Sabbati die factum est, in quo £k;frit mc
Ossu [i.e. Ecgfer^ son of Oswiu] Rex Saxonum, xv anno regni
sui, consuroata magna cum caterva militum suorum interfectus est
la Brudhi mc Bili Rege Fortrein [t . e. by Bruide son of Bili king of
Fortren^,

685 E. Agust'] For Hagustaldesham (as above) or Hexham.

Ceastre] This means York. So again 762, Many places were
locally called Ceaster ; but with the progress of centralization it
became necessary to keep up their distinctive prefixes^ as ff^nchester,
ilf anchester^ &c. Only one great place has come to be known by the
simple name of Cheater ; vnth obscure places such as Ckiistor, Castor,
&c., it was more easy, and probably there are several of them in
existence.

688 E. under Criates ola^uxn] Rex ver6 secandum votum infra

288 NOTES

septem dies in albia mortuus est. Hen. Hunt. The ancient practice
was to put off the white on the eighth day after Baptism. Bingbsm
xii. 4. § 3. Cf. note on 878.

693 E. Brihthelm] The tnie name Dryhthelm is preserved
only in D. This is the Dryothelmus of Beda ^ 12 ; a NorthoiB-
brian thane of Incuneninguro (prob. Cuningham) who died Id the
evening and woke to life in the morning* and remembered what k
had seen in the other world, while oat of the body. The narratm
of his vision was long used in church teaching, and Wanley notices
in his Catalogue five different volumes in which homilies or nam-
tives of Drihthelm's vision are extant. Dr. Ingram (Appendix to
Sax. Chron.) has pointed out that Dryhthelm's remains were de-
posited at Melrose according to Hugo Candidus (ap. Sparke,p4o)—
and also that the wonderful vision of Charles le Gros, related bf
Malmesbury, Gesta Regum AngL lib. ii, was probably founded ca
Dryhthelm's.

694. XXX m] Allen, Royal Prerogative, pp 177, 178, supposes
that the were paid for Mul's murder by the men of Kent was
30,000 sceattas, and not shillings or pounds. Pearson's Eariy and
Middle Ages of England, cap. ix.

694. Here F has an insertion which should have been put in the
Appendix. It is " King Wihtred's Grant of Privileges" (as entitled
in Johnson's Canons, £d. Baron, Anno 692) made at the Synod of
Baccancelde (Bapchild, Kent). " And sona ^as %e he cing was. he
het gaderian mycel concilium on ^Sare stowe tJe ys geclypod BAC-
CANCELDE. On ^re was Wihtred sittende. Cantware cing. and
se arceb' of Cantuarebyri Brihtwald. and se biscop Tobias of Hroue-
ceastre. and mid heom abbodas and abbedessen. and manige wise
menn Var wseron gegaderade. ealle to smeagende embe Codes cjrcan
bote %a beo% innan Cent. Nu agan se cing to specende. and saede.
Ic wylle f ealle %a mynstre and t$a cyrican ^ weron giuene and
becwet$ene Gode to yryriSmjiite be geleafulra cinga dagan. minra
forengenglan. and be minra magan dagon. be iEgelberhtes cinges.
and ]>ara %e him efter fyligdan. swa beliuan Gode to wur^mynte. and
fsestlice standan. a to ecnesse eeure ma. Portion Ic Wihtred eor)>lic
cing. fram %an heouenlice Cinge onbryrd. and mid andan tSare riht-

cUend
wisnesse anseld. of uran ealdran fsederan gesetnesse ic habbe f gele-
omod. Jyat nan Isewede man nah mid rihte to stingan bine an annare
cirican. na an an Vara Vingan ^ to cyrcan belimpV. And foHSi
stranglice and truwlice we gesettat$ and demat$. and on Godei
naman )>es ealmihtiges. and on ealra halgena. we foi'beodaV eallon

NOTES 289

vroa eeftergengan. cingan. and ealdermannum. and eallan Iseweda^
mannum. seure aenne hlauordscipe oner circan. and ouer eallan heorpi
^ing^. ^ ic o^e mine yldran. on ealdon dagan. giuan Xpe to loue
on ece erfwyHSnesse. and ure hlefdian Sea ]\4arian. and Van halgap
apostolan. Ac loc hwenne hit gewurVe f bi£>cop. o^e abbod. oV^
^bbedeese. gewite of Vysan liue. sy hit gecydd Van arb*. and mid his
rade and geVeahte ay gecoren swilce wur|>e beo. and his lif Ve man
eceal to swa gedonne Vinge cysan asece se arb'. and his clsennesse.
and ... an nane wisan ne wur]ie gecoraen nan. na to swa gedonan
¥ingan gehalgod. butan l^es arb' r»de. Cyngas sceolan settau eorlas
and euldermen. scirereuan and domesmenn. and arb' sceal Gode»
gelaVange wissian and raedan. and biscopas. and abbodas. and abbe-
dessan. preostas. and diacona^. ceosan and settan. halgian and ge-
tryman. mid godan mynegunga and forebysene. |>e laeste pe sent of
Codes heorde dwelie and losie." See more in the Latin version in
Cod. Dipl 996 ; and, with some variations, in Spelman, vol. i. p 189.
After the place where F leaves off, Spelman's version contipues thus :
"Hoc prseceptum statuimus hiis monasteriis quorum nomina hsee
sunt annotata. Primum, primi Apostolorum principis Petri, id est,
Ypmynster, Raculf, Sodmynster, Dofras, Folcanstan, Hymming
(Lymining fVilkins)^ Stepeis & Hor. Hsec omnia interdicimus (sicut
ant(^ diximus) ut nullus habitus ex numero laicorum ad se pertrahat
vel suscipiat nullum monasterium de hiis prsnominatis."

699 £. In the Annals of Ubter this is entered under 697. Belliim
inter Saxones et Fictos ubi cecidit filius Bernit qui dicebatur Brectrid.
Tighemac 698.

705. Mit dem Tode Aldfrid's begann der Lichtpunct der Geschichte
^orthumbriens zu verbleichen. Lappenl^erg, vol i. p 205. Compare
note on 731.

710. Gtorente Weala oininge] The name Gerent recurs in
British history. In this place it is that Oerent king of West
"Wales (i. e. Devon and Cornwall) to whom Aldhelm, when Abbot
of Malmsbury, addressed a letter or treatise (librum egregium ad-
versus errorem Brittonum Bed. v. 18) about conformity to the
Roman Ritual. Titled thus : Domino gloriosissimo, occidentalis regni
scqftra gubemanti, quern ego, ut mihi Scrutator cordis et rerum Testis
esttfratemA caritate amplector, Gtoruntio Regi, simulque cunctis Dei
Sacerdotibus per Domnonia conversantibus^ Aldhehnus^ sine meritorum
prarogativa Abbatis officio functus, optabilem in Domino saLutem /
Aldhelmi Opp. Ed. GUes. p 83.

We know of an earlier Gerent, also connected with Devonshire,
through an elegy upon his death by Llywarch Hen. It is the first

pp

290 NOTES

in M. de la Villeaoarqu^'s Bardes Bretons ; and is entitled, Marwd
Gerent Mab Erbin=Elegy of Gerent son of Erbin. This Gercnt is
almost of the times and cycle of Arthur : though M. de la ViUemarqo^
would vindicate him for history by identifying him with the " 8wi}e
ft]>elne monnan" who fell fighting the Saxons; above 501.

Mr. Pearson, Early and Middle Ages of England, p 35 note, sayi
l^e mythical Vortigem is a transformation of that Grerontius, a native
ef Briton, who transferred the diadem from the usurper Constantioe
to the head of his friend Maximus.

Gerrans in Cornwall is connected with 'king Gerennios' bj a
very distinct and circumstantial tradition. On the highest ground
in ' Roseland/ overlooking Gerrans Bay, is Veryan Beacon, or (in
the Ordnance Map) Came Beacon^ a tumulus of the first magnitude.
Tradition calls it the tomb of king Gerennius, who lived in a palace on
yonder side of the bay, and his corpse was rowed across in a golden
boat with silver oars, which were all buried along Mrith him. This
mound was opened in 1853 by the Bev. John Adams [Newdigate
Prize-man 1847], the Hon. and Rev. J. T. Boscawen, and others:
and a Report which appeared in the Cornwall Gazette^ writteu bj
Mr. Adams, ought to be enshrined in some less ephemeral pablication.
The efiPect of the openiug was to establish the sepulchral character
of the Beacon; for after some days' excavation, they reached a
kUt'Vaen of massive unhewn rocks, fit for the resting-place of a king.
All within had mouldered to dust. Mr. Adams assigns a date to thb
interment, from a place in the Register of LlandafiF, which says that
S. Teilo on his way homeward from Brittany (whither he had retired
during the prevalence of the ictericia pesiis) visited Gerennius king
of Cornwall, and attended his death-bed. The date of this event is
A. D. 596 (Stubbs, p 1 56).

7 10 E. Heefe and Ceere] *' Loca duo suntin agro Norikymhrad
decem plus minus mille passuum invicem distantia^ Carehoiue et
Heefeld, paulum ultra vallum Pictorum. Etsi non ausim aflBrmare ea
olim fuisse dicta Caere et Hsefe, videtur tamen illud suadere turn
nominum antiquorum et hodiemorum similitudo, turn etiam locorum
situs. Circa limites enim Pictorum et Northymbrorum prsetiatuo
faisse» non est cur dubitemus." Gibson. " Heugh and Caraw"
Thorpe.

Ann. Tighemac 711. Strages Pictorum in Campo Monand a
Saxonis ubi Findgaine mc Deleroith immaturft morte jacuit. Cod-
gressio Bnttonum et Dalriadha for Loirgeclat [loingg ecclet. Ann.
Ulst. 710] ubi Britones devicti. Ap. Skene, Collectanea de rebn?
Albanicis.

NOTES Ml

7 16 A. j^ oiricleoan aoare] the ecclesiastical tonsure, as 2^ B C ;
^r Sanote Fetres soeere, S. Peter^s tonsure, as D£F : cf, 737 E,
757 E. This tonsure was circular like a crown, and was called tfae
ooFona ; whereas that in use in the Scotian Churches was crescent-
shape from ear to ear. See Robertson's Church History, vol. ii.
p6i.

Ann. Tigh. 718. Tonsura Corona s.p. famUiam lea dat\ which
Mr. Skene renders, *' The Coronal Tonsure imposed upon the com-
munity of lona."

722. Tantiin] Comparing this with 658 we measure the west-
ward progress of Saxon dominion. Taunton was now itfl most ad-
vanced station. The Tone here passes through the gate of the
country, as the Thames does at Reading. Taunton commanded the
narrow plain between the Quantocks and the Wellington Pillar
Heights. In the Somersetshire Archwological and Natural History
Society's Proceedings for 1853 is an excellent paper on the position,
history, and present condition of Taunton Castle, with a plan and
illustrations, by the Rev. F. Warre. It was placed in the angle made
by a small stream flowing into the Tone.

728 2^. Ine ferde to Borne] In a highly demonstrative epistle
from Gregory II. to Leo the Iconoclast, quoted in Gibbon, c. 49, the
Roman bishop makes a diplomatic use of the zeal and submissive^
Aess of the converted barbarians of the West^ and there is room
to imagine (as the historian has done in a note) that this pilgrimage
by king Ine was in the writer's mind.

731. Ceolwulf was king of Northombria wh^n Beda died; it
was to him that he had dedicated his Ecclesiastical History (see
foot-note supra, p 52) : in the last chapter of which he left a sentence
of gloomy foreboding as to the future prospects of his country. His
foresight was justified by events, as may be seen by the divisions and
crimes and instability marked in the Northumbrian Annals 757*
759» 774* 778. 789. 790» 794: cf. note on 705.

The turn of Meroia comes next : hitherto its conflicts had been ,
with Northumbria, but now we see it expanding and becoming ag-
gressive in the direction of Wessex (733) ; taxing Cu^rsed's efibrts
(741, 752) ; in alliance with Cu)iraed against the Welsh (743) ; fight-
ing against Kent (773), and under the dread king Ofla wresting
Bensington from Wessex (777), who extorts from the Abp. of Can-
terbury a cession of part of the primacy, to render Mercia ecclesiasti-
cally independent (785) ; orders the king of E. Anglia to be put to
death (792), and throws up " Ofi^i's Dyke" (Asser). Under Ceolwulf
they overrun Kent (796), and continue to hold the leadership in

p p 2

292 NOTES

Bntain till the close of the century. But from the accesrioD of
£cgherht (800), the power of Weesez hegine to aim at the poeitioii
which it ultimately attained.

740. Eadberht] Error of scribe for Cu^- : cf. 7 58.

.745. Danihel] Daniel of Winchester, the correspondent and
counsellor of Boniface, Missionary Bishop of the Germans. Robertson,
Church History, vol. ii. p 95 sqq.

7532s. Beorgfeorda] Bur/ard Cmarg : cf. 457 note.

755. In this circumstantial narrative the reader shoald bear ifi
mind the arrangements of a Saxon residence. The chief bnilding
was the Kallf around which grouped the other apartments, each en-
tered from the court ; the whole surrounded by a iro// or rampcit
of earth, and therefore named a burh. The common external en-
trance was the gate (geat), which was an opening in the waU; bat
the entrance to any of the enclosed buildings was a door {duru).
The description in this Annal seems to imply that the residence at
Jilerton covered a considerable area.

The king was in the lady's chamber (^r-^the * bower* of mediaeval
romance), and Cyneheard surprised him there (Ame ^€pr berad) by
riding in unexpectedly through the outer gate into the court, bdbre
the kmg's attendants, who had retired to the hall, were aware {or
hine )>a men onfimden )>e mid ^am cyninge uxtrun). Then the fight
between the king and his foe takes place at the door (cftirv) of tbe
lady's bower, and there the king was slain. And now the lady '8
screams had, for the first time, alarmed the king's guard in the haD.
They hasted to the rescue, scorned Cyneheard's proposals, and fought
till all but one were slain. Next morning the rest of the king's
party came up, and found Cyneheard in occupation, and in a posture
of defence (J^ne aiiSeling on ^ere by rig metton). His party had closed
the outer gates ()ia gatu), and meant to defend them. After a
fruitless parley, they fought about the gates (ymb }ni gatu) till tiie
party inside was obliged to yield. See Mr. Wright's very interesting
work, " Domestic Manners and Sentiments," p 13.

755. )>one bur titan beeode] |)a burh utan ymbeodan B; ^
burh utan beeodan C ; ]K>ne bur utan beeodon D.

755- P 50 1. on l^ses wifes gebsBrum] by the woman's cries. So
gebsdnim Oros. iv. 10. § 3 ; Ed. Bosw. Psalm xxxiv. 15. In these
two instances it might be questioned whether * gestures' or * cries'
were the sense. In Oros. i. 1 2. § i . wifa gebara is vague. In our text
it is clearly ' cries ;' and so Sir F. Madden renders it in Glos. Lajamon
V. there.

The use of the preposition on in an instrumental sense was widely

NOTES ^ 2:J3

D Spread, and is still in extensive provincial use. The ^expression

k 'along of is hut a modification of the genuine 'along on' to

convey cause or occasion. Thus Chaucer (Canonee Yemannes

Tale):

I cannot tell wl^^roii it wm al(mff,
But wel I wot gret strif ia us among.

755. p 50 h. alle Isegon] all lay, i. e. were corpses. No later in^
I -ventions of human language have rendered death with more expres-
sion, than that which was the most obvious and probably the very
, oldest — ^the motionless prostration as of a felled tree. This thought
, produced nr&fta and cadaver. In Job xiv. 10. it is put forward pro-
, minently, but our version has overlooked it. Renan : Mais quand
i'homme meurt, ii reste 6tendu. De Wette : Aber der Mana» stirbt
er, so liegt er da. Compare Zosimas in Appendix to SwrShun, p 1 lo.
I 7, ^aet maegn |>8es licgendan.

And as liogan=to lie, is used for the state of death ; so ledgfttt,
transitive, to lay or fell, is used of slaying ; like occldere and occldere.
See Schmid, Gesetze Glos. v. lecgan.

755* P 50 "^* hiera agenne d6m] their own terms.
" 755* PS^l- oy^BBft hie yeefr inne folgon] until they penetrated,
or forced an entrance. Grein seems to be right in rendering fBlgft&
simply intrare. Kemble v. filhan. The word is an obscure one, and
perhaps was never in general use : so B avoids it by writing wurdon ;
and £ has recourse to the wild substitute ^vgo/f, which is quite odt
of place.

76 f £. Florence says: juxta Clivum Edwini, clitonem quendam
nobilissimum Oswinum occidit. Hen. Hnnt. is more ample : Mol
rex Nordhumbre interfecit Oswine fortissimum ducum suorum, qui
committens prselinm erga dominuro sunmttpud Eadwinesclive, jure
gentium spreto, jure Dei occisus est. Simeon Dnn. describes the
battle-field as, juxta Eldunum secus Melros. Written Eladunum
in Hoveden and Chr. Mailros. This word El with its variants
jllj Hel, seem to have designated a height, rock, or mountain. Beda
£. H. i. 13. has Alcluith, quod linguft eorum significat |>e/ram Cluith.
Helvellyn is rendered yellow mountain, on the authority of Dr. Guest,
*• as Rhiwvelen, that name so common in Welsh topography, meant
yellow slope." Archaeological Journal, No. 75. p 2 14.

763. ]K>ne fisowertegan dseg ofer midne winter] id est
Oandelmas day C marg. : cf. 457 note.

773. read Cristes msel] Hardly " a fiery crucifix" (MHB); but
as Mr. Thorpe, " a red cross.*' Literally, Cristes msel means the
sign or emblem of Christ. Florence has it, Rubicundi colons sig-

294 NOTES

•

QUID in crucia moduin in caelo apparuit post solid occasam. lofri
p 1 33 1, the cross of signature is called by this name.

778 E. heahgereflBui] Kemble (Saxons in England, vol. ii. 0.5)
thinks these high'reeves were no fiart of the ordinary machinery of
government, bat oflScers occasionall3»commissioned with extraordinan
powers. Simeon of Durham calls them duces here and in 780. The
title occurs again looi S (three times), and 1002 E. The only other
light we get on the subject is from a httle code on Wergilds (Thorpe'i
Ancient Laws, 8vo. p 1 86 ; — fol. p 79. Schmid, Anhang yii) in whick
the heahgerefa ranks with the hold (having the same wergild);
above the thane, but below the bishop ^nd ealdorman. In having t
wergild at aU, he is, as Schmid remarks, distinguished from other
gerefan, who have no wergild as gerefon. In all other casei
where gerefa has a prefix, it is a substantive, expressive of the pro-
vince of his reeveship ; e. g. Scirgerefa= reeve of the shire, sheriff;
burhgerefa, charged with the maintenance of a fortress (burh) ; port-
gerefa, provost of a market-town ; wicgerefa, village-reeve ; tonge-
refa, farm-bailiff; swangerefa, supervisor of the swdnaa or swiIl^
herds, and controller of the forest-pasturage.

780 E. p 57. .SUfwold cining sende man] mam delendum.
As it now stands, it would mean that the king was sent &c. The
odd thing is that the error is in D also, so that it may have pervaded
several chronicles. Unless perhaps a sense can be found for it, which
escapes me ?

780. p 57. The Pallium recurs so frequently in out' records, and is
a symbol of such historical importance, that the following paragraph,
dated April 20, 1863, cannot fail to interest the student of these
annals : —

"The Archbishop of Paris received the PaUium yesterday from
the hand of the Papal Nuncio, in the small church of the Lazarists,
in the Rue de Sevres. The ceremony was comparatively private,
though a large body of clergy and several bishops were present
The religious papers tell us that the stuff out of which the Arcbi-
episcopal vestment called the Pallium is manufactured, is made from
the wo(»l of ten white lambs, which have received the Apostolic be*
nediction in the church of St. Agnes at Rome, on the day of the
festival of that saint. These lambs are afterwards kept in a convent
until the shearing-time arrives. The Palliums made from this wool,
without any admixture, are then deposited on the tomb of St. Peter,
and remain exposed there during the night preceding they<^e of that
Apostle. The next day they all receive benediction at the altar» and
are despatched wherever they are required. The Pallium, in shape,

NOTES «fi,>

is composed of two woollen bands, about two inches in breadth,
which hang suspended down the back and chest." The Gtuirdian,
April 22, 1863.

The chief points of interest in the history of the Pall may be
readily seen in Dean Hook's Lives of the Archbishops, vol. i. p 27 ;
where the main authorities are given. Originally it was an undefined
mark of honour, but at length it acquired a special reference to. the
exercise of the metropolitan dignity, and as such it was defined in a
Canon of the Council of Lateran 1215. The conventional shape of
the Pall is seen in the archiepiscopal arms of Canterbury, Armagh,
and Dublin.

785. and Eogfer}» ta cyninge gehalgod.] Hen. Hunt, says,
Eodem anno Egfert sacratus est in regem Kentensis provinciee.
There is no older authority for making Ecgfer|y king of Kent : and it
may be a confusion on the part of that chronicler with what hap-
pened in the dynasty of Wessex in'the next century. But still the
whole subject of the succession to the throne of Kent becomes at
this period so obscure, and the pretensions of Mercia must have
grown so absolute by the event of 773, that it would be unsafe to
reject Henry's statement, which makes Kent an appanage of Mercia.
Moreover, it is to be observed that the elevation of Eadbryht Praen
(794) coii^des with the death of Offa. The ultimate expulsion of the
Mercians from Kent is recorded in 823. If E's reading ' gehalgode'
is mnything more than a blunder, and we attaoh any value to it, it»
meaning would be, that the new Mercian archbishop consecrated the
royal candidate.

787. 86 gereflEkJ This is the weard or landweard of Beowulf
45 7» 3777 (Kemble). The incident was clearly a celebrated one at
the time ahd long after : it is thus recorded in the magniloquence of
j£thelweard : Regnante Byrhtrico regepiissimo super partee Anglorum
dccidentales, jam innocentia protensi popuUarvU sereno cum tranquUlu
tote dahant equalidis sulco, et oneri/era bourn casta proximo amore
colla jugo suhdebant ; advecta est subiio Danorum ardua non nimia
Classis, dromones numero tres ; ipsa et adveciio erat prima, Audita
etiam, exactor regis^jam morons in oppido quod Dorceastre nuncupatur,
equo insilivit, cum paucis prat.vrrit ad portum, putans eos magis nego-
iiatores esse quam hostes ; et pracipiens eos imperio, ad regiam vUlam
pellijussit ; a quibus ibidem occiditur ipse, et qui cum eo erant : nomen
quippe exactoris erat Readuheard,

Henry of Huntingdon gives it thus : Brichtricus anno regni sui
quarto, duxit in uxorem Eadburh filiam regis Offa Merce : unde com*
fortatus est in regno et provectus in superbiam. His autem diebus vene^

29$ NOT£S

rmU Daci cum tubus puppibus in Briianmiam pr^edaiionis causa. Q»i
pr4gMmtus regi$ ilUui provincUe videm, occurrii eu debiio securUa, tt
eomprehensos ad regium duceret caalnun, Nesciebai autem qm mat
frn appuleramt, vel cur appuUssenL Staiim vero immixtui at oedm
i(8i. Hicprimui/uit Anglotum C€tsu$ a Dacii, post quern mulia miUk
miiimm ab mdem caga iunt : et ha puppes primm /uenaU quat hu
Dad adduxerunt.

ThU gerefa, weard, landweard, exactor regis or praepoaitus regis,
ifforda un analogy for the office of the much discussed Comet LUon
Saxouiei.

It appears from the Annales Carobrise, that the south coast of
Ireland was likewise visited by the Danish ships this year for the
first time : " Primus adventus gentUium apud dexirales ad mher-
niam*'

787. \9b isrestan soipu Deniaora monna] What these elups
were like we may at some future time know better than we do at
present In a recent extraordinary find of antiquities at Nydam
Moss in Denmark, there has been discovered a perfect ship, built for
oars, 7a feet long and 9 feet in the beam. The planks are of oak,
with large iron bolts, and clamps cut out of solid oak. The exca?a-
Uon0 b^ing followed up under the eye of the late king, Frederick VII,
they^ found another boat 44 feet long, of deal. Roman jroins ac-
companying this find, the latest A.D. 217. For full particulars see
the accQunt in Gent. Mag., December 1863, by Professor George
Stephana.

790 £. eft feing to lioe] Not " proximd capessit regnum"
(Gibson); nor merely '^ succeeded" (Ingram); nor "afterwards suc-
ceeded" (Thorpe): bat '* again obtained" (MHB). He returned to
tbe throne from which he had been expelled (778). four years after
his accsfsipn (774); where he is called Holloa aanu, and here
ASelwaldea aunu. His father was Moll iB^Selwald (759). See
parallel cases in 8a8, 1046 (p 1 70). This is the special function of
eft» to signify iterum^ denuOf rursue, re-» obennol, vdKuf or o^^. See
Dr. White, Gl. Orm. v. Efit. Its general, or base-meaning, is " after-
wards ;" but this sense almost vanishes in the prose literature.

At the early date of 685 there appears to be a dear case of 6ft=
"afterwards;" that on p la, ac hie eft on hie fiihton, is of later
dftte* and <' afterwards" is not an adequate rendering. Rather thus :
" but they afterwards turned and fought against them."

In 797, of the two instances, one may be doubtful. In 838, and
|>y ilcan geare eft = and a second time the same year. In 894 (p 91 1)»
eft-ageaf = restored, gave back without ransom. In 918, and ^

NOTES 297

aliesde Eadweard cyning hine eft ; it is equivalent to the compound
eft-aliesde = redemit. See p 5 ; also 633, 869, 937 (p 115), 1048
(p 180 tw,), 1068 (p 207).

F 79^' P 58*- Here a privilege is inserted in F: — And ACelard
arb' of CantwareV. sette syno9. and getrymde and gefiestnode. 9arh fSts papan
bsBse Leonee. ealle da 6ing be Godes mynBtran. 0a waeron gesett be Wihtgares
dsge. and be o9ra cinga dsege. And iSxxa cwetf. Ic AOelard. eadmod arb' of
Cantwareb'L mid anmodan nede ealles sinoffes. and mid ealra dare gegaderunga
ealra "dara mynstra. dam be ealdan dagan frignesse was geauen fram geleaf-
fullan mannom. On Godes naman. and durh his bifigendan dom. ic bebeode.
swa swa io hsese habbe of "San papan Leone. i> heononford nan ne dyrstlsece
ceosan him hlauordas of kewedan mannan ouer Godes erf wyrdnysse. Ac eal
swa swa hit jb on dan ge write de se papa hsefd giuen. odde da haligan weras
gesettan. de beod ure fsederas and ure lareowas be haligum mynstrum. swa hi
beliuon unawenmied butan selcre anssece. Gif seni mann js -p ^is Godes and
lines papan and ore bebod healdan nolle, ao farseod and far naht healdad.
witan hi ji hi sculon gifi^n gesoead toforan Godes domsetle. And ic Adelhard
arb*. mid twelf bisoopan. and mid l>rim and twentigan abbodan. l>iB ylce mid
rode tacne Xp'es getrimmad and gefiestnia.

797. The history of the case is in Gibbon, c. 49 ; but this legend
is a transfer to Leo of the famous miracle of the African Confessors,
which puzzled Gibbon (c. 37), and which Dean Milman (Latin
Christianity, vol. i. p 332) calls the one post- apostolic miracle which
appears to rest on the strongest evidence. In a note at the end of
the volume he quotes a surprising parallel from a recent traveller.

Matth. Westm. (Flores Hist.) has here a very different story about
this Leo having cut off his own hand, to avoid a certain contami-
nation, and haying originated the practice of kissing the foot instead
of the hand of the pope.

800. CynemsBresforda] Kempsford in Gloucestershire; or
Commerford in Wiltshire, concerning the claims of which latter
place, see Camd. Brit. col. 106. (Stevenson.)

819. Cenwulf Iklierona cyning] There is a leaden bulla of this
king in the British Museum. It bears on the obverse ^ LOENV VLFI
REmS ; and on the reverse ^ MEREIORVM. (Sir F. Madden,
in Archaeol. Journal, 1856, p 369.)

822. Clofeshoo] Cleofesh66 C; doctor Hethes benyffyce
C marg. : cf. 457 note. See the Chronicles of Abingdon edited by
Mr. Stevenson for the Master of the Rolls. Where it appears that
the monastery of Abingdon was founded near a town called Seukesham
or Seovescham or Sheovesham, The locality is central for Mercia
and Wessex. Gibson (Glos. Sax. Chron.) maintains it is Abingdon ;
and unlike himself, growing warm in his argument, he deems that
hand /acili sanus quispiam . . . . i/i hdc re harere possit. Ingram

Qq

298 NOTES

silently, "Cliff at Hoo, Kent." In Cod. Dipl. 1034 the place k
written ClobOBhain. Where may Dr. Hethe's benefice have been?

823. Gkiftilforda] Hodie (opinor) Camalford in agro ConuU-
etui, quod oppidum alicubi vocari Gaffelfotd aaaerit Camdene
(Gibson). The substitution of F for M appears elsewhere, e.g.
Boethius, c. xzxv. § 4 : the name of Nimrod or rather Nemrod
(Vulg.) is rendered *Nefrod.' Semington (Wilts) has an ahm
* Sevington.* Compare the variations efn- or emn^, siefh or 8temM.

This seems to have been a check given by the Welsh of Cernji
to the advance of Wessex settlers, who probably designed to posh
beyond the Tamar by turning it high u|) — and so wenig verbreiteteo
sich die Angelsachsen iiber den Tamarfluss hinaus, dass dieser nock
viele lahrhunderte hindurch eine der merkwurdigsten Sprach- nod
Volker-Scheiden Europas geblieben ist (Lappenberg).

823. and Cantware him tooyrdon . . . ivedrun] The esta-
blished translation of this passage runs thus : " And the men of Kent,
Surrey, Sussex, and Essex submitted to him (viz. king Ecbryht), for
formerly they had been unjustly forced from his kin/' (i. e. severed
from connection with the Wessex family.) Such a connection b
made out by Henry Hunt, in the person of Eadbert Pnen, whom he
brings into his rendering of this passage — " rex Ecbricht in dominiom
suscepit quos prius cognatus suus Pren injustd amiserat." This is
one of * die wichtigen Notizen' peculiar to Henry Hunt.« on which
Lappenberg here builds ; and if it be accepted, all difficulty is ob-
viated. To me it does not bring conviction. MHB empbaticallj
questions Eadberht Pren's kinship to Ecgbriht, " sed de cognatione
ejus cum Egberto adhuc qaaerendum" (p 733). Next it is to be
observed that the grammar has to be stretched, and " him to" must
be referred to Ecgbriht, over a distance which nothing less than
certainty as to the sense could bridge over. In this state of the case,
1 will venture to propose a new translation which is a little specu-
lative, but which may be worth trying where the old one stands on
such dubious ground. " They drove Baldred the king over the
Thames ; and the Kentish men threw off their allegiance to him, as
did Surrey, Sussex, and Essex, on the ground that they had ori-
ginally been unjustly subdued by his fieunily." The two words on
which this great alteration of sense turns, are tooirdon and from.
From instead of meaning removal, separation, ' away from ;* is here
made to be passival, and to mean * by' of the agent. This use, though
archaic and uncommon, is well enough known, and need not be
questioned if we can settle the other. It is tooirdon, which
I venture to suspect may mean the very opposite of that sense

NOTES 299

which ordinarily, and not groundlesaly, haa been assigned to it
The old rendering may be justified by many passages, e. g. Elzod.
xxiiv. 3 1 , )»a clipode he big. |>a cirde Aaron and ]>a yldestan men
to Aim = Then called he them; then turned Aaron and the rulers
io him. Notwithstanding, I think that him to cirde in our text is
' turned /rom him/ rejected him, cast him off. The ' to* is not the
'to' of adhesion; but the other, which means severance (Lat. dia-t
German ser-). See compounds with to- in Glossary. A happy
illustration is in £ 1094 (p 2301), 'hi )ia mid mycelon unsehte to
cyrdon'=:cum gravibus inimicitiis discesserunt (Gibson) ; they parted
with great dissension (Stevenson) ; they separated with great ani-
mosity ffhorpe). If my version is right, all the Latin chroniclers
are wrong, which on the one hand gives a check to my confidence ;
but on the other, it would throw a great light on the history of the
Language to recover a sense which to Ethelweard and his successors
was remote and obscure.

The expression genydde (to which anidde in this place is pro-
bably equivalent) occurs repeatedly in Orosius, of forced adhesion,
e. g. Book iii. c. ix. § 6. in Ed. Bosworth. " And srS^n for on Cilicium,
and )>set folc to him genydde ; and si^an on RoVum jyaet igland, and
)>8et folc to him genydde. And aefter )>aro he for on Egypti, and hy
to him genydde." Also Book v. c. xiL § 4 : and in Book v. c. xv. § 3.
we have the inverse ; " Germanic gesohton Agustus vngenydde him
to fri%e"=The Germans voluntarily besought the favour of Augustus.

827 7f. )>iifl mioel rioe] Haefde serest ^ysses gemetes rice i£11e
&c., Bedaii. 5.

827. Dore] near Shefifield, just within the border of Derbyshire.
Again 942. Here, as there, it marks the verge of Mercia and the
confines of Northumbria.

835. Her cuom . . . wixmende wsBron] Florence renders thus :
Dani multa cum classe in Occidentalium Britonum terram quae Cur-
valia vocatur, appulerunt ; cum quibus Britones foedus paciscuntur, et
eos secum ducentes, fines regni Elcgbrihti regis depopulantur.

836. iii gear] ein Irrthum fur dreizehn. (Lappenberg). Ecgbryht
spent the time of his exile at the court of Charlemagne.

839 Ti, Cwantawio] Cantwarabirig C ; Cantwic D E. See note
. in MHB.

840. This Annal looks rather like a repetition of 833 ; but both
are found in aU the Chronicles, Saxon and Latin.

8ji. JEJielstaii cynizig] brother of iE)>elwulf and king of Kent.
Chr. Melrose.

Qq2

300 NOTES

85 1 S. SND py IIfC2!^N] These capitals probably repiweat
the national exultation at so novel and promising an event as a nan!
victory over the vikings. In B it is explicitly said, that they fought it
ships — gefuhtan on scipum — ^and so also C D EI* and even F, iE^SdstiD
cing gefeht on scipe agean h8e|>en8e. Cf. Dean Hook, Lives of tk
Archbishops of Canter bury , voL i. p 292.

852 & grsdflEtn] This doubtful word was boldly rendered br
Gibson as mineral coal, *' duodecim plaustra carbonum fossiliam,"
and so all the Editors since (* coal/ Ingram, Stevenson ; ' pit-coal,'
Thorpe), except MHB, where it is prudently left untranslated. We
have hardly an indication that this kind of fuel was known in Saxoo
times. Mr. Wright ("Domestic Manners," p 21) thinks he finds
one in the Vocabularies, where col and synder are rendered carbc and
scorium. The item reads very well as fuel in association with those
before and after it ; and a suitable etymology is obvious, as Mr. Ste-
venson has noted, from graDEtn, to dig, mine, quarry. But it may be
asked, is it likely, if grsdfla had been once a word in Lincolnshire,
Northants, &c., for coal ; and if this article had been so well koown
that Peterborough Abbey received twelve loads of it every year
from a single estate ; is it likely that this name of a useful commo-
dity would have quickly disappeared } Yet no trace of it is foond
anywhere. — Another consideration may influence our interpretation.
Where should the lessee of Sempringham, as it is now called, in
the south of Lincolnshire, procure twelve load of pit-coal ? A glance
at a geological map shews no coal measures nearer than Derbyshire!
I conclude that the pit-coal must be given up, and that greflt was
gravel for the annual repair of the dykes, embankments, and roads,
so necessary a provision in the Fens. It is quite possible that the
wood mentioned before, and the fagots or stakes which come after,
may, one or both, have regarded the same service.

We find at a later date the representatives of the Abbey of Peter-
borough are held responsible for considerable works of this nature,
as the following extract will shew. In an Ordnance of the Com-
mission of Sewers for the Fens (A. D. 161 6) it stands : " And that
the Old Ea being another branch of the river Neene, from Claylake
unto Middlehome, hard att BuUdyke End neere Peterborough, shall
be roaded and cleansed to the old bottome and antient breadth, and
all dames and other stopps therein shall be avoyded and utterly
taken away by the Deane and Chapter of Peterborough or theyrc
tennants." Wells' History of the Bedford Level, vol. ii. p 45.

852 E. fo^ra . . . fo^ur . . . fo^ur] Either horse-loads, or else

NOTES 301

some definite qaantity by weight or measure. Halliwell v. Foiher^
says 19 cwt. It occm-s in Chaucer, Prologue 532, where the reading
is not ylaid (Tyrwhitt), hntjladde (Bodl. MS. 3360).

852 £. mittan] In the Lindisfame Gospels, sub modio Matt. v. 1 5,
is rendered under tnitte vel under sestre ; and in Rushworth, under
mytte; where in the WS. Gospp. it is under cyfe,

853. domne Leo] This form is found also in the Saxon
Beda iii. 14. " min domne bisceop," for the Latin " domine
antistes."

855 2(. Adam, prinms homo et pater noBter. est Xps.] In this
ascension from Adam to Christ, we have something like the train of
thought by which Clemens Aleiandrinus (Strom, vi. § vii. p 769)
deduces the pedigree of Greek philosophy from Christ as the pri-
maeval source. Later philosophers being descendants of Zeno,
Aristotle, Epicurus, Socrates, — these of Pythagoras, Pherecydes,
Thales, — the parents of these again having been the Egyptians,
Indians, Babylonians; the scale^at length ascends to the original
parents of mankind; and these received all their light from Him
that lighteth every man that cometh into the world. Blunt, Early
Fathers, p 174.

865. him feoh geheton wi% j^am ftite] See Dean Hook,
Lives of the Archbishops of Canterbury^ vol. i. p 29 1 . The version of
Asser (whose chronology differs by a year) is as follows: Anno
dominicse incamationis DCCCLXIV Pagani hyemavernnt in insula
Tanet, et firmum foedus cum Cantuariis pepigerunt ; quibus Cantuarii
pecuniam pro foedere servato reddere promiserunt; interea tamen
vulpino more Pagani noctu clam castris erumpentes, foedere disrupto,
et promissionem pecuniae spementes (sciebant enim majorem pecuniam
se furtiva prseda quam pace adepturos) totam orientalera Cantiae
plagam depopulati sunt.

865. upbesteel] It is strange that the force of up should have
been overlooked by the classical scholars who have laboured on the
Chronicles, since it is exactly like the well-known use of &» for
going • up the country* or inland, from the coast. The enemy was
encamped on Thanet, but they stole a raid into the heart of the
country. In 901, where the transaction is all inland, the same ex-
pression occurs without up : cf. also 876. Other instances are, uppe
on londe, 897 (p95 1); tt/»6ecoman= they landed, p Y 15 ; upeodon,
998; upgang-^tji inland expedition, 1009 (p 143): but the most
decisive place is in 1046 (i). aeg^er ge upganges ge wseteres. Com-
pare iElfiric's Homilies, vol. i. p 3 1 2 (Ed. Thorpe) ; where, speaking
of Pharaoh's pursuit of the Israelites into the Red Sea, Da^a he com

302 NOTES

on middan tore sse, )>a wees ^t Godes folc upagaii=By the time he
(Pharaoh) had reached the middle of the sea, the people of God w«
$nfe on shore. Also up on lande, id. p 162.

866 A.' iE)»6red] i£%elred E. The form Mj^ered is coQstaDtii
!R. here and 868 and elsewhere, not only of this king, but also of the
Archbishop iE|>ered. 888. So also BCD agree with 'K, and £ is the
earliest that introduces the form i£%elred. But at 888 all the MSS.
down to F agree in omitting the /.

867. ungeoyndne cyning] See Ahp. Trench on " a kindly kmg,"
in English Past and Present, p 136. Cf. infra, p 126 h, ... goda
)Hirh gecyndne cr8pft=naturse indole bonus (Gibson); and p 322 m,
Normandige f land waes his gecynde= Normandy was his IM-
right.

867. late on geare] The word lAte=^ serb, is a word which the
modern English possesses in common with the Low German dialects,
where the Hoch Deutsch has spat At Hamburg, you may hev
the boatmen who have been in good time for a chance, call oat to
those who come up afterwards, that they are ' «/ to loot.'

867. to ]>am geoirdon Jiest] they resolved that they would fight
&c., MHB; they came to the resolution that &c., Thorpe.

871. wip alne ^ne here on JEsoesdnne] This is the Bcttk
of Ashdown which the White Horse of Berkshire is soppoaed to
commemorate.

871 "R, Meretune] MerantuneB; MereduneD-, MsaredumeE; Me-
rentune F. Gibson says this is generally set down as Merdon (Wilts),
meaning the place which is now written. Harden near Devizes^
but that others maintain it is Merton 3 m. from Bicester. He com-
mends the enquiry to the attention of local antiqucurians. Merton
in Surrey, mentioned 755, Gibson does not bring in here. So generic
a name is a poor geographical guide.

87i. siimorlida] Miss Gumey translated this "summer pesti-
lence" on the authority of Lye ; and also because it appeared to her
more probable than the (estiva ^mi^j of Gibson, or the 4Bstivms exerciias
of iEthelweard and Henry of Huntingdon. Mr. Thorpe, Trans-
lation of Lappenberg, vol. ii. p 45, pronounces Ethelwerd's ver»oD
' undoubtedly right.' Lappenberg (Geschichte, vol. i. p 3 1 2) would
correct the text and read snmor li^a, i. e. estiva classis. But we find
y^lida for a ship in Beowulf 395. The accompaniments of the root
litkui=to go, cannot easily be separated off from those which bekog
to the German verb leiden=to suffer. Dieftnbach (Gothiscbes
Worterbuch, vol. ii. p 131) throws them into one group, and it-
marks on the abnormal shifting of the dental, and abo on tbe

NOTES 303

confused intenningling of the two eenees, i. going, 2. suffering, which
he is at a loss how to connect, save by the medium-idea of fatigue.
He prefers after all to suppose that two distinct roots have run
together.

87 1 S. p 76. anlipig aldormon] Only in X. In B C D E the
adjective is dropped, and the substantive put in the plural. Gibson
translates, singulis ducibus. MHB has, single ealdormen, Mr. Thorpe,
individual aldemien. We have not in English a proper adjective
which — like anlipig in Saxon and singulus in Latin — conveys the
idea of numerous and solitary undertakings. Infra, p2i8 b, 'an
aelpig' represents only one of these ideas, ' one single.' In the
parable where they received 'every man a peny/ and where the
Gospel has *syndrige penegas,* a Homily has ')>a underfengon hi
senlipige penegas.' Thorpe's Analecta, p 74. In the Paris Psalter,
Ps. xiii. 2, it appears in the simple sense, *no forSon anlepe'=non
est usque ad unum. In Wiclif it appears as oonlypi^ Luke vii. 12 ;
viii. 42 ; ix. 38.

874. Hreope dune] Rippon C marg. : cf. 457note^

874 ff. aniim unwisiun] BODE give the name, Ceolwulfe
anum &c. Of this Ceolwulf 11. of Mercia there is extant ' a beautiful
and unique penny,' in the possession of Mr. Assheton. It is figured in
Mr. Hawkins's account of the Cuerdale coins : Numismatic Chronicle,
vol. V. p 10, 1843. Jubilee Edition of the-fVorks of King Alfred,
part ii. p 142.

875. Hreope dune] Rypon nan Rypton upon Trent C marg.
The annotator is mistaken. In Beda v. i . we have the Saxon form
for Rypon as 'Inhrypum.' This is rendered ' Repton' by MHB.

o

875. p 78. eft hergade on Peohtas] The correction of a oft

instead of eft is supported by the other Chronicles B C D E, and
justified by the sense. Here is a point in common with the Irish
Annalists. Ann. Ulst. 874. Congressio Pictorum /or Z>tf£^a/iti (i. e.
against the Danes) et strages magna Pictorum facta est.

876. Her hiene besteel se here into Werham Wesseazna
flerde] In rendering this archaic passage, modem translators have
gone wrong, first by taking Asser and Florence for their guides rather
than the Saxon words ; and, next, by a misapplication of the Latin.
Thus the word fierde has come to be a castle, * Castellum' in Ass.
Flor. is (an extra, descriptive of Werham, but it is) not . offered as
an equivalent of flerde; he ignores the words ' Wesseaxna fierde.'
The fact appears to be that the translator, whoever he was, of that

304 NOTES

version which is common (or nearly so) to Asser and Florence, seemi
not to have found it convenient to render these words. It is of
course possible that they were ahsent in his copy — the phrase would
still be complete without them (e. g. 865) — but it is difficult to adopt
this explanation when we find the said words in 3^ B C D EL We \ast
the less hesitation in thinking that the same difficulty was felt bj
the ancient as by the modern translators, because one of them, asd
he the earliest to whom a date can be assigned, viz. ^thdweard.
has made the most romantic nonsense in his attempt to turn it into
Latin.

The obscurity results from two causes, i. The indistinctness of
the case-ending of flerde. It is a genitive, in constraction with 1
compound verb in be- privative. If it had been a conspicuoos
genitive like * rices besciered' 821, no one would have mistakes
it. Or again, if it had had its article before it, aa ' beateelon ^eze
£erde' = stole away from the army (Thorpe) in this same anoal
it would have been a little clearer. But, 2. what has tended stiB
more to obscure the relation between bestflBl and flerde, is the
awkward and, I suppose we may say, archaic and even rsii^e collo-
cation. In the case quoted from 821, as well as in the paralkl
case in this same annal, the genitive is inseparate from its verb.
But the meaning certainly is : Here the invading force deluded the
national army and got into fVerham,

876. alias sworon on ]>am halgan beage] beah. is genersll?
a ring; and thence particularly any circular ornament, frontlet,
bracelet, necklace ; all which notions may be seen condensed in its
modern form badge. Those who are familiar with the coUectioDS of
barbarian antiquities, such as are to be seen at Copenhagen or
Dublin, know how largely primitive wealth was. invested in ringed
or spiral ornaments. The fashion survives in the • crown' which is
its most select example, and in the ' wedding ring* which is its most
universal. These are still 'holy badges* upon which oaths are
sworn. The Norsk name for the ring-oath was Baug-oi^r: cf.
£gil8son in voc.

Other Saxon instances of the word may be seen, e. g. Cod. Dipl
694 — *' anes beages is on syxtigum mancussum goldes" — apparendy
a golden crown 60 mancus- weight. In iElfric's Homilies, voL i.
pp 4 1 6, 4 1 7, the martyr's ' crown of glory ' is woldor-beali ; and be
who is 'crowned with glory' is (p 52) said to be gewuldorbeagod.
In Wright's Vocabularies, p 61, Dextrochirium=brad earm-beah;
P94, Umbo=rand-beah.

NOTES 305

The French retain the word in bagvet a ring ; yet more significantly
in the phrase baguei ct joyaux^ for valuables in jewellery ; and une
bague au doigt:=zdi feather in one's cap.

876. and ergende wsBron and hiera tilgende] " and were
ploaghing and some of them (?) were tilling." This hiera seems to
be an archaic use of the genitive, in the sense of some=zi( airrS>v.
The Asser- Florence version is founded on a confusion with here=
army : " illamque cum suo exercitu coluit."

877. This annal is very awkwardly put together, but I do not
now, as I once did, suspect a dislocation. The sequence of events
is made clear, if we observe that " and se cyning iElfred after ]>am
gehorsudan here mid fierde rad'* looks back' to the movement of the
mounted Danes at the close of the previous annal, and *rad' may
conveniently be regarded as a pluperfect=^a<f ridden. The whole
of this sentence down to "... to ne meahte" is parenthetical, and
inserted here, because as the scene shifts from Swanawic to Exeter,
it is necessary to report how iElfred had come to Exeter. The treaty,
hostages, &c., are not therefore in consequence of iElfred's pursuit to
Exeter, but of the disaster at Swanawic.

In Florence the whole narrative is omitted, which is strange, as
it is unconsciously repeated in Asser ; the first time more fully than
in the Saxon, and a second time more meagrely. The two relations
are given as of distinct events, and are connected by " Eodem anno."
This delusion is partly sustained by the diversity of corruption which
the name Swanawic has undergone. In one of the two accounts it
is Gnavewic. and in the other Suanavine. The superior purity of
the Saxon Chronicles appears here as at so many other places ; for
the modem name of Swanage bears testimony to the genuineness
of ' Swanawic' = the village of swineherds. Swanage has been thus
described by Mr. Kingsley : " A little semicircular bay on the E. of
the Isle of Purbeck, its northern horn of chalk cliffs, and the southern
of Purbeck marble. A quaint old-world village slopes down to the
water over the green downs; quarried like some gigantic rabbit-
burrow, with the stone- workings of 700 years. Land-locked from
every breeze, huge elms flourish on the dry sea-beach, and the
gayest and tenderest garden-flowers bask under the hot stone- walls."
Illustrated London News, December 26, 1,857; ^" connection with
Mr. Beckles's geological digging^.

878. buton ]>am oyninge JElfrede] " Four words very powerful
in their plain simplicity" (Pauli).

^78. 8&fter wudnm] per sylvestria (Asser) : cf. p 90 h, aefter Jjaem
wealda. In Somersetshire they still say, going along ' after the wall,'

396 NOTES

' after the streamy to signify following the line of. It ift by transitioo
from this usage, that we have the phrases * After this manner,' tsA
* Deal not with us after our sins.'

8 ; 8. p 80. on WestSeazum on Defena^K^ire] Asser describes
the scene of this decisive conflict by name, as ' Arx Cynuit.' Vario»
attempts have been made along the north coast of Devon to ideotifr
this Arx Cynuit. Mr. Kingsley, in the opening of Westward Ho,
brings it in as one of the historical features of the neighbourhood d
Bideford. His young hero, temp, Eliz., is on the high ground that
overlooks the estuary of the Torridge. " Beneath him on his right,
the Torridge, like a land-locked lake, sleeps broad and bright betweea
the old park of Tapeley and the charmed rock of the Hubbastooe,
where seven hundred years ago, the Norse rovers landed to lav siege
to Kenwith Castle, a mile away on his left hand ; and not three
fields away are the old stones of 'The Bloody Comer/ where the
retreating Danes, cut off from their ships, made their last fruitless
stand against the Saxon sheriff and the valiant men of Devoo.
Within that charmed rock, so Torridge boatmen tell, sleeps now the
old Norse Viking in his leaden coffin, with all his fairy treasure and
his crown of gold ; and as the boy looks at the spot, he fancies, and
almost hopes, that the day may come when he shall have to do his
duty against the invader as boldly as the men of Devon did then."
Such is the illusory effect of tradition, even in modern times, that a
mere conjecture of Camden's has taken root as a local reality. One
would suppose from the above, that there was a genuine * Kenwith
Castle,' which the writer identifies with the historical event alluded
to. But Camden knew of no such name in his day. Re savs:'
*• Hinc Tawus Towridgi aquis auctior Sabrinianum mare petit. An
ver6 Chimligh ilia sit Kinuith castrum cuius meminit Asserios.
non facild dixerim." A far more probable spot appears to me to be
' Countesbury* near Linton ; and possibly, if an elder form of that
name could be found, it might approach nearer to * Cynuit/

878. p8o. Ecgbryhtes stane] Probably the judgment-seat of
the district, and where the hundred-gemot or the scir-gemot was
held, as set ^gelno^es stane. Cod. Dipl. 755. The name has been
identified with Brixton Deverill near Warminster.

878 £. p 81. Wealwudu] All the earlier Chronicles have ' Sd-
wood,' but we need not suppose this to be a mere blunder of E. The
meaning of * Selwood* is the • great wood,' and the meaning of
'Wealwudu' (cf. • Weallande,' 1040 E) is the ' Welsh wood.' Sel-
wood was for a long period the barrier between the Saxon and the
Welsh territories, and it is quite conceivable, that it may have been

NOTES 307

purposely spoken of as Welshwood. At the. risk of seeming to ex-
plain ignotum per ignotiu$, I cite ' Wychwood' as meaning * Hwiccian
wood/ if we may be guided by the spelling ' Hwiccewudu' in Cod.
Dipl. 247.

8783^. p8o. behinon 8flB]=;on this side the channel. Infra,
p 84, behienan Wendels8e=thi8 side the Mediterranean.

To this word answers the Latin citra, and that rare preposition
of middle English, behiiher, which is found in Barnabas 01ey*s
Preface to Herbert's Country Parson : " I have not observed any one
thing (behiiher vice) that hath occasioned so much Contempt to the
Clergy, as Unwillingness to take, or keep, a poor Living."

878. p 80 m. E)>a]idiine] Edyngton C marg. : cf. 457 note.

This place and Iglea have been variously identified. Iglea has
been fixed at Clay Hill near Warminster (Gough and Sir C. Hoare};
Leigh near Westbury (Gibson); HighUy Common near Melksham
(Whitaker), which seems every way the most probable.

£)»andiin has been identified with Edington near Westbury,
partly because of its name, and partly because of its White Horse
and Bratton Camp. Dr. Thurnam in Wiltshire Archaeological and
Natural History Magazine, 1 853, maintains the view of Mr. Whitaker,
that it is Yatton, five miles N. W. of Chippenham. I am inclined
to place it af Heddington, on the line of the Roman road from Bath
to Marlborough ; to which it was assigned by Milner, History of
Winchester, 1798. Dr. Thurnam objects strongly to this opinion^
because the place is spelt Edin/on in Domesday.

878. p 80. Aire] AUer (Somersetsh.) locally pronounced OUer.
Many years ago, a friend took me to view the place and to call on
Dr. Young, then Incumbent of AUer. My eye was caught by a vase,
looking like a rude font, erected at the bottom of the lawn. On
enquiry, it had been got out of the deep moat-like pond, which is at
the foot of the slope. From time immemorial this water had never
been cleared out, till Dr. Young had it done, and then this font
came to light. Everything about the present church betokens ener-
getic restoration in Norman times, and it is natural to conclude that
then this old font was thrown aside. Of course this cannot be the
very font at which Alfred stood sponsor to Guthrum ; for the simple
and conclusive reason, that such a thing is too good to be true.

878. p 80 1. crismlisiiig] chrismatis solutio. Asser. Mor.

This wadB a rite in use up to the Reformation, Maskell i. 36; iii.
xxi. note.

Unction (xpio-fia ; in English, * chrism* and later * chrysom ;* in
French, * le saint chreme') was used in Baptism, Confirmation, Coro-

Rr 2

308 NOTES

nation. A linen band was then put about the head or other anointed
part, and kept on for certain days. This was the vestis ckrismdt,
pannus chrismalis, or simply chrismaie. The removal was done with
ceremony, and in church (" tertia die vadant ... ad ecdesiam ad
chrismalia deponenda," Rubric in Maskell i. 36). This is the
orismlising.

After Coronation it was not removed till the eighth day. *' In the
old account of the coronation of Henry VI. we find, after the
anointing : * And then they leyd a certeyn softe thynge to all the
places so annoynted. And on his hede dyd a white coyfe of silk,
and so he went and lay viij dayes. And the viijth daye they shold
wasshe it of hym.' Also in the Devyse for the coronation of
Henry VIII : ' He shall put vpon the kyng's hed a coyfe, the same
to be broughte to the grete chamberlayne : whiche shall contynodlj
abyde on the kings hed to the viijth daye next folowing. at whiche
viij dayes [end], after a solempne masse seyd by a Bisshop before
the king, the seid Bishop shall take the coyf from the kyng's bed' "
Maskell iii. xxi. From a note on this page in Maskell it wodd
appear that this passage of our Chronicle is the most ancient mention
known to Ritualists of the deposition of the Chrismaie.

De Quincey ("Essays") says that, to this hour, in onr London
bills of mortality, there is one subdivision headed, " Chrytom
children," viz. those which have died within a month from birth.
It was the custom to bury them in baptismal robes ; to which the
northern Spaniards (Biscay) add, "A happy garland of the pure
white rose." The value anciently attached to chrism in baptism is
traceable in the fact, that the word stamped itself on a whole round
of objects. There was the ehrysom itself, or act of anointing ; the
chrysom-oil ; the c^ry«om-child ; the cArywm- vesture.

879. wioenga] This Saxon form is less delusive as to its ety-
mology than the Norsk form viking, which has suggested the erro-
neous connection with ' king.' Mr. Dasent has already pointed out
that this word is a derivative from vik=a creek, sinus maris, which
might well have been the basis of their designation, as they used
creeks for piratical lurking-places. Possibly, however, a more general
sense attached to the word ; for vik was used also of the open sea,
and viking might have been merely * son of the sea,' one who lived
by sea-plunder, a sea-rover.

880. Ciren oeastre] cyceter C marg. : cf. 457 note.

881. iifor] This is not merely* further' (MHB).*ulteriu8' (Grimm,
Gr. i. 247). nor * up* (Thorpe) — but as Ingram has it, ' higher up,'
superius, aviartpa It is the comparative of an old and lost uf (a

NOTES 309

dialectic variety of up) extant in German in the prep, auf — but which
in the Northern dialects faded into of, (as ufor into ofor (E882),
unde ofer, subst. adv. prep.) This modified or corrupt of came thus
to be confusable with our modern preposition of; and hence one
probable cause of the neglect of the former. But it is important to
make acquaintance with this Of, because though nowhere found alone,
it continued in use in compounds. The A. S. verbs in of- have been
ill understood, from the error of association with of=ah=zdv6, instead
of of = auf, with a force in composition much like that of ofer-. The
simple positive uf or ufe we probably have in the proper name
Ufegeat (p 140) [=Highgate]: also in Dflra, Yffi (Bd. ii. 14, 20),
Yffe (560), Uffingas, Ubii. Comparative ufor, in its adj. use in
Bd. V. 2. on tSaem uferan d8ele=in superiore parte : Jos. iv. 6. on
uferum daguro, in days to come. Superlative, Gen. xl. 17. on ^am
ufemystan windle=in the uppermost basket. Adverb of place, ufan
=Svc»Btw, desuper. In 882, feor (ff) is probably a mere error for
ufor, as appears from BCD.

883 E. eelmessan to Borne )ie JElfired cing gehet j^ider]
F Lat. : Rex ^Ifredus misit elemosinam quam voverat dum sederet
contra exercitum cum paucis, cum multi essent inimici, Romae.

F 884. An insertion misplaced by a hundred years : this Chronicle
(F) has the death of i£$elwold again under its true year 984.

885. P84. Wendel see] This name for the Mediterranean indicates
a time when that sea was known to the northern nations through or
in connection with the Slavonic people, who were formerly known
collectively by the name Winidae. See Professor Max Mliller's
Lectures, p 204.

886. |}e 8Br east gelende] qui antea in Oriente appulerant
(Gibson) ; that before were bent eastward (Ingram) ; which before had
drawn eastward (MHB); which had before landed in the ^aar^^ (Thorpe).
Ilie reference is to the opening of 885, where the piratical army
parts in two, "ojjer dsel east" = altera pars Orientem versus. That
division which had then moved eastwards, now reversed its course.
This is plainly the sense ; but the word is not easily accounted for.
The same verb is used again below, p 92 t, in the participle, * he w»s
on herga% geleud'=Ae was gone foraging : where it is a reiteration
of the ' ut afaren on herga]>' some lines above. I am not aware of
any instance of this verb in the sense of • to land, appellere/ which
Mr. Thorpe has assigned to it in his Anal. Glos. v. Gelendian. There
is a 'gelende' on p 45 of the Analecta (Ed. 1846) which has to
do with * land* in the sense of ager : " pa seofon mynstru he gelende

310 NOTES

mid his agenum"= These seven minsters he endotoed with land from
his own property. As the counterpart of this * gelende,' we have is
Chronicle £ (p 233 t) ' he]ende*= deprived of lands.

But this ' gelende* is quite foreign to our text, which has to do
with movement ; and if connected with ' land* at all, is so only in the
vaguest and most general way. We have our word again in Orosios,
Book iii. c. 1 . § 4. Ed. Bos worth ; " sefter |yam Conon gelende to
Ahtene ;" where Professor Bosworth has justly rendered it, " Coood
came to Athens."

I suspect a connection between this verb and the adjective lang=
long ; of which we have derivatives signifying movement of the desires;
e. g. langian, verlangen — lango^, desiderium — lan^nuig, detidervm
— langning-hwily tempus iadii : and we still use the verb to iong for
the expression of urgent desire. I imagine then that * gelende' is qm
* gelencgde* a preterite of ' lencgan or lengan/ of which we ba?e
Mengde* below 1072, only in the sense of delay. Whether the Ger-
man * lenken' is of this root or not, it is a very inviting word in this
connection. Sich rechts — links lenken is just the notion required.

After five centuries ^e find it again, e. g. in " Cheuelere Assigne,"
line 5 (Roxburghe Club), not much modified in sense :

For this I saye by a lorde was lente in an yle
That was called Ljor, a lond by hun selfe.

Also, compare Halliwell's Archaic Dictionary, v. lent ; where i»
cited the following MS. instance :

On a laimd are thay lent
By a forest syd.

886. gesette .SSlfred Liindenbiirg &c.] Interea obsidetwr a
rege Alfredo urbs Lundonia : et quern ingenio quem occunu non sitptr-
averat civilis discordia sava, hunc vt redemptorem suscepere cuMCti, H
maxime genus Saxonum, excepto Barbara gentis et his qui sub moM
eorum turn captivi tenebantur, Etiam post manus caterv4B confirwatat,
ibi constituitur dux jEthred d rege prafato, custodiendi arcem. ^thel-
weard.

jElfred Angulsaxonum rex, post incendia urbium stragesque popta-
lorum, Lundoniam civitatem honorific^ restauravit et habifabilem/edt;
quam genero suo jEtheredo Merciorum comiti commendavit serv€uuiam,
ad quem regem omnes Angli et Saxones, qui prius ubique dispersi fwe-
rant, aut cum Paganis sub [v./. sine] captivitate erant, vohtntarte
converterunt et suo dominio se subdiderunt. Asser. Flor.

Rex Anglorum post incendia urbium stragesque populorum, Londonism

NOTES ail

permajnmam civitatem honorific^ restauravit et hahitabilem fecit, quam
Ethelredo pracipuo dud Merciorum commendavit servandam. Omnes
verb, Angli et Saxones, qui prius ubi ubi erant dispersi cum Paga'nis
out d captivitate liber ati, venerunt sponte ad regis prasentiam, sponte
se 8U0 domino inclinantes. Ipse autem ut erat clementissinuB mentis
cunctis indulsit patrocinium sua benignitatis, Simeon Dunelm.

Alfredus rex Londoniam obsedit, quia maxima vis Dacorum secuta
fuerat Gallicanum exercitum, omnes autem Anglici statim ei subditi
sunt et receperunt eum. Daci namque au/ugerunt. Rex verb tradidit
JSdredo dud dvitatem in custodiam. Henry of Huntingdon.

King Alfred laid siege to the dty of London and took it ; the Angles
flocked to him, dnd the Danes retreated. He entrusted Ethelred, the
earl of th^ Mercians, with the restoration of the city, Chron. Melrose
(tr. Stevenson).

In these versions there is a manifest contradiction. According to
some, London was desolate through the ravages of the wars (Asser,
Flor., Simeon) — according to others, it was in a state fit to be
besieged (^thelweard, Hen. H.^ Melrose). Nay more, according to
Henry Hunt, the opportunity to lay siege to it arose out of the
abstraction of important numbers which had joined the army for
Graul; impljnng that its normal condition at that time was so
populous and strong as to defy attack.

It is plain to see that these conflicting accounts have risen out
of the text before us, and how they have risen. The divergence was
caused by the different senses put upon the word gesette. This word
jneans founded y instituted, colonized, peopled (Oros. B.i. c. lo. § 5. and
B. iii. c. 5. § 3. Ed. Bosworth ; also see infra 890, the intr. gesst) ;
but it seemed a strange thing to say of so ancient a city, that
•' Alfred founded it." Hence the explanations of Asser-Flor. &c.
about the desolations of the wars, by which^ in conjunction with a
modified version of gesette (viz. honorific^ restauravit et habitabilem
fecit), the paradox of * founding London' was eluded.

The other class of Latinizers could not by any contrivance bring
themselves to admit a founding or even a refounding of London, and
so they virtually changed gesette into besat. Such a clumsy solution
need not astonish us either in iEthelweard (cf. Introduction) or in
Henry of Huntingdon (cf. p 1 13 note). They translated a word which
means he founded by he besieged.

Yet with all this violence, they are able to render better justice
to their original than the accommodating Asser-Flor. They are
able at least to bring out a reasonable sense, without disturbing the
order of the original. Which Asser-Flor. has not been able to do.

312 NOTES

For what sense coald there be in interposing a general adhesioo d
all Angli et Saxones everywhere, between what Alfred did for LoDdoo,
and what hands he left the place in ? So A^ser-Flor. has coapledthe
two latter items, and then appended the adhesion. Both classes hiTt
found it necessary to do violence to the text.

It is easier to see that the Latiners are wrong, than to supply tbe
correction. I offer the following rather with the hope of stimuUtiDf
enquiry, and particularly among local archaeologists, rather than is
expecting it will be received as final. London was a BourishiDg ud
opulent city, the chief emporium of commerce in the island, and the
residence of foreign merchants. Properly, it was now an Angle
city, the chief city of the Anglian nation of Mercia, but the Duks
had settled there in great numl>ers, and they had numerous captiyes
that they had taken in the late wars. Thus the Danish popdatioo
had a preponderance over the Anglian free population, and the
latter were glad to see Alfred come and restore the balance in their
flavour. It was of the greatest importance to Alfred to secure this
city, not only as the capital of Mercia (caput regni Merdonm
Malmesb.), but as the means of doing what Mercia had not done,
viz. of making it a barrier to the passage of pirate ships inland.
Accordingly, in the year 886, Alfred planted the garrison of London
(i. e. not as a town is garrisoned in our day, with men dressed in
aniform and lodged in barracks, but) with a military colony of
men to whom land was given for their maintenance, and who woold
live in and about a fortified position under a commanding officer.
It appears to me not impossible that this may have been the first
military occupation of Tower Hill, but this is a question for the
local antiquary.

All I would insist upon here, is this ; that Lunden burh is not to
be taken as merely equivalent to Lunden. I have counted 63 pkoei
in the Chronicles in which the latter occurs, but I have only been
able to discover 1 3 instances of Lundenhurh, In one of these, 896
init,, the Danes are said to have gone up the Lea and made a strong
u>ork 20 miles above Lundenburh. This description would be par-
ticularly appropriate, if Lundenburh occupied the site of the Tower.
Also^ one then sees why they should go up the Lea, viz. because
their old passage up the Thames was intercepted. Upon this view,
the whole sentence is in sense and order: Hie same year Alfred
founded the burh of London, and he was joined by all Londoners of
Angle-race who were not compulsorily prevented by Danish servUudi-
And he committed the burh to aldorman .^^6ered to hold.

I know not how much weight is to be given to the text of F in

NOTES 313

this place, bat it certainly has an appearance of being independent
of the other Chronicles, and it rather lends countenance to the em-
phasis I have claimed for the word btirh. Her gesette jEl/red cing
|Mt burh Lundene, and him eali Angelrynn iocyrde.

It is a pleasure for once to observe that iEthelweard, against whom
we have so much to say, is here (as the nearest in date ought to be)
the best interpreter (e. g. caterva — arcem), so far as his meaning can
be discerned through the mist of his puzzle-headed rhetoric.

887. The deposition of Charles-le-Gros. His accession is given'
above at 885; both dates true. For the details of Carlovingian
affairs, consult the voluminous " Histoire Litteraire de la France"
by the Benedictines of St. Maur.

887. p86. togeboren] born to the inheritance of the empire.
The to here acts a semi-prepositional part, as in togehalgode
three lines above. But the compiler or copier of E in the twelfth
century, though he understood togehalgode, did not understand
to geboren. The verbal prefix to, so largely used in our ancient
language, had already begun to fade out of importance, in proportion
as it extended its purely prepositional functions. Within the literary
period since 161 1, educated men lost sight (for a time) of the mean-
ing of a verb compounded with this prefix, although it stood in a
tolerably conspicuous situation, viz. Judges ix. 53.

887. p 86. JEpelhelBa. aider mon] ^thelhelm comes Wiltunen-
sium (Asser). At the record of his death, below 898, he is called
in A, JEXelm Wiltunscire ealdormon. He is a person of mark, as the
protector of the young Dane Odo, who was driven from his home
for embracing Christianity, and who afterwards became Archbishop
of Canterbury. Dean Hook, vol. i. p 363.

887. p 86 ; and 888. laddde . . . SBlmeasan] So in Yorkshire
they talk of hading hay, hading com &c. from the field, in carts and
wagons. The modern phraseology is, < to convey certain presents,
&c.' Dean Hook, vol. i. p 364.

Chaucer's Ploughman in the Prologue, 1.53 a. was one *That
hadde llad of dong ful many a fothur,' i. e. who had carried a-field
a great many horse-loads of dung. This reading has been restored
in the Edition of the Percy Society, by Mr. Thomas Wright.

891. butan aBloum gere^rum] Stevenson translates "without
any rudder." Ingram, " without any oars." The Saxon comprises
both. The rowage and steerage were not so distinct as now. The
steering was done by oar over the ship's side, as may be seen in old
illuminations. Hence the term ' starboard' = " the steering side."
tn Ohthere's Narrative (Oros. i. i) steorbord and beecbord stand for

314 NOTES

starUoard and larboard. But perhaps Gibson's " sine ullo remige" is
the best of all. In the Vocabularies we find Remex, re)>ra (Wright,
p 48) : Nauta, gere)>ru — as well as Aplustre^ gerepra — (p 56):
Remex vel nauta, re^ra (pp 73, 88). By butan eelouin gere^Smm
was probably meant, without any mariners to navigate the craft

891. ^Lnd Swifheh sebetsta lareow )>e on Scottum wees
gefor.] The cast of this phrase implies the scholastic celebrity which
Ireland at this time enjoyed among the nations. " Swifneh died,
chief doctor in Hibernia, the Academy of Europe." Scotus Erigeoi
[Erin-born Scot], the beacon of learning and the ornament of the
Prankish Court> was dead a few years earlier. Mr. Goldwin Smith
says : '* During the seventh and eighth centuries, and part of the
ninth, Ireland played a really great part in European history." Irisik
History and Irish Character, p a8. It will please a philological eye to
see these foreign names in their native form. Through the zeal of
the Dublin scholars, the stores of Irish History are now open, and
the distinguished names of each period are accessible. These fovr
names are all found in the Index to the Annals of Ireland, by the
Four Masters (Ed. O'Donovan), as borne by memorable personages
about this date. The Irish forms are,

Dubshlaine,

Mac Beathaidb,

Maolionmain (Maelinmhain, Mod. Irish),

Suibhne.
The latter — the great teacher of Ireland — is identified in the Irish
Obituary of 887. He is " Suibhne, son of Maclumha, anchorite and
scribe of Cluain-mic-Nois." The Editor notes that the date 892
given in Sax. Chron. is the true year of his death, and that a tomb-
stone inscribed with his name is still preserved at Clonmacnoise.
He refers to Petrie's Round Towers, p 323.

Of the three pilgrims, it is possible that one of them is the
" Maolionmain eccnaidh — ancoire Glinne da locha"=:wi8e man and
anchorite of Glendaloch ; whose death is recorded in 953, sixty years
after the present date. The probability is greatly heightened by the
fact that this is the only individual of the name in the Index.

89 1 . same] An archaism which has survived the handling of the
copier in this manuscript only. All the others have altered it to
ffiune, a foolish reading — as if there were two opinions, and *' some
men" held the identity of the comet with the stelia crinita. It
is either a relative pronoun =" which same," cWcp; or else bd
adverbial conjunction, meaning likewise, withal, pariter, eiiam. The
latter is rendered the more probable 'by Caedmon 397^ swa some=

NOTES 315

likewise ; and by passages in Alfred's version of Boethius, where we
have swa same, or eao swa same, i. e. * likewise also.' In
Orosius, P45, Ed. Bosworth, women fight as well as (swa same swa)
men ; and in Apollonius, p 3, Ed. Thorpe, we read that he who
rightly answered the riddle was led to execation swa same swa,
i. e. just the same as he who interpreted it wrongly. This phrase is
frequent in Old Saxon in the form so same ; see Schmeller's Heliand,
Glossary^ v. Same, Also Ettmiiller, Lex. Sax. P625.

In another form it occurs in Orosius, cap. i. Narrative of Wulfstan,
where a tribe of E^thonians is said to possess the art of making water
to freeze, sam hit sy sumor, sam winter, just the same, whether it
be winter or summer. Numerous examples of sam^, as a particle in
composition, may be seen in Grimm, Gr. ii. p 764.

893 S. Btuman] to biinan C ; Boloniam que et bononia,
hodie holeyn C marg. : cf. 457 note.

893. swa |>8et hie asettan him on flBnne si)>] Cf. looi : swa f

by upp asetton on eenne si|> swa f by asettan him upp dn

aenne si^.

893* S. li'S ut of jwm weaLda] runs out of the weald. litS 3rd
sing. pres. of lit^an, to go, to pass, to move; from which came a
family of words, mostly appropriated to navigation. See Ettmiiller's
Lexicon, p 190. Compare the following from a Copenhagen MS.
(communicated in Archaeological Journal, 1859) : Se )>e bi% of earde
and feor of his cy^e. hu maeg he ham cuman gif he nele leomian
hu se weg lioge ))e li^ to his cy^e ?=He who is absent from his
land and far from his people, how can he get home if he will not
learn how the way lies that goes to his country ?

893. on )>a ea hi tugon up Mora soipu ot>|K>ne weald, iiii
xnila traxn t>8em mu)>an utan weardum] They towed their ships
vp that river so far as the weald, four miles from the outside of the
harbour. So much has the coast changed in that part, that there
is no river now to be found which would admit the Danish ships.
(As to their probable size, see note on 787.) But there are three
places where, in the early condition of this shifting shore, vessels may
have passed up to what is now the high land N. of the shore. Ac-
cording to the present aspect of the ground, Rye seems the most
likely spot, as indicating the former outflow of a large river ; next in
promise, comes Romney, where there must once have been a large
estuary. When we search for the inland spot towards which they
made their way, it is the gap between Appledore and Ebony Chapel
that is selected alike by the explorer of the country and the explorer
of the map. There is a line of fault in the deeper seated strata

s s 2

316 NOTES

from Tenterden through the alluvial plain by Appledore, and ex-
tending on towards Romney, which may indicate an old channel.
Probably there were \wo or three outlets divergiog by Appledore.
The elevated ground of Appledore, Playden, Ebony Chapel, Ken-
narding^on, &c., probably once formed the actual coast- line. These
were high lands in early British times, with inlets of the sea con-
, verging to the N. W., and receiving the currents of the Weald
country. That there was once a capacious river crossing the pltin,
was proved not many years ago by the discovery of a large vessel
which was dug out of the alluvial soil two miles £. of Newenden.

But neither Rye nor Romney will satisfy all the conditions for
identification with the mu)>a of the text. Off at the eastern extreme
of tde plain we observe the name Lympne, which obviously claims
connection with the itncient river ' Limen/ as well as with the harbour
and Roman station ' Portus Lemanis,' which has been fixed in the
Ordnance Map near Lympne. The question then rises, whether
there was ever a river skirting that side of the plain and running
out by Hythe. There is physical evidence to shew that the expanse
of shingle between Hythe and Dymchurch is a very modem d'epodt,
and that it is now gradually increasing. And there is some remarkable
documentary evidence. In Cod. Dipl. 47 (A. D. 7 1 5) certain land is
defined as lying " ad australem quippe fluminis quae appellator
limin aea," the river being the N. boundary : and in No. 334
(A. D. 833) the river Limen or Limin is used as a S. boundary —
" ab austro fluvius qui dicitur limin aee." In both these cases, the
river is represented as holding a course E. and W. This evidence/
joined with the other data, helps to the conclusion that in the eighth
and ninth centuries a river ran from Appledore due £. towards
Hythe, where was a harbour which is now represented by the shmgk
between Hythe and Dymchurch. The line of this river would be
nearly the same as that of the new canal. It appears then that so
late as the close of the ninth century, the river Limen flowing out
by Hythe was the chief effluent of this Delta ; but that the channel
being silted up and the harbour filled with shingle, all superficial
evidence of this river has disappeared. It seems that the next chief
outlet was by way of Romney, perhaps not a great while after
the Conquest. At length Romne^ harbour itself was stopped by a
great storm about 300 years ago, which closed the inlet with shingle.
Since that, the chief drain of water has been through the Rother to
Rye, and this remains now the only extant channel of the three. At
first, the three coexisted, though the other two may have been in-
significant while the Limen was in full action. Of one we find

NOTES 317

mention in Cod. Dipl loyi, Jlumen quod voeatur Rumen ea; and of
the other we have evidence in the name Rother, which is an ancient
river name> far older than the highest date contemplated in this
note.

As to the shifting character of this district, Mr. Etheridge of the
Geological Survey of Great Britain, to whom I am indebted for the
materials of this note, says, that Lydd and New Romney pnce stood
on the shore, and the coast is now increasing at the rate of eight
yards per annum, the Lighthouse on Denge beach standing so much
farther in every year. " I think the great alluvial plain of Romney
Marsh and Walling Marsh covers up much of the early Physical
History of that coast. There is no reason whatever why, in former
times, there may not have been an extensive river running up to
Appledore either from Romney or Rye or even Hythe."

There can be no doubt that ^puldre, which is mentioned in the
next paragraph, and again on p 91 , as the station of the Danish ships,
18 identical with this Appledore. The clearance of the forest of the
Weald has caused the rivers to shrink, as the clearance of the sides
of the Apennines has made the Campagna suffer from drought.

894 t. foregiflla] It is not clear what is the signification of the
/ore- here and at 877, 878. Whether it expresses the representative
function of the hostages, as being for their nation, or whether it
signifies hostages from the foremost persons. Asser ad ioc, speaks
of "electos obsides." Except this, there is nothing in the Latin
historians to distinguish foregislas from the simple gislas. But
in 877 and 878, where hostages and oaihs are combined, the latter
are in both cases magnified by the adj. mioley so that fore would
appear to have a like effect on the former.

894 h. o|>|>e on heora healfe an. pa] A too rigid adherence to
the MS. has here led me into an impracticable reading. The testi-
mony of the next MSS. is for the reading, o)>)>e on heora healfe,
Ond |>a &c.

894 h. rymet] room, space, opening. This uncommon word is
found in Joshua i. 3, and it occurs repeatedly in Cod. Dipl. 594.
. 894 h. bi swa hwa)>erre efes swa hit |K>n flerdleas wees]
The word efes, which we retain only for the eaves of the roof, seems
to have been habitually appropriated to the margent of the wood :
of. Cod. Dipl. 209, to JWBS wudes efese=to the wood's edge ; 353. o^
hit cime% to ^serc efese. %onne a noT% be wyrtwalan &c. ; also 715.
Hrisebyrgan be Cilternes efese =Risborough on the edge of Chiltern.

894 1. here hy*] army -supplies, provisions. See notes to S.
Maria i£gyptiaca, p 1 15.

318 NOTES

894 b. igga^] river-island, 'eyot'

stemn gesetenne] stemninge gesetene.BC; steminge ge-
setene D. Here we have the participle of an intransitive verb io
coDCord with its indirect object, which is rather euper-gramniatiaL
It seems to have been attracted into conformity with the 'mete
ge notudoe' that was coming, and which is quite normal, as ' mete'
is. in technical grammar, an accusative governed by 'notiao.'
Chancer has.

It is ful fiiire a man to bear him even

For al day meten men at nntet steven. C. T. 1535.

In this passage the verb is settan=ito appoint, statuere ; but in oar
text it is 8ittan=to sit, iedere. For want of observing this db-
tinction. Ettmiiller (Lex. p 728) has wrongly rendered this place.
t//t habuerunt tempuM prastitutum. It is. They had sate out or tervd
their term 0/ service : cf. 93 i, se fird stemn for bam.

894. p 91 h. buton swi)>e gewaldenum dsBle easteweardes
|>8e8 foloes] besides a very considerable body moving eastward, but
they were of the people, self-enlisted volunteers, and no part of the
flerd. This distinction between /o/r tkudfierd appears again, p 107 b,
' gegadorode micel folc hit.'

894. p 92 t. cump»der] The Latin word oompater, which pro-
bably at this date was still understood in its etymological sense, of
the relation subsisting between two men who were godfathers to
the same child, or between a godfather and the natural father.
Alfred and iE^ered were both in this relation to Haesten. as appears
in the previous sentences. Cf. Cod. Dipl. 709, Eadrico meo compatri.
The word soon became generalized ; and in the Lexicom Manunk
Infima Latinitatis^ par Maigne D'Amis, it is rendered " Sodalis.
amicus ; camarade, ami,** It began and ended much aa our ^oti^
(Sax. GkKlsiby quasi coram Deo affinis).

Mary Queen of Scots, writing to the Constable de Montmorency,
begins *' Mon Compare ;" in which case Miss Strickland says it was
merely a term of familiarity. However, we find the feminine still in
earnest use, in a letter of Melville to Queen Elizabeth, asking her to
be go9sip at the baptism of Mary's infant son James. For (says he)
in England they call the comers (commerce) gossips.

894. p 92 m. Buttingtune] Two places have hitherto contended
for this site, viz. Boddington near Cheltenham and Buttington ia
Montgomeryshire near Wel«hpool. But Mr. Ormerod (Archaeologia,
vol. xxix ; and Strigulensia, p 60) has put forward a claim for But-
tinton in Tidenham, on the peninsula formed by the Severn and the
Wye. There are traces of works here, thpugh less considerable thah

NOTES 319

those at Buttington in Montgomeryshire. Mr. Ormerod grounds his
claim mainly upon Matthew of Westminster's ** paganos tarn navali
quam terrestri exercitu circumcinxit." No such thing appears in the
text before us, but to the opposite effect. One is almost tempted to
suspect that this • Verwirrer der Geschichie' (as Lappenberg calls
Matthew of Westminster) caught sight of ' sciphere' in the next line
and imagined the rest. But it must be allowed, Mr. Ormerod's
position has its advantages. It does not, however, suit ' )>a up be
Saefeme/ if this means that they went up-stream, which would seem
to be its meaning, though not in Florence.

894. p 92 1. miclne] The omission of the * e' is not mere haste ;
B has myclne. It is as proper a form as mioelne.

894. P93. westre oeastre] WeatcK civitas legion est C
marg. : cf. 457 note. They reached a waste or deserted /or/re» in
WirraU called Legaceaster, This is the true source of the name of
" West Chester," which Richard of Cirencester, a contemporary of
Chaucer, identifies with Deva, B. i. c. 6. § 27. All idea of this name
having any connection with the *West' is dissipated by this place
in the Chronicle, for west=occidens, cannot take the inflection
westre. That Chester was for a period desolate, like Uriconium
or Silchester, may surprise any one to whom it is new, but it is no
way contrary to the analogy or probability of history. - -

894. P9.3. on slcere efeneh^] on every plain, or pajgire field. ^ Af"KA.i^^
The substantive efeiieh% is the abstract of efen=even, smooth ; and
corresponds jo the OHG forms ebandd, m. ; ehB.n6i\,f, =:planitie8
(cf. Graff). This word both in England and in Germany has served
for local names : we have it well preserved in Emnelh near Wisbeach ;
4pd in Germany are found Ebnet, Ebnit, Breitebnet. Die Deulschen
Ortsnamen von Ernst Forstemann : Nordhausen, 1863, p62.

895. onforan winter] on forwerdne — B ; on forweardne — C ;
on forweard — D.

896. p 94 h. geryx>on ripes] In Mr. Wright's Anglo-Saxon

Vocabularies, p 74, Messor, riptere ; Messis, ge rip : cf. Matth. ix.
38. In Somersetshire * reaping' is pronounced ' ripping.*

gehawade] surveyed, inspected, reconnoitred; perlustravit. In
Zosimas Fragm. p 108. 1. 22. to )>8ere halgan Godes cennestran
liawiende=intuens, arwliavaa, Paris Psalter xiii. 3. See the few
words of this family in Ettmiiller, p 485 ; who observes that its ana*
logue is not found in the other dialects.

Cwatbryege] Bryege D ; below Briege B C, and Brygege D.
Gibson shews it to be Bridgenorth, which place in his day was still
known as * Brigge.'

4i>)^^

320 NOTES

896. p 94 m. 8t8Dl wyrtSe] The rendering ' capta digns' of Gibsoo
is based on association with the verb *to steal/ which is incongriNNB
here. This stflDl is identical with the Grerman Stelle=/9/acr, rma,
Btation : and ships are atadlwyrte which are fit for their pke,
worthy of their post, seaworthy, serviceable. An analogons com-
pound may be seen P95n), 'nytwyr^Soste;' and in Boethias xl. i.
' nytwyr))e.' The first English translation of this word is b? Mr-
Thorpe, who renders it by a later form of itself, staiworih. The obIt
form of this word known to modem English is the Scottish (?) fora
stalwart ; or it may be the alterate of itealweardy custoa loci, the
keeper and maintainer of the position.

I am indebted to my friend Mr. Baron for some excellent iUbs-
trations of this hitherto obscure word. Widif in Dan. viii. 34, '*aDd
his strengthe schal be maad stalworthe"=et roborabitur fortitodo
ejus (Vulg.)— other instances in the Glossarial Index of the Oxford
Edition. See also references in H. Coleridge's Glossarial Index, t.
italward and following words. Mr. Baron gives me Stallwor^
as an existing surname.

Since the above was written, I have been surprised to find that
Miss Oumey (1819) has here the palm over all the translators before
or since. Thus : And ali that were eerviceable they hrtmght kUo
London.

897. p 95 h. geVtingnestan] Again 90.1;. In Mr. Wright's ¥§-
eabularies, p 47, *• Emeritus, provectus, ge^ungen."

897. p 95 m. unweaLtran] less liable to roll ; umoaUier as we may
say now, since Longfellow has restored the word to literature, in
•*The Phantom Ship" (1858) :

Bat Master Lamberton muttered.
And under his breath said he,
" Thifl ship is bo crank and waUff
I fear our grave she will be!**

D has here the very beautiful and interesting v. 1. tmtealtran^'w
tilty.

897. p 95 m. uter mere]=oti<«r sea, open sfo; as opposed to the
creek or aestnary. Chaucer, Cant, Tales, L i5966» has " to thin utter
eyen" — which is rendered in the margin of one of the MBS. " ex-
terioribus oculis" (Tyrwhitt). Troil. iii. 665. "And I wol in tkit
utter house alone.'^

897. p 96 h. oynges geneat] *' Lye understands this as meaning
' the king*s neat-herd ;' but ' geneat' signifies a companion* and is
probably the Saxon representative of the Latin comes." (Stevenson)
Geneat is the German dcncffen. In the Laws of Ine, $ 19, the

NOTES 321

wergild of a cynges geneat is 1 200^., the same as that of a cyninges
|>egeD, and the high rank of the title is apparent here from the fact
of particular mention. See Schmid, v. geneat.

897. p 96Tn. Wealh gefera] Wealhgerefa BCD, which Kemhle
(Saxons, vol. ii. p 178) adopts, without noticing the reading of "R,
The same variation occurs on the previous page, line 4 ; where BCD
read wiogerefa. Kemble thinks he was a royal reeve to whose care
Alfred's Welsh serfs were committed ; and is not inclined to think
that he was a margrave, commissioned to watch the Welsh border.
I must think the reverse, as I know nothing about -Alfred's Welsh
serfs, and as there is evidence that the Welsh border was continually
under surveillance. The king of Mercia had been wont to keep
guard along the line of Offa's Dyke. The property in that neigh-
bourhood was subject to an impost for the maintenance of this
guard. In 855, Burgred, king of Mercia, gave land to the monastery
of Blockley in Worcestershire, adding to his gift an exemption d
pastu et refectione Ulomm hominum quos Saxonic^ nominamus Walk"
fareld (Cod. Dipl. 278), by which I understand the patrolling corps
on the Welsh border. The same body seems spoken of C1053,
pi 88 of this vol.: "^aera weardmanna"=the ward-men who were
slain by the Welsh near Westbury. Whether we read Wealhgefera or
-gerefa, I understand the commander of this force, charged with the
defence of the border ; and I prefer Wealhgefera because of its
correlativeness with WaJhtereld = FFa/Zica expeditio. At a later
period, the line was fortified with castles. We read of William Rufus
in 1097, he be^am gemaron castelas let gemakian.

In a genuine charter of the eighth century. Cod. Dipl. 95, one
Alda signs as einges gefera.

901. "Albrit rex Giuoys moritur" (Annales Cambrise), i.e. rex
Gewissomm.

901 . Da gerad .... pa rad . . . . ] Here is a good place for ob-
serving a special use of the prepositive ge-. It has not unfrequently
the force of turning an intransitive verb, such as * to go,* *to ride,' into
a transitive ' to go and get,' * to ride and win,' or * to win by going,
by riding &c.' So here, ^E^elwald rode and secured the ham . . . . ,
and thereupon the king rode with the militia till &c.

A strong instance is gewinnan (1090)= to win; which sense,
now so intimately identified with this root, is not in the simple verb
winnan until compounded with ge. Winnan is to toil, fight,
contend : gewinnan is tp get by striving, fighting, contending ;
i. e. in one word, to win : cf. 685.

901. Tweoxneam] "hodie, ab »de Christo sacra, Christ-

T t

322 NOTES

church; olim, quod inter amnes interpositum, Twinambume. eodem
plan^ sensu quo Italiae Interamna, Heec Camd, in descriptione agri
Hamtunensis. Certe vox Saxonica Tweoxnea[m] (quae duptixxm
fluvium significat [rather, inter fluvios]) antiquo isti nomini optiiD^
respondet, nee, mek quidem opinione, alibi qoaerendus est hie locos.
Quod etiarn con6rmat fVinburrue (agri Dorsaetensis oppidi) vicinitas;
haec enim duo, parvo temporis intervallo, dicitar ^thelwaldos in
8uam potestatem redegisse." Gibson.

90 1 . p 98. pa berad mon |>8dt wif ] The lady was arrested sud-
denly by surprise on the part of those who claimed her. Those who
had might to capture or imprison a legal adversary were allowed
under certain conditions the right of doing so, in the Laws of Alfred
(42, § I ); and in this concession the verb beridan occurs as descrip-
tive of the process that would be used.

905. Crecoa gelade] Crae.-B; Creacc-C; Creocc-D. Bdow
10 1 6, it is by C spelt Cregelade ; by E, Craecilade ; by F, Crecalade.
Now Cricktade, All these are varying forms of the British cerrig=
a stone.

917. Hocneratime] Hocenertune EC; Hocceneretune D. In
Cough's Camden ii. PI4. this is identified with ' Hocknorton or
Hokenorton* (Oxon), now written Hook Norton. "The large
round barrows of Tadmerton were probably cast up on this occasion
by the Danes, and the smaller (rather square) at Hocknorton by the
Saxons."

918. Lidwicctun] Cf. 885 (p 84). A strange derivation of this
name is given in a (doubtful) passage of Nennius xxiii : " Britones
namque Armorici, qui ultra mare sunt, cum Maximo tyranno hinc
in expeditionem exeuntes, quoniam redire nequiverant, occidentales
partes Galliae solo ten us vastaverunt nee mingentes ad parietem
vivere reliquerunt : acceptisque eorum uxoribus et filiabus in con-
jugium, omnes earum linguas amputaverunt, ne eorum successio
matemam lioguam disceret ; unde et nos illos vocamus in' nostra
lingua Iietewicion, id est semitacentes, quoniam confus^ loquuntur."
Whatever this be worth, it illustrates Ethnic Names of the fidpfiapoi
type. See a collection of these in Words and Places, by Rev. Isaac
Taylor, c. iv. Camden says : " Haec regio primum Armorica dicta
erat, i. ad mare sita, deinde Britanic^ Lltjdaw, i. Httoralis, Latin^
Letavia apud nostros mediae setatis scriptores, unde Letos fuisse sus-
picor quos in Gallia nominat Zosimus, postrem6 Britannia Minor k
Britannis nostris :'* p 57. Ed. i 594. Is it possible that the corrupt
• Lemovices' in Caesar's Catalogue of the Armorican States (B. G.
vii. 75) may be our ' Lidwiccas' in disguise ? Mr. Thorpe (Lappenberg,

NOTES 323

vol. ii. p 95) thinks the form * Lidwicingum' io 885 (C D), and in the
Traveller's Song, would countenance a derivation from lid, ship, and
wioing, pirate. It is not at all improbable that these words may
have had ai\^ after-influence on the Saxon form of the tiame, in the
way of what the Germans call BclfejettjmoloQie.

918. be )>am sse] Instead of see, BCD have sta^um. The text
of 7l appears imperfect as it stands ; the intended expression was
probably be )>am seeriman; as in P95m, and £ 991, 994. We
should hardly expect to find see masculine at this date, and even if
the gender were not a difficulty, the expression is at best a strong
solecism.

Of the word sta^um we have a dative-singular, P95 h^ be ]>8em
su^stse^e. The change of the inner vowel ee in the singular, and
a in the plural, depends on the principles of what Grimm (Deutsche
Grammatik, 6k. i) has named Umlaut and Riickumlaut, This fine
point of orthography had vanished by the time of La3amon : '* uppen
Seuame sta})e," 1. 7. And the word itself has quite dropped out of
standard Enghsh. But it still retains a good local hold ; see Halli-
well's Archaic Dictionary, v. Stathe. In Aldhelm's Psalter xxii. 2
(our xxiii) it stands : And fedde me be weetera sta^um.

918. Cameleao] Cimeliauc bishop of Llandaff. Stubbs, p 156.

Iroinga f elda] " Fortasse ab Arivonio veteri oppido, cujus in hoc
tractu meminit Antoninus, inquit Camd" (Gibson). Ariconium
seems to have been either at Ross or at Weston-under-Penyard^
2 m. from Ross. Was Iroinga feld an old name of the Forest of
Dean or of an open tract at the north of it ? The name implies an
open wild or forest country, as in the Norwegian ' Dovre Fjeld ;*
and as in the ' fells' of Cumberland. The modern use of ' field,'
ageVf had not yet come in. The word for this was acer{i 130), as
in German also 9lrfer.

918. pearruo] This word is quite a curiosity, to appear here in
an Englisc text of the tenth century. It is one of the few Keltic
words which continued to hold a place in the language of the Anglo-
Saxons. At their first occupation of the country they adopted many
words from the older inhabitants. But these borrowings were local,
and rarely came to the surface of general literature. This word lay
for centuries in obscurity, till it came to light in the modern park.
It still exists in spoken British. In French-Brittany it is the most
common word for a small close or paddock near home. Also, in
Devonshire, small fields near the farm-house are often named, Little-
Park, Great-Park, Higher-Park, &c. See Halliweirs Archaic Die-
tionary, v. Park, The modern and grandiose use of the word park

T t 2

324 NOTES

is apt to mislead us, unless we observe the fundamental idea of i
(little) inclosure of ground from the open country. The tMionrt
is the point in the text; the enemy once in it were aa in a trap.
There is an interesting parallel in Boethius xviii. 2, where the cm-
paratively small area of the habitable world (^ oUovfUtmf) is dwelt
on. In the previous chapter it was Bweloe an lytel cafertim=
hke a little court. But in cap. 2. it is on tSisuin lytlum pearrooe.
I think Forstemann (Ortsnamen, P ^3) i^ mistaken in identifying
Park with ahd. pferrich, nhd. pferch^R hurdle, pen for cattle; ex-
cept in so far as it may have got blended with the Keltic word.

918. p 104. hsBfde funden yeet] effecerat ut In the Lindisftroe
Gospels, Matt. xiii. 22, efiicitur=gefunden bit$.

91 8. p 104. eetswummon] D has o^swymman mihton. The
prepositional prefix 89t bears here and in some other compoonds
the notion of escape, exemption^ deprivation; they swam away, got
away by swimming. So likewise setbregdan ; e. g. Sy ^m arleasan
89tbroden seo gesih^ Codes wuldres is the rendering of Tollator
impius ne videat gloriam Dei {verbally thm : Impio auferatur visio
Dei gloriae), iElfric, Hom. i. p 300. — stberstan : SBtfleon : »t-
windan : e. g. aetfleon ne mihte= could not escape, Joshua x. 35 —
in Job i. the repeated phrase, " and I only am escaped alone to tell
thee," is thus variously rendered in the A. S. version ; and ic SDa

«tb«erst )>8et ic )>e )>iB cydde ic ana stwand ic ana

stfleah (Thwaites, Hept. p 165). See also below in the Glossary,
vv. <etb<er8t, atbrad.

921. p 106 t. Wiginga mere] We miist not stray across the
country to fix this place, as Gibson does, at Wigmore in Hereford-
shire. Mr. Thorpe (ap, Flor.) says, " Supposed to be Waymere
Castle, on a small island near Bishop's Stortford." This at least
keeps to the right side of the map. Yet in his Index to the Saxon
Chronicle, Mr. Thorpe has gone back to Wigmore in Herefordshire!
If we consider the whole list of fortification^*, which Eadweard esta-
blished between 913 and 924, we see that they must be regarded as
a series, and identified with one continuous line of country : Hertford,
Witham (Essex), Buckingham, Bedford, Maldon, Towcester, fViginga-
mere, Huntingdon, Colchester, Stamford, Tamworth, Nottingham,
Thelwall, Manchester, Nottingham (the south burg), Bakewell.

92 1 . p 1 06 h. hlaf maessan] What the origin of this hlaf is, has
puzzled many. Macpherson, in his Ed. of Wyntoun, conjectured
that Lammas was curt for " S. Petri ad Vincu/a mass.** This may
seem too ingenious to be true, but there is no better explanation as
yet We do find this feast spoken of by the abbreviation of " Ad

NOTES 325

Vincula," e. g. in Mr. Shirley's Letters of the Reign of Hefi, III., No.
zxziii : " nona die ante Ad Vincula.*' If this is the derivation, the
H and F have come in on a false understanding, and the later form
' Lammas' is the hetter.

921. p 107 ro. wioinga eesc manna] Both translated

pirates by Florence : " Quod Dani E^st-Angliam incolentes graviter
ferentes, suamque injuriam ulcisci cupientes, cum piratis quos in aux-
iliura sibi contraxerant ad Maeldunam profecti sunt, et earn tamdiu
obsidentes impugnabant, quoad Anglis de finitimis locis auxiliarii
venissent ; quos cum Dani adventare vidissent, ab urbis impugnatione
recesserunt. Hoc viso, Angli illos magno impetu persecuti, multa
millia et de piratis et de cseteris prostraverunt, reliquos ver6 fuga-
verunt."

921. p 107 m. ge wreoan hira teonan] suamque injuriam ulcisci
cupientes, Hor. The phrase lived on into the fourteenth century —
it is found in the Tale of Gamelyn, which is included in the
Canterbury Tales in some editions, but which is somewhat older
than Chaucer. " Gamely n overtook the porter, and his teene
wrak." Chaucer, Ed. R. Bell, vol.i. p 249.

921. p 107 1. Passanhamme] " Hodie Pasham in agro North-
amtunensi, " Gibs. But in A. K. Johnston*s General Gazetteer ( 1 850)
it is " Passenham, 8 m. S. E. Towcester. It haa an entrenchment,
supposed to have been raised by Edward the Elder, to defend the
passage of the Ouse against the Danes."

922. Howel] This is the favourite name in Welsh history, as
Alfred in English. In the Brut y Tywysogion 948, he is described
as Howel da, vab Kadell, penn a molyant yr holt Vrytanyeit = Howel
the good, son of Cadell, chief and glory of all the Britons.

923. pi 10. on nfan hserfest] *late in the harvest.' Ingram:
•after harvest,' MHB : Florence has simply, autumnali tempore.
I am inchned to believe that it means ' before harvest' or ' in the
early part of the autumn.' The usual phrase for ' after harvest'
would be • ofer haerfest.*

924. 89g)>er ge Englisoe ge Denisce ge I9'or]>men ge o|>re]
A peculiar interest attaches to this passage because it indicates that
the terms * Denisce' and * Norlymen' were not equivalents. This
feature has not been brought out by the translators with the dis-
tinctness which is due to it ; save Gibson, who renders with fidelity,
" sive Angli, sive Dani, sive Normanni, sive alii [quicunque] :" —
whether English or Danish or Northmen or others,

937. p 114 1. oread onearen flot] This reading of S is cor-
rupt, but the next MSS. give good help. See the foot-notes. I

326 NOTES

woald correct the passage thus : eread cnear on flot, i. e. he (the
king) thrust out his bark on the deep; crowded his knar a-^Mt,
or, in modern nautical phrase, shoved her off.

The modern idea of crowding is thronging, oxKos — but at this dite
it was thrusting onwards, driting forwards, imB^m iroc In Cod. Eioo.
384, 15, we have it in 3rd sing. pres. indie, )K>nne heah gejuingoa
cleofu cryde5=when the high swell dashes on the cliffs. In Norfolk
and Suffolk they talk of crowding a wheel- barrow, or, as it is also
called, a croio</-barrow. See Forby and H alii well, im voc. This
illustration must not give the word an ignoble aspect, for in earij
times it is found in digni6ed associations ; as in the text. It ocean
three times in Chaucer's Man of Lawes Tale, which is written in the
grand style. It figures twice in one stanza containing a roajestk
apostrophe to the firmament, regarded astrologically as the ruthlea
engine of human destiny (Tynn^hitt*8 £d. 1. 4716; Ed. R. Beil,
vol. ii. p 16):

O finte moving cruel firmament,
With thy diurnal swegh that crowUst ay.
And hurtlest al from Est till Occident,
That naturally wold hold another way ;
Thy crouding set the heven in swiche array.
At the beginning of thin fierce viage,
That cmel Mars hath slain this manage.

Further on in the same tale (1. 5221, Ekl. Tyrwhitt ; P33, Ed. R.
Bell) we find a more exact parallel to our text :

« But in the same ship as he hir fond.

Hire and hir yonge sone, and all hire gere.

He shulde put, ai^d crowde fro the londe.

And charge hire, that she never eft come there.

Cnear occurs again on the next page in dat. pi. cneamim. In
both cases it is used of the ships of the Northmen; and in both
places the errors of the scribes attest the strangeness of the word.
In MS. D, • nsegled cnearrum* is transformed into * dseggled on
garum.' Icelandic knorr and also knarri=uavis. See Mr. Da-
sent's Article in Oxford Essays, In a historian of the eleventh century
we get the word in a Latin guise : Ordericus Vitalis, Lib. viii. c. 23,
anno 1095, says : Quatuor naves magnse quas Canardos vocant, de
North wegiA in Angliam appulsae sunt.

Plot is the right word here, and flod in the next line. The
former regards the surface, and is represented by the modem afloat :
the latter regards the aggregate of water, as still in flood.

937- P"5- oa dinges mere] Wheloc : in proceUoso mori.

NOTES 327

But what is ' dinges ?' It recalls the onomatopseia of TroXv^XoiV/Soio
BaXdo'trTis.

937- P I ^5- Difelin secan] Worsaae (in *' Danes and Northmen,"
p 317) gives a List of Norsk Kings in Duhlin, from Lindsay's
•* Coinage of Ireland," among which js *' Anlaf, 934." In the
Appendix to " Danes and Northmen" is figured a silver coin, which
had before escaped notice, with the legend (as read by the author),
••Oolaf i Divielin," i.e. "Olaf in Dublin." He decides that this
coin was struck in Dublin in the tenth century. The chief positions
of the Danish princes in Ireland, were Dublin, Limerick, and Water-
ford — the last a town of their own founding. Robertson's Church
History, vol. i. p 430.

937* P ^15- saluwig padan] Not in apposition to hra (as
Thorpe), but of the raven. So in Caedmon, 1443 (p 87. Ed. Thorpe),
salwigfe^era is used of the raven that Noah sent out of the ark.
Compare a striking parallel in Judith, §11:

ptta 86 hlanca gefeah Thereof fain was the lank

wulf in walde, wolf in the wold,

and se wanna hrefn and the wan raven

W8el-gifre fugel ; carnage-fond fowl ;

wistan begen wist they both

)>8et him 9a )>eod-gunian that the sons of men

\fohtoa. tilian were minded to give them

fylle on fsgum ; a spread of fate's victims ;

ac him fleah on lasts next in their wake flew

earn eetcs geom, eagle corpse-eager,

urigfetfera dew-be-gemmed

salowig pada sable-robed

sang hildeleo'5, he sang battle-peean,

hyrned nebba, homy-cheeked.

Saluwig-i)€ul-a]i means one that possesses (-an, nom. -a), a jacket
(pad), which is dusky (saluwig).

The word pad appears in Anglo-Saxon nowhere out of compo-
sition, but its simple form is found in the kindred dialects. In Gothic
it is paida, which occurs ^ve times in the Gospels : also there appears
a Gothic verb ga-paidon=cpdv(iv in Ephesians vi. 14 (Loebe's
Glossary to Ulfilas). Other dialectic forms are given in Grimm's
Grammar, vol. iii. p 447 ; among the most interesting is that from
the Heliand (a Gospel -Narrative in Old Saxon), in which peda is the
word for the seamless coat.

942. Dor] No doifbt the same as above 827, and it may safely be
identified with Dore 5 m. from Sheffield. It was probably so called
because it was the door or entering in of Northumbria from Mercia,

328 NOTES

frvXat. It 18 associated with *' hwitan wylles geat" ^ Whitewell's
gate ; and not far from Dore we find Whitewell, and both of them
on the verge of the shire. Indeed, this word dor seems to hvt
been used as a common noun for a mountain pass, as we see io
Cod. Dipl. 570 (p 79) that in a description of bounds a dor occors
between two brooks, ** of secgbroce to Van hean dore ; of hean dore
to brydbroce."

8cade]>] divides, i. e. the waters, and likewise the nations. It is
from this word that we have the * water-shed/ in the sense of a
line of division. Physical Geography has lately brought this word
forward out of its provincial obscurity. See Wilbraham*s Cheshire
Glossary, v. Shed; Miss Baker's Northants Glos. v. Sheth. In
Wright's V^ocabularies, p 1 83 ; discrimen, shade of the here. So in
Jamieson, to shed hair, is to separate it so that it fall to either side.

943. nyde gebegde] Here we have a case of transition from the
verb which was anciently established in this connection, to a sab-
stituted modern verb of proximate meaning. Tlie old verb is pre-
served in BCD. Above 937 '^, we have the old verb in ff, but the
genuine orthography , is only found in BCD. The old verb is
geb8Bdan=^o compel, from an obscure word bad, found only in the
compound nydbad=exac/t07i, toll, compulsory pat^ment. Cod. Dipl.
95 ; Schmid, v. bad. The verb is found so often with the adverb
nyde, that nydegebsedan might almost be regarded as a compooDd
= avayKdC€iv. Grein, v. gebadan.

The new verb is gehegan = flectere, transitive of gehugan = to
bow.

962. manbryne] Contrary to all the translators from Gibson
downwards, who understand by this word an epidemic fever, I take
it for a great and disastrous fire in London. In many places of
Csedmon, bryne is incendium ; see Bouterwek. And /«r^fie= terri-
ble burning of the sun's heat, Caed. 3001. M&n-bryne is a bad or
destructive fire ; according to the analogy of m&n-bealo, malum per-
niciosum (Bouterwek).

One cannot but be struck with the singular parallelism betweea
this annal and the events of A. D. 1665, 1666.

963. pi23m. mease haoel] mass-hackle, i.e. mass- vestment,
cope. In the West of England the word hackle is specially used of
the conical straw roofing that is put over bee-hives. Also, of the
" straw covering of the apex of a rick," says Mr. J. Yonge Akerman,
Glossary of Wiltshire Words, v. Hackle. •. .

963. p 123 1. And he roacode fyrst ]>a wealle abutan )K)ne
mynstre. geaf hit ]>a to nama Burch. }>e sr het Medeshamstede.]

NOTES 329

Though the language here is of the twelfth ceutory, yet this state-
ment is apparently authentic. The great fortifying era in England
had been initiated by Edward the son of Alfred. Fortified monasteries
became common, and Peterborough was probably one of the earliest
instances. Fortification changed the character and the moral aspect
of the monastic institution, and the change of name was a natural
consequence. The irregular cluster of humble edifices, which shewed
like any other " homestead'* of the open country, was now encircled
with a wall, like one of the fenced cities. Henceforth it is no more
Medeshamstede or the Meadow- homestead ; but Btirh or Btirch, the
garrison and capital of a dependent region. The fortified place became
also the market-place of its district, and hence it reaped commercial
advantages, direct and incidental. Laws of Edw. i. i. Atheist, ii. 12.
Cod. Dipl. 575.

963. pi 33 last line, and heold |>a hwile ]>e he j'ser wsbs]
^hat did he hold ? Gibson's version is as follows : " easque devexit
ad Burch, et consecravit omnes sancto Petro uno die, retinuitque
quamdiu ihi esset" The Mon. Hist. Brit, renders, and observed it
the while that he was there. Mr. Thorpe, and held it the while that
he was there. Plainly Gibson means that he retained possession of the
forenamed relics of saints, and did not part with them. The MHB
version is equally plain, that Abbot iElfsi, in succeeding years, made
a point of keeping the day of the Translation of the Relics as a high-
day. Mr. Thorpe's rendering is verbal. Gibson's version appears
to me preferable^ both as most suitable to the language (as far as
anything can be rested on it, where the construction is so lax, as
throughout this piece), and also most apposite to the habits of the
age in treating relics as merchandize. In adverse times, an em-
barrassed abbot made ready money of his relics, just as kings of
Judah got out of their difficulties by cutting off the gold and silver
of the Temple. iElfsige was not a seller but a buyer of such trea-
sures, when he met with impoverished abbots, as may be read below,
anno 1013.

973. on ^8Bre ealdan byrig Acemannes ceastre] I do not
think this ancient name for Bath is rightly explained by reference
to the sufferings alleviated by the Bath waters, quasi aohe-man-
chester. Ake- seems to be simply a corruption of the Latin Aqua ;
like Aix, Ax, Dax (=de aquis), and the German Slad^. Whether
the next part -man- meant homo, appears to me highly doubtful.
The genitive given to it in the tenth century ('-mannes') must not
weigh much with us ; any more than the uncritical form in Florence,

u u

330 NOTES

Acamanni civitas. In ancient British, man signified places and tha
would make a saitable appendage here.

973* sigora firean] Cf. p 126 m, Sigora waldend. A good M
of doubt hangs over the- interpretation of this word sigora. It
seems to be a gen.pl.^ but of what subst is not clear. The phrue
may mean either lord of victors or lord of victories : cf. Bouterwek,
Glossar, vv. sigor and sigora.

978. upfloran] "Solarium, upflor;" Semi- Saxon Vocabularr,
Ed. Wright, p 93. Upflora; iElfric Hom., Ed. Thorpe, vol L
p 3 1 4 : upfleringe, id. pp 296, 3 1 4.

979 £. flBt Corfes geate] This subsequently slid into the ac-
ceptation of " the gate of Corfe Castle ;" and hence the picture d
the arched gateway, and the horseman stabbed while drinking. Gib-
son, though dissatisfied, conld not mend the conventional rendering.
He says, "Elst autem Corfe castrum vetustam in medio Insok
Purbecke dictse, in agro Dorsatensi; cni 'geate' adjectam videtur
indicare, iElfritham Eadweardo Regi insidias stnizisse in ipso castii
vestibulo, sive via ad castrum ducente." It did not occur to him
that there 1009 no Castle there at that time. The name Corfes geat
or Corf geat (F) signifies the singular cut or cleft in the line of chalk
hills, wherein Corfe Castle has since been pitched, on a mioor
eminence. The ' geat' is a gate, not of art, but of nature ; as abon
942, * hwitanwylles g^at.'

982 C. Saroena] This is not the earliest mention of the Saracens
in Saxon Uterature. See Bede*s £. H. v. 23, where the genitive plunl
is Sarcina.

991. ^ man geald SBrest gafol Ddniscan mannum] This
tallies exactly with the dates of Anglo-Saxon money found in
Denmark and Sweden ; in both which countries it has been exhumed
in larg^ quantities, but especially in Sweden. The dates rang^ from
iEtSelred to Edward Conf. ; and coins of some of the intermediate
reigns have been found in Denmark and Sweden in larger numbers
than in England. Anglosachsiska Mynt i Svemka Kongh Mynthtki-
nettet af Bror Emil Hildebrand. 4to., Stockholm, 1 846.

992. gif hi muhton )K>ne here ahwsBr utene betrsdppan]
V. 1. utan betreppan CD; gif man mihte betraeppan )>ane here
ahwar wi]>utan F. Cf. ^IMci Colloquium (Thorpe's Analects,
p 25), where the bird-catcher takes birds mid treppaQ=:decipuli
The project was to environ the hostile force by surprise. Florence
says, " ut, si quo modo possent, Danorum exercitum in sliqao
portu circumvallando comprehenderent." And Henry of Hunt-

NOTES 331

ingdon, "rex Dacis tnsidias molitus est ut interciperent

Dacos."

utene is not to be joined with ahioar=^ anywhere without (Ingram),
anywhere abroad (Thorpe), as if utene meant " out at sea," " out
on their cruise," "out about the coasts" — ^but it goes almost into
one word with betr8eppaii=to take or catch the foe by surround-
ing him on the outsside, utene-betrseppaiiy or (better) utan-be-
tareppaiiy is to beleaguer. Florence had the same Saxon before
him as we have, and he renders it word for word fiilly and faith-
fuUy. ahw8er=in aliquo portu : utene =circnmvallando : betreppan
=comprehenderent. MHB's " an3rwhere betrap the army about" is
admirable, utan {utene) is t^tv, not ?(«. See the Glossary, v. utan,

994. and hi ahredde] and rescued them. We retain this verb in
our Bible ; " rid me and deliver me out of great waters." Ps. cxliv.
7, II, and Ixxxii. 4.

994. jE^lward ealdorman] This is supposed to be the histo-
rian *' Patricius Consul Fabius Quaestor -^thelwerdus." See MHB
in Pref. p8i.

995 . This Annal is prolonged^ in F as follows : — And ^fric.
Wiltunscire b'. wearlS gecoren. on Easter dsi on AmbresbyrL fram .£gelred
dnge. and fram eallen hit witan. Des JEiMe was BwyVe gewis mann. ))et nas nan
■nottere man on Engla lande. Da for iElfrie to his aroestol. and )» he Jrider com.
he was under fange of Jiam hades mannam )>e him ealra aneaOest was. )»t was of
clerican. And sona ef s . . ealla )» wisaste men he awar gecneow. and swyloe sfter
ealdan mannam. ]>a cnOan )»t soSoste seggan ha selc )nng wearf$ on >is lande be
heora yldrau dagan. to eacan ))an he sylf geleomed hsfde on bocan. and at wisen
mannam. Him tealdan )» swyOe ealde menn. Kg9er ge gehadode ge bewede.
heora yldran heom tealdan hu hit was gelagod sona sy])J)an S. Augostinas to >i8an
lande com. Da )» Augostinas pone b'. setl fenge hsfde on )>are burh. )» was he
arceb' ofer ealleft ^es dnges rice .figelberhtes. swa hit ys gened on Ystoria

Anglomm . . . . ne setl wyrcan be l^es dnges foltume on

ealdan Romaniscan wearde onginnon. sa . . . and forO to sprytanne. Of |»am
gefersdpe waeran )» fyrmestan. Mellitus. lustus. Paulinas. Rufianus. Be pjnn
sende se eadiga papa ])one pallium, and )Nurto gewrit. and tacnunge. hu he b'
halgian. and an hwylcum stowe on Britane hi settan scolde. And ])am cinge M . .
he sende gewrita. and manega woruldgiua of mistlicum )>ingum. And >a cjrrican
Pe hi gegearcod hxfdan. he het halgian on Drihtnes naman hslendes Cristes. and
sancta Marian, and himsyUum pax eardung stowe sette. and his sefter fiHgendum
eallan. and )»t he scolde par innan settan pea ylcan hades menn >a he jwder to
lande sende. and ptL he sylf was. and eac pat sic oper 6. scolde beon mttnec
hades mann pe )>one arb'stol gessete an CantwarebyrL and >at scolde beon wfre
gehealden be Godes leafe and bletsunge. and be S. Petrus. and be ealra pA efter
him coman. Da )wos sand angean com to JBgelberhte dnge. and to Agustine. hi
wurSan swyOe blithe )mrh swilce wissunge. And se arb' ptk halgode pat mynstre
on Cristes naman and S. Marian on pam dage pe ys gecweden twegra martira
m«ssa dm. Primi et FelicianL and per binnan munecas gelogode eal swa See

u u2

332 NOTES

GregoriuB bebeod. And hi Go4es (leowdom cUenlice beeodan. and man iMinflfHi
ylcan muneotn bifloopas to gehwylcre itowe. twa pa neddan miht on Ystoro Aogk-
rum. DawaaElfricarb'swyOe bli'Se.)»the swa fela gewitnease hmfie^ara^w^
betst to (»am timan wit$ ^ne cing. Gyt |» yl<;an witan >e mid |iaii arb\ vtn>
cwcdan. Dua eal swa we g^eald habbaV ^urh frunedao munecaa on Cnrtacjiioi
on Agustines dage. and on Laarenties. Mellites. lustes. Honorict. Jkaaiek
Deodores. Brihtwoldes. Tatwines. Nothelmea. Cuthbertes. Bregwines. hnhe^
ACelhardes. Wulfredea. Felogild. Ac )«8 ea . . . geares. |>a CeolnoO com to )b
arb'rioe. wearO swylc mancweakn pat na belaf binnan Cristas cyrcan botaif
manecas. To eallan hia timan. wearO gewinn and sorh on ^ysom lande. ^tv

mann ne mihte Jwncan embe nabt ellea bntan Nu Gode ^c ys Int oi )s

dnges anwealda and on )»3rnum hwaeOer hi leng pur binnan lengre beoo wfA^
for]>on na miJUe man hi nmfre at bet bringan ^nne man nu mai gif ^ cing* ^^
and ^m. Se arb' pa butan elcre lettinge mid eallan pam tcisutn mannum ferde urn
to )>am cinge. and cyddan him eall ealswa we her beforan tealdan. Da worfl*
cing Bwiffe bliSe )»fsere tidunge. and cwseO to ]>am arb* and to pam o9ran. 31eM
rsed pat |m eahh aerost fare to Rome sefter )»non werce €ind pa. >am papan e^
eal his. and 8y)>)»n be his rede far. And hi ealle andswaredan )>at >at was se bet^
ned. Da \Kt preottoi Hs gehyrdan. >a neddan hi. >at hi naman twegen of heom. id
sendan to pam papan. and badon him mycelne garsuman and sealfer. wiff ^
pe he soolde gifan heom )>one erce. Ac hi hi to Rome coman. pm nolde se pifi
naht )»t don for hi ne brohtan nan gewrit. naffer na of pmm dnge na of >■
folce. and het hi fiiran loc whar hi woldon. Sona atca )>a preostas ^anon goejmi
wsron. com se arb' iElfric to Rome, and se papa hine nnderfeng mid myoebi
worscipe. and het hine a morhgen msssian at S. Petres weofode. and se papa sjtf
dyde on his agene pallium and hine swyiSe wyrtSede. Da )>i8 waa gedon. se sH)'
ongan to tellende pam papan eal embe )» clericas. hu hit ge£aran was. and ha bi
binnan )>an mynstre at his arb* rice wseran. And se papa him agean gerehte ba
)» preostas to him cuman wseran. and mycelne gsersuman budan. for ^ ^ be
scolde heom l>one pallium gifan. Ac cwseff se papa. &r nu to ^n^^olande aa-
gean. mid Godes bletsunge. and S. Petres. and minre. and swa ^n ham come. (k>
into l>inan mynstre pas ylcan hadesmenn. l>e beatus Gregorius bebead AugustiM
pax inne to londe. be Godes bebode. and S. Petres. and minre. Se arcebisceop )•
mid l>y8an gecyrde to Englalande. Sona swa he ham com. he gesset his arb'stoL
and si)>))an to )>an cinge £Brde. and se dng and ealle his leode Gode |ianoode bit
angeancumes and )>at he swa geaemdod swa ))an eahn leofuste wes. He ^ eft to
Cantwarebiri ferde and ]>a clericas ut of )>am mynstre adra£ and ^ar binnan mooectf
■ette. eal swa se papa him bebeod.

Iste fnit prudens valde, ita ut illo in tempore nullus sapientior haberetor ii
Anglia. Recedente itaque inde rege, i£lfricus pergit Dorobemiam. Ubi ous
venisset, receptus est^ a tali ordine clerioorum, a quo minus vellet. CogitsTit
igitur et multum secum tractans, quali modo possit eicere eos, quos sdebat in
Ecclesia Christi injuste mansisse. Ut supra diximus, Talde fait prudens, et ecde*
siastids disciplinis plurimum ihstructus. Itaque pnecepit congregari omnes qaoi
sdebat prudentiores per totam Angliam, et maxime senes. Ad quern cum pi«
reverentia viri fevtmaixUst venissent, requisivit ab eis si quid aut ipsi a suii an*
tecessoribus de Ecdesia Christi Cantise audissent, aut ipsi in aliquo loco Itgis&BDiXy
quis ordo in pnedicta ecclesia Deo servire debuisaet, dericorum aut monachomin.
aut quis eo tempore postquam Augustinus Angliam ingresset, ibi locsitus eoet in
initio. Ipse Tero multa a multis antea inde audivit, et in libris legit. Tunc

NOTES 333

■eniores et pradentiorefl nmrraverunt ei, quod inde a suis patribiu aadissent.
Poatquam DeuB, inquiunt, per beatam AaguBtinum aperuit cor regis .£delberti
ad siucipiendam fidem Chruti, ipse Augustinus elegit sibi sedem in dvitate Do-
robemia qtug erat caput totius regni iEdelberti regis, ubi invenit quoddam opus
inceptum Romano opere, quod auxiliante rege statuit perficere. Quod dum per-
fectum esset rex iEgelbertus coepit consilium quserere ab Augustino et a csteris
consiliariis suis, quern ordinem monachorum \e\ clericorum conyenientius in ilia
eoclesia cut serviendum Deo constituere potuisset. Qui omnes dedemnt consi-
lium, ut rex ex sua parte mitteret nuntios sues, et Augustinus monachos suos
cum nuntiis regis Romse, ad papam Oregorium, et ejus consilio sicut antea idem
Augustinus venit in Angliam, ita et ecclesia jam nominata dedicaretur et ordina-
retur. Quod et factum est. Nam rex statim paratis nuntiis suis, misit Romae, et
Augustinus nichilominus suos. Cum autem yenissent ad papam, et nuntiasaeni
quod Angli suscepissent fidem Christi, gayisus est yalde. Auditis itaque omnibus
quae a rege et Augustino mandata fnerant, statim remisit nuntios, cum quibus hos
yiros misit Augustino ut essent ei in adjutorium ad fidem Christi oonfirmandam ;
Mellitum, Justum, Paulinum, Rufinianum. Per istos etiam misit Augustino pallium,
atqtte in quo loco deberet episcopos co-ordinare, et ponere mandavit ; ecclesiam
quoque quam fecerat in honorem Jhesu Christi, et S. Maris matris ejus, praecepit
dedicaW, e/uademque ordinis quo ipse Augustinus, et alii quosipse sibi misit, erant,
in eadem ^cclesia ad serviendum Deo ponere, sibique ibidem sedem archiepiscopalem
et omnibus succeason'&ua suis statuere, omnesque archiepiscopos sibi succedentes
monachos esse debere, ex parte Dei yiventis, et beati Petri, et ex sua, et omnium sue-
eeaaorum prscepit. Cum autem nuntii reversi, yenissent ad regem, et ad Augus-
tinum, gaudio maximo repleti sunt pro tali mandato. Tunc Augustinus festinanter
dedicavit ecclesiam illo die quo festum sanctorum Primi et Felidani, y. Idus Junii,
habetur, posuitque in ea monachos sicut papa mandavit ; et ex ipsis ordinabantur
episcopi per Angliam aicut ipse legisti in Ystoria Anglorum. Itaque cum ista
^Ifiricus archiepiscopus audisset, et tales testes habuisset, qui illo tempore maxime
in consilio regis erant, gaudio repletus est. Addiderunt adhuc prsdicti viri : Ita
sicut diximus, permi^nserunt monachi in ecclesia Christi Cantuariae, tempore Au-
gustini, Laurentii, Melliti, Jasti, Hononi, Deusdedit, Theodorii, Brihtwaldi,
Tatwini, J>^othelmi, Cuthberti, Bregwini, Janberti, Athelhardi, Wulfredi, Feolo-
gildi. Illo vero primo anno qito Chelnodus suscepit archiepiscopatum CantiK
tanta mortalitas facta est, ut in ^cclesia Christi non remanerent nisi v. monachi,
et ideo pro tali necessitate idem C. archiepiscopus accepit de clericis suis presbi-
teros, qui quousque restauraret ecclesiam monachis, juvarent pauoos monachos qui
remanserunt. Nunc autem est in potestate regis et tua, si diutius vultis ut ibi
clerici . . maneant, quia postquam pro tali necessitate ibi positi sunt, non potuerunt
levins eid quam modo. Tunc archiepiscopus cum magna festinatione cum his
omnibus quos secum ibi habebat, perrexit ad regem iCgelbertum, et indicavit ei
per ordinem haec omnia. Tunc dixit accepto consilio rex : Hoc videtur mihi
melius consilium, ut eatis Roms pro pallio vestro, et indlcetis apostolico omnia,
et secundum suum consilium per omnia fieri concedo. Dixerunt omnes optimum
esse consilium regis. Archiepiscopus autem paratis rebus suis perrexit Romam.
Statim vero ut clerid audierunt consilium regis, paraverunt duos ex ipsis qui irent
Roms, portantes secum multum auri et argenti, quod darent paps pro pallio.
Sed nuntii archiepisoopi prscessemnt. Nam cum clerid pervenerunt ad papam,
respondit se nolle illorum verba suscipere, quia nullum signum nee a rege nee a
populo terrs secum haberent. Discedentibus clerids, venit archiepiscopus ad

334 NOTES

papun, qai imoepit enm cam iiui«;iio iKmore. Ib cnstiao teat nb otel
miMun ad altare beati Petri, et ipse impoMcit et propHim patthm sia. dl
hsc ita lacta eaaent, archiepiaoopns ccepit dioetv jmpm de ckrica» et deUal
Chriflti iicot sapradictam eat, et papa ei de dericia qoomodo veoomtidfafl
qaod obtolerant sibi magnam pecaniam pro pallio ; et adjedt paps: lUilil
Angliam com benedictione Dei, et Sancti Petri, et in ecdeaa tibi cohm^
ejofldem ordinis in ea ponite quern papa Oregorina Angnstino pneeepit,etk|
tibi pnecipio ez parte Dei et beati Petri, et noetra. Tone utdM^nof^^
rediit. Cum autem revertiaaet in Angliam, statim adiit eodeaiam nn,ftiK|
adiit regem, et Istatus est rex, et omnia Anglia. tie reditu soo et qsod as I
secundum roluntatem regis peregit. Poet hsec rerersoa ad aedem sosm, ekc]RS I
derids, locayit ecdesiam monachia aicut papa illnm imperaTermt, secmidDfi |
B. Oregtfriua pneoepit Augustino fiuxre in primoitiio eodesiK. FLoL

997. Penwihtsteort] steort, Uul, is the Saxon additioa. 1^1
Keltic name is represented by Penwiht, which C gives Penwft, 1^ |
D Penwoed. The latter appears nearest to the Welsh, from ^ |
following passage of the Brut y Ty wysogion : " King Henry coDedai I
an army against Owynedd and Powys o'r vow eithiqf o Gpvfw h
gelwir Pengwayd, hyt y vann eithia/o Brydyn Uegeiwir Penbkttkem'
i.e. from the land*s end of Cornwall, which is called Fengwa?d,to
the land's end of Prydyn, which is called Penblathaon.

1 00 1. Tegntun] Locus in agro Devontensi ; .... sed ^ plonlni
in isto ag^o hujus appellationis locis, quia sit nescio (Gibson). Ose
among many instances of his scrupulous fidelity. His successoRi
Ingram and MHB, retained the name unaltered in their translation;
but Mr. Thorpe has tacitly given it as Teign mouth, first in his Tran^
lation of Lappenberg (vol.ii. p 162), and since in his Edition of the
Chronicles for the Master of the Rolls. Both name and site speak
for Kingsteignton, three miles up the estuary of the Teign.

Peonh6] Now Finho, three miles N. £. of Exeter, and a feToorite
walk with residents of the western capital. It is near the Clists, one
of which is here indicated by the name ' Glistune.'

The composition of the name Peon ho is tautological ; the latter
being a Saxon translation of the former part, which is British. Gib-
son (strangely) confounded it with set Peonniim, 658.

1903. gebrsed he hine seocne] feigned he himself sick: cf.
La^aroon, vol. i. p 284, |>e king hine breid seac.

1004. ao hi abrutSon )>a ^ he to)K>hte] "bat they in whom
he trusted failed to do it," MHB ; *' but they whom he trusted io
failed him," Thorpe. This passage may help to justify the reading
of the manuscript of La^amon (vol. i. p 82. Ed. Madden) :
al heo tileden
ase heo to )>ohten

= Uiey tilled whatever they set their minds an — where the Elditor haa

r^ NOTES 335

» jjUggested an emendation. In i£lfric' Horn. vol. i. p268» ac we
; « :!^ceolon biddan f God as gescylde, f we ne abreo^on on tJaere fan-
»^»iunge=but we must pray that God would shield us, that we fail
^ ^ot in the trial : mox, swa he oftor on ^aere fandunge abry^, swa he

Torcu^ra bi^=the oftener he fail in trial, the more desperate he
i I:^^^^ ^®' ^^^^^ I loi , aet }>8ere neode abru^n.
a I abru^n is the pi. pret. of abred^an, well illustrated by Grein,
Ki " JBlbliothek der Angelsdchsischen Poesie, Glossar s. v.
t ^ 1006. p 1 40 m. Da hit winter leohte] winter laehte C D. When it
*'* became winterly or winterish. This verb seems to be formed from an
"^ adj. winterlic; siunorlsecan from sumorlic, &c. So in OHG,
^ nalihhon, ga-ebanlichon are ranged by Graff under Uh=similis,
~ _ But SB does not often present itself as an alterate of i ; and Grimm is
_ . embarrassed by the unconformability of the verbs in -leecan. Deutsche

Grammatik, vol. ii. pp 119 and 283.
^ The foUowing list is taken from the first volume of the Homilies

of iElfric (Ed. Thorpe) :

ge-anlsehte page 318.

ge-cneordlKoende .... 436.

ge-cai^lahte 388 ; c£ Lajamon, toI. iii. p 493.

ge-dyrstlflecO 456.

ge-edliehte aS, 196.

efenlsecendn 396.

ge-fertehte • 13a, 414, 494, 496, 531, 544.

ge-lomlsecendum .... 578, 614.

nealsecan 584.

ge-rihtlscon 494, 578^ 618.

ramorlseh'S 614.

ge-hwserlsec^ 518, 548,616, 700.

To this list may be added from the Vocabularies (Ed. Wright,
P54)» " Venusto, ic cyrtenlaece :" of. Ettmiiller's Lex. P386. Also,
ge)>rystl[8ehte] in the fragment of Zosimas, p 104, 1. 17, in the Ap-
pendix to my Swi^hun. Ettmiiller (Lex. p 184) gives wi^rl8Bcan=
privare ; but I cannot verify his reference.

1006. p 140 m. to his £ry% stole to Wihtlande] C D omit the
second to; F has, to his fri|> stole into Wiht; ad Asylum nempe
Vectam (Gibson). A metaphorical use. of firi^ stol is found also in
the Paris Psalter, Ps. Ixxxix. i, xciii. 21: and of fin^stow, Ps.
xvii. I ; where the Latin version has, in all three cases, refugvum.
The literal fritS stol was a seat in a privileged ' sanctuary.' " In
several English churches there was a stone seat beside the altar, for
those who fled to the peace of the church. One of these still remains
at Beverley, another at Hexham. To violate the protection of the

336 NOTES

fri^Btol was not to be comp'ensated by a pecuniary penalty;, it wis
hot-leas'* Prof. Cosmo Innes, Scotland in the Middle jiges, p 195.
The ftit^stol in Hexham Abbey would grace a more advanced
position — if one may criticise arrangements which appear to be ruled
by good taste and good feeling.

1006. P140 m. to heora garwan feorme] There is a bitter
pleasantry about this, of which the point is, that the pirates regarded
the well-stored farms of Berkshire and Hampshire as so much pro-
visions laid up for their own winter entertainment. It is not easy
to devise a modern form of words which shall reflect the spirit here
manifested — ^it is somewhat of this kind : at Christmas they made a
progress to those hospitable quarters where they knew they were alwap
welcome.

1006. p 140 m. Cwicchelines hlfiBwe] £. S. E. of Wantage is
'* Cuckhamsley Hill or Cuchinslow, a large barrow on a wide plain
overlooking White Horse Vale." Qough'aXJamden, i. 225. In Cod.
Dipl. 693, we have a scir gemot set Cwicelmes hlse^we.

beotra gylpa] This would have been in the text of E but for an
accidental omission, which has been* supplied in the foot-note from C.
It is a genuine Saxon idiom =ov< of insolent bravado. It is a sort
of genitive absolute, a good example of which may be seen in a
Charter communicated by the late Mr. Kemble to the Archaeological
Journal, No. 53 (1857), p 60; ungebetra \msek=without haviMg
mended matters,

and Bona |>et wserod on fleame gebrohtan] 3 hi %ar f En-
glisce fblc a fleame brohtan F.

rancne] prutne F.

1 008. This tantalizing annal prompts a conjecture that the annalist
had access to public accounts which he cared little to understand,
and contented himself by making a hasty extract. The formality of
the paragraph, with its videlicet {f is ]H)nne) — the diraf Xrytjj^cyov
Bceg^ — the allusion in the next annal to books which can hardly
mean published books — might thus be accounted for.

In this rating of land for raising a navy, the numbers are so an-
conformable to the statistical numbers preserved elsewhere, and so
incommensurate with each other, that they must be received with
suspicion. All the texts agree, except D, which, of all extant texts,
is probably the nearest to the source. In the confusion of the text
of D, may possibly be found materials for a future emendation.

But, taken at its worst, the annal is rich in interest. We
learn the curious fact, that it was incumbent on each of the landed
subdivisions, to provide the king with a ship and its armour. Tbe

NOTES 337

gDverntnent did not levy ship-money, but required each county to
find its quota of ships. This would apply as well to the inland
districts, as to those on the sea-bord. And here we find the expla*
nation of an otherwise inexplicable bequest of good Abp. ^Ifric,
who died two years before this date. He gave one ship to the folk
of Kent, and one to Wiltshire. The will is in Cod. Dipl. 716.
Doubtless, in each of the cases, the bequest was intended as an alle-
viation of the heavy imposts under which the people groaned. His gift
being to the shire, is an argument that the assessment was by shires.
It appears to me probable that each shire had to furnish one ship
for every three Hundreds contained in the shire. Thus a shire
containing thirty Hundreds would have to furnish ten ships. (Ac-
cordingly, D may be right: of frym hundscipum :?=of three
Hundreds, -Sunbertfc^aften.) This burden would fall upon the whole
body of the people, according to their rating. But the wealthy land-
owners had a special burden besides. He who had property up to
or over the extent of ten hides, would have to furnish a soeg^S — and
every thane under ten hides, had to furnish a helmet and breastplate.

feastlice] fsestlice C D ; intent^ flor.

8oeg%] Wright's Vocabularies, P47, Scapha vel trieris, litel scip
vel sceig^ ; P 5^> Ttieris scei^ ; P ^3. Trieris sc«g^. See Schmid,
Glos. V. Scei^man ; and Cod. Dipl. 755, Winsig scaeg^man. This
word appears to have been borrowed from the Northmen : Skei^,
navis cursoria, Egilsson.

1009. p 143. lencten] Here it is seen by the relation in which
Lencten stands to Winter, that the original sense is not Lent, but
Spring ; as Lenz, still used in poetic German :

Und Lenz wird kommen,
Und Winter wird gehn.

l^ilhelm Mailer's "Trockne Blomen."

And this is the sense in which it entered into ' Lent-lilies,' Old
English .(now provincial) for dafiFodils.

In like manner hserfest originally meant autumn, like the German
Herbst

Id I. P145. f W8BS unaseogendlio SBnigom mexin] inenar-
rabile verb cuiquam (Gibson); it was impossible for any men [man] to
say (Ingram).

ndpUng] This rare word occurs but this once in the Saxon
Chronicles. It is found in Genesis xxxix. 20 ; Ps. Ixviii. 38, Ed.
Spelman : in both cases of prisoners, vincti. Above in the same
page is rsBpton from rsBpan =C<»rf>«u'» they seized, took captive.
See the family of words in Ettm. p 267, who connects it with rap,

338 NOTES

rope. Henry of Huntingdon has caught up the sound of this lament:
Videres autem spectaculum horrendum, faciem urbis antiqoz et

pulcherrimse totam in cineres redactam, caput fidei foDtem-

que doctrinse Anglorum vincuUs mancipatum opprobriose pertrahi.

IOI2. hry^r^] " Homed beasts are still designated in DorNt
and in other parts of England, Bother Cattle; likewise in Stat. 3
and 4 Edw. vi. c. 19, mention is made of ' Rother beastes, as oxen,
steres, noutes, kyen, heighfers and calves.' Piers Ploughman de-
scribes the husbandman driving his team of foure rotheren*' Arch«o-
logical Journal, 1 860, p 157.

1012. and his halige blod on %a eor^an feoU] Slphege was
martyred at Greenwich, whither he had been conveyed from Canter-
bury by Sandwich. An old tfiforium window in the north choir
aisle of Canterbury Cathedral represents, in three compartments, the
story of EUphege : i. The siege; 2. The embarking at Sandwich;
3. The martyrdom at Greenwich, when Thrum, whom the Abp.had
baptized, put him out of pain by a blow of his axe (' impietate pia*).

Elphege is buried in the Cathedral at Canterbury on the N. side
of the ascent of steps towards the high altar, under the spot where
now is the altar-tomb of the late Archbishop Hooley. Opposite to
Elphege, at the other end of the same steps, is the resting-place of
Dunstan, where are still remains of the fret-work of his shrine. In the
midst of the ascent is the site of the grave of Odo, predecessor of
Dunstan.

The scene of the martyrdom was Greenwich, and probably the
very site on which Greenwich church stands ; — they would no doubt
have wished to plant the church on the identical spot, and woold
have taken pains to ascertain it. The church is dedicated to St
iElfheah. See Osbom's Life of Alphege in Anglia Sacra 147;
also Acta Sanctorum, Ap. 19 and 21.

1 01 3. p 149. byre] Only this once in the Chronicles. It is not
'time,' so much sls favourable circumstance, occasion, opportwuity, xtupis.
The word seems to be at home in the North, where byrr is ventus
secundus (Egilsson), and analogous in its derivative meanings to
cZpoi, Connected with this is the Norsk impers. verb mer byijar,
me decet ; and the corresponding Saxon hit gebyra^^ U is seasonable^
appropriate. The only other case of byre, which J find in Saxon, is
in the Lay of Byrhtno^ 121, Ed. Grein : Thorpe's Analecta, p 135,
|>a he byre h8efde=when he had opportunity.

1014. CandelmeBssan] The Purification, February 2. For the
history of this Festival, which is not one of the ancient ones, bat
traced back only to the times of Justin or Justinian, sixth century,

NOTES 339

see Suicer, v. 'YnmravTri : Bingham. Bp. Sparrow, J Rationale of
the Book of Common Prayer^ quotes S. Bernard for the Procession
and Candles. This last feature has stamped the day in several
modern languages; in French, La F^te de la Chandeleun And in
Swedish I find kyndilmOsso (Bonaventuras Betraktelser, cap. lo).

ioi6. CrsBcilade] Above 905, in the older form, Crecoagelade.
The second part is lad, gelad, a ford or ferry, a passage of a river.
It is seen in the sister-name of Lechlade, and other names in
Gloucestershire, as S. Mary Lode, Abload, Evenlode, Framilode.
The first part, which is now shrunk up to Crick-, is probably Cerrig,
the British word for stone^ which is still an important element in
names, not only in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, but also in England
and France. In Ireland the common form is Carrick, e. g. Carrick-
fergos &c., also Creagh ; in Scotland, Craig, e. g. Craigmillar &c.,
or Craw, as Crawford ; in Wales, Cerrig, Craig, Crick, e. g. Crick-
howel (i.e. HoweFs stone) &c. In England we have Crichton,
Crick House, Craik (Co. Durham), repeated instances of Crawley,
Cray, Creake, which occur in divers counties. In France there is
'* La Crau" near Aries, which is th6 Ai^c^cr or Stony Plain of Strabo
iv. 7. Camden was the first to point out this derivation : . . .
" Gallis hodie la Cramx dicitur. Nominis tamen rationem nesciunt,
at lapides Craig Britannica lingua nominantur."

1016. pi 54. eall bewestan] This phrase filled out fuU, would
stand thus — " be westan dsele;" and Gibson has rendered it ex-
cellently, per plagam occidentalem. Of the English translators, none
has surpassed Ingram's " all by west" — the later version of MHB
and Thorpe, ** all to the west,** being no improvement.

1016. P155. Georius] GeorgiusCD; Georgies F. Concerning
S. George, an Anglo-Saxon Poem of about this date, or a little later,
was edited by Mr. Hardwick for the Percy Society, 1850. The
Preface shews that this Saint was well known in Saxon times, and
that his celebrity did not rise out of the Crusades. But his quality
of Patron-Saint of England does date from that period.

1016. p 155. gandagum] So D; C and F have the usual form
gang dagum. The Rogation days before Ascension Day, in which
litanies were sung in procession round the fields. The petition of
the litanies was for the kindly fruits of the earth. This is the going
to which the etymology of the word points. A faint image of the
procession still survives in the annual custom of beating the parish
bounds at this season.

1016. P156. flBt Soeorstane] ". . . . iVi fViccia, in loco qui
Scearstan nominatur, Flor. ; i. e. (interprete Camdeno) Comitatus lapis.

340 NOTES

Patatur enim lapis esse termiDalis qui quatoor Comitatiis, Oxouiemm,
Glocestrensem, Wigamiensemt et Warwicensem distinguit*' (Gibson).
Mr. Thorpe ap, Flor. Wigom. ad loc. has an ingenious method for
bringing aboat an identification of this place with Chimney in Oi-
fordshire.

1016 C. p 158. D»r ahte Cnut sige. and gefeht him eaOe
]Biigla)>eode] = r^e Knui was victorious and coHquered all Ik
English nation. In D it stands ' gefeaht him taitS ealle,' — to the con-
fusion of the sense. A new hand begins at * gefeaht' in the middle
of the sentence, and hence probably the error.

1016. p 159. and ys, oyningas comon togaddere wt Olanige]
Here the manuscript D has a noticeable amplification : 8Bt Olanige.
wiiS Deorhyrate. and wnrdon feolagan and wedbrotSra. and
)«Bt getostnodon Ao. The locality is still more distinctly indi-
cated by Florence : . . . ambo reges, ad locum qui I>eorhgrst iiosu-
nntur, in unum convenerunt : Eadmundus cum suis in occidentali ripd
Sabrina, Canutus verb in orientali cum suis consedit. Dein uterqse
rex in insulam qua Olanege appellatur, et est in ipsius fiuminis medio
sUa, trabariis advehitur; ubi pace amicitia fraternitate, et pacta et
sacramentis confirmata^ regnum dividitur, Gibson says, " Hodie VilC
CiSl^tt insula in agro Glocestrensi, quam Sabrins flnroinis aquae
sese diffindentes efficiunt." There is hardly any doubt that it is
Alney Island^ close to the city of Gloucester ; whether this be The
Eight of Gibson or not. Either the description •• near Deerhyrst"
must be a mistake, or " Deerhyrst" must be other than the place of
that name near Tewksbury. The MS. D and Florence are too nearij
allied to strengthen each other s statement.

This meeting of Gnat and Edmund is represented as a duel by a
great majority of later historians. Sharon Turner gives the following
list of authorities for the duel : Henry of Huntingdon ; Matthew of
Westminster ; The Peterborough Chronicle, ap. Sparke ; Knyghton ;
Brompton; Higden; Rieval; Radulf Niger (MS. Vesp. D. io,p25);
Anglo-Saxon History, vol. iii. p 267, note 13. In Malmesbury and
the Encomium Emma, Cnut is said to have declined battle. The
following authorities make no mention of duel or challenge : Saxon
Chronicles; Florence; Simeon of Durham; Hoveden; Knytlinga
Saga.

It became in the course of time one of the established sensation
scenes of History. Speed, Baker, and Grafton describe the wager
of battle circumstantially, with stand-up speeches, after the man-
ner of the early books of Livy. Camden adopts the Monomachia.
Hume does not notice it. Turner relates it with a precise comparison

NOTES 341

of aathorities. Lingard introduces it guardedly thus : "To account
for the 6nal success of Canute, it was said that the two kings fought
in single combat in the Isle of Olney, &c. &c/*

The question was elaborately stated and examined by Mr. Hogg
in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, vol. v., New
Series; and the conclusion was in favour of the Single Combat.
This view is moreover supported by the Rev. S. Lysons of Hempsted
Court, the Archaeologist of Gloucestershire, to whom I am indebted
for many curious particulars in illustration of the locality.

The name of the island in which the kings met, is found in a late
historian spelt Holenghege, and this has seemed to countenance
the combat view. The Northmen had a custom, when great issues
were to be decided by single combat, to choose for the arena a river-
island, to which the principals repaired, accompanied only by their
seconds, whilethe other supporters waited the event on the opposite
banks. This was called Holm-gang, Island-going, Mr. Hogg and
others, who support the combat view^ see in the late form Holen-
ghege some touch of this Holm-gang. But it is really only an aspi-
rated form of spelling Olanige or Alney.

Another circumstance has been urged as bearing upon the
question. The strand of the Severn, opposite to the Island, is now
called Coggins, and was temp. Edw. I. known as Cockayne ; a word
which Du Cange renders querelle, disputation, contention. Hut per-
haps this spot, which lay between the Castle of Gloucester and the
river, was the public exercising ground, and thus the continual scene
of an emulative * contention.' (But cf. Mr. Lysons in Gent. Mag.^
June 1861, P631.)

It appears to me that the combat owes its existence in history to
a single expression in the Saxon Chronicles, viz. oomon togfledere.
There is no doubt from the context that the intention of the Saxon
Chronicler is to relate an amicable conference. But in employing
the words oomon togflddere he inadvertently gave occasion for a
misunderstanding, inasmuch as this is also used (like oftdtrt Uvat) of
hostile meetings : cf.992, looi, p 158. Orosius, P416. Ed. Thorpe :
iv. 10. § 2. Ed. Bosworth. In the Coke's Tale of Gamelyn, 1. 236,
•• Whan Gamelyn and the champioun togider gon to goon."

1021*. D alone adds. And iElfgar b'. se selmesfuUa for^ferde
on Cristes maesse uhtan.

1022. swa se papa him tCBhte] instructed can hardly be the word
for this place, as the later translators have rendered it. It sounds
too much like partisanship in the judge.

Better follow Gibson : " et ipsum ab omni crimine purgavit, cujus

342 NOTES

(ut k Papa didicerat) fuerat insimQlatus, testante Archiepiscopo, et
toto comitatu qui apud eum aderat."

Bat this is not satisfactory. Tbe word tCBhte, if it signify any
help that Leofwine obtained from the Pope, it can only be help in
the way of directions as to the requisite process for his dearance.
We should thus say, " as the Pope directed or enjoined him." And
this sense seems to be borne out by Cod. Dipl. 693, where the word
is thus used once if not twice. The only other possible meaning
seemed to be " as the Pope pronounced to him, in the presence of
&c.," viz. that he had successfully cleared himself.

1025. to }}& holme 8dt ea )>8dre halgan] The river-name
" Helge-Aa" is here translated, " at the holy river" This river is
now in Sweden, with the tDwn of Christianstad on one of its lakes.
But it was then the boundary between Sweden and the Danish pos-
sessions, and was accordingly liable to witness conflicts between
Danish and Swedish leaders.

But the accuracy of this record has been questioned because of a
more famous disaster for Cnut which took place two years later than
this date. In 1027 king Olaf of Norway discomBted Cnut*s navy
by an ingenious stratagem at the river " Helge-Aa." The similarity
between the two events has led to the suspicion that they have
grown out of one. Yet there are some distinct features in this
entry, which speak for its genuineness. There is the ' holm,' and
the names of the leaders on the Swedish side, Ulf and Eglaf, which
Munch finds agreeable to the Swedish history of the time. This is
not •• Ulf larl," brother-in-law of Cnut — but Ulf and Eglaf were
two sons of Ragnvald larl, who had been in the service of the king
of Sweden. Munch's Norske Folk's Historic, vol. ii. pp 733—735.

1028. geahnode him ]>et lande] vindicated to himself that
landf made good his claims. This is the proper meaning of the
verb; see apposite quotations in Schmid, Glos. vv. agnian, agnung:
Grein, vv. agnian, geagnian. Cf. Cod. Dipl. 693. Cnut had heredi-
tary claims to the sovereignty of Norway.

1 03 1 R. Her com Cnut agan] Cf. Luke xix. 15.

1036 C. hsettode] ?«ca//)«f; it can hardly be /ayed.^ cute capitis
abstract^, Flor. In Cnut*s Laws, repeated theft is punishable by
certain mutilations, and among these heettian, a word which Grimm
did not know and would have altered : cf. Schmid, v. htettian and
V. Slra/en. His quotation from Cod. Colb. leaves little room for
doubt: corium capitis cum capillis (auferatur) quod Angli dicuot
behattie. It would be connected with Germ. Aatf<= skin; oor
hide.

NOTES 343

1036. P165. ongean wealoan] contra moliri; as Ettm. Lex.
p 78, who -prints the two words in one, as a compound. The old
High German preserves the elementary idea of this word in Walkan
=volvere, q. v. in Graff. Above, P95 m, unwealtran=unrolling-er,
is from a collateral form, with T instead of C. In M\h\Q*% Homilies,
vol. i. p 448 m, weolc the preterite, in the transferred sense of
revolving in the mind. Here it is of bringing a powerful agitation
to bear on a political question, for which the word was well prepared
by the familiar phrase, y^a gewealc, fluctuum volutatio, the rolling
swell of the wavjs. See rejff^. in Bouterwek, Glos. Csedm. To the
same effect F says, Godwine eorl and ealle ^ hetsian men on West-
sexan wBScwadon. ac hi naht ne gespeddan. and he was ^a fuUice cing
o/er eal Englaland.

1036. Englalandes * * him and his bro^r] Though the
MS. shews no lacuna here, there is reason to suspect one. Malmes-
bury's text is here akin to ours, and he supplies the sentence of
which we have only the latter end in E : " Angli diu obstiterunt ;
magis unum ex filiis Ethelredi, qui in Normannia morabatur, vel
Hardecnutum filium Cnutonis ex Emma, qui tunc in Denemarchi^
erat, regem habere volentes."

1039. hamulan .... hamelan] This being a dative feminine,
the nom. must be hamule, hamele ; at first perhaps signifying a
rowlock-strap, and so symbolizing some subdivision of the crew.
There is not money enough to give eight marcs to every rower.
Cf. Ettm. p 466. Egilsson, V. J^fffii/a.

1040. of weallande] from abroad, from foreign parts, from
exile. See note, page 65, and below on 1048, p 178 m.

1 046. pi 73 . }}e se cyng him geimnen hsdfde] him is sibimetipsis,
to them the pleaders, Harold and Beom, who urged that Swegen
must not be invested with any of the things (offices or possessions)
which the king had already granted away to themselves. The expres-
sions of C are more distinct.

1050 D. p 173. and se cyng )>a sonde aeftor )>am soypum \e
ho o&ondan mihto. \e aer ham wendon] and the king then sent
t/ter such ships as he could overtake {pi those) which recently went
home,

1046. p 1 74 t. Da soyfte man Harold eorl up ]>8es oynges
soipe ))0 Harold eorl 8dr steorde] The confusion of this passage
will be remedied if we suppose the first Harold to be an error for
Beom.

1046. p 174. tealde] This and tealdon (1086) are to be noted
as probably the earliest extant instances of their use in a sense

344 NOTES

ideDtical with the modern * tell, told.' Before this the verh tellAfl
is used for " to count numerically, to enumerate, to accoant as &c ;"
but it is a step in the history of the word, when it appears as the
mere equivalent of " to say." It seems less like a developement in
direct line, than an introduction from a collateral dialect, or from
provincial or colloquial usage. Yet telle, tellanne in 10S5, where
the sense is to recount, narrate, may represent the connecting link.

1048. p 178 t to- )>8Dre burge -weard] When we call this
TmesiB, as we were taught to do in reading Homer, we speak
praposteri, inversely to the order of facts. We are familiar with
toward as one word, and therefore we regard it as a severance of
that which has been coherent, when we find it written as two
words. Here, we see that the two parts have become coherent as a
consequence of their being frequently brought near together. We
still keep them apart in certain phrases, as, to the east ward— from
the north ward — where the practice of writing east^ward, north-ward,
as compounds, is a mistake of the syntax. Examples from the
Authorized English Bible are given in my Swi^hun, p x 15. To those
may be added, wi% heofenas weard, i£lf. i. p 46. 296 ; to myns^
weard, id, p 336 ; wi^ Petres weard, iV. 376. An example of older
growth is the compound preposition between, which we only
just catch a glimpse of in its earlier state, in the poetical phrase
be 88B]n twoomua^ between aeas. The accidental and local cha-
racter of this compound is seen in the fact, that the analogue in
Dutch and German is simple, viz. tusschen^ §toif<^=:tween.

1048. p]78h. of8»nde] Not 'sent off,' but 'sent /or, sent
o/ifer,' /MTcirf/i^roro. Compare La3amon, vol. ii. p 235, ]>at he ofsende
Magan, f wes a selcuV mon, i. e. that he should send for Magan^ wl»
WHS a marvellous man. Again, p 324 (where we accept the Editor*!
emendation as unquestionable), ofsende^ biscopes, and boc-ilarede
men, i. e. send for bishops, and book- learned men. The renderings
are Sir Frederic Madden's. Cf. i£lf. Hom. i. p 400, ' of-am ^ne
tfegen Naaman' =ran after the thane Naaman. So in our text, above
p 98 1, ' ne mehte hine mon of ridtLD.'^: they were not able to ride him
down^ to overtake him, equitando assequi. Gren. xiv. 13, * and efste
wi% )>8es heres o|> f he big of md'= and pursued the army till he over-
took them. The verb ofJEthaian (or ofaxian) is interesting. Meaniog
etymologically ' to ask after, enquire ;' it came like mm&dvw^ to
mean ' get information, be told, learn, hear of;' and in 10 1 6 (p 158)
C and D have ofiihsade (ofaxade) where £ and F have geherde
seogan^ heard say, Cf. below, notes on 1050 D; and on 10981
'of code.*

NOTES 345

'1048. p I78h. soeolde] This verb has here a forc.e still known
in the dialects, and in high activity in German. It characterises the
statement as being merely the version of Eustace.

1048. pj78m. ]>a welisoe menn] This means simply " the
foreigners ;" as also below, )>a wselisce men : in both cases indi-
cating the Normans or Frenchmen. See note, p 65 , and on 1 040. In
Devonshire the walnut is called ' French nut,* in Somersetshire it is
• Welsh nut,' but the signification is the same in the two cases, both
alike meaning foreign nut. At the time when the English name of
the juglans was fixed in Somersetshire, the current word for foreign
was IVelsh — when, at a later date, it was fixed in Devonshire, the
common adjective for foreign was French, which it may almost be
said to be stiU.

1048. p i8oh. ealra ]>8dra |>egna] Qu. )>inga ?

1048 E. ad fin. Oddan] He is named again p 182, and his death
is recorded 1056 D with a character. There is a slab among the
Arundel marbles at Oxford, which was found in 1675 near Deerhurst
Church in Gloucestershire. It bears the following inscription in
letters of Saxon times :

^ ODDA DVX IVSSIT HANC

REGIAM AVLAM CONSTRVI

ATQVE DEDICARI IN HONO-

RE S- TRINITATIS PRO ANIMA GER-

MANI SVI ELFRICI QVB DE HOC

LOCO ASVPTA EALDREDVS VERO

EPS QVI EANDEM DEDICAVIT II IDI-

BVS APL XIIII AVTEM ANNOS REG-

NI EADWARDI REGIS ANGLORV.

The death of the said iElfric, brother of Odda, is recorded 1053 D
(p 189). The quaintnesses of the inscription are partially reproduced
in Parker's Glos. of Architecture, Companion, p 26.

1052. pi 83 h. has8Bton] rowers. Norsk h^stan: cf. Mr. Da-
sent's Article on Iceland, in Oxford Essays.

1052. P183 m. wandode] he hesitated not, was not shy of,
shrunk not from, the risk of foraging : cf. Gospels, Matt. xxii. 16, ])u
ne wandast for nanum menn : bid^ unt Sliemanb fummerfl. De Wette.

1052. p 185. Nor^ mu^an] Nothing has been done for the
identification of this place since Gibson : Hodie, opinor, ostium
Medwagi quod vocatur tS)e buog in tj^e Vfoiore. Putarem esse
INToctf^-ipOclanll nisi niu^ adjiceretur, quod semper ostium designat.
Ingram : the Nore. Later Editors, verbally, Northmouth.

Yy

346 NOTES

1052. p 185. to Middeltune ^eos cyn^^es] This can be no
other than the ancieDt to^n of Milton (Royal), situated on " Miltoo
Creek," landward of the Isle of Sheppey. The associations at 893
and 894 shew that the Middeltun there is also the same place,
viz in Kent. Gibson says, ' Middleton in Essex ;* but I cannot find
any such place that is passable here. — The Middeltun of 964 is
Milton Ahhasy near Blandford, Dorset : " Ibi enim hujus nominis
locus est, ubi vetusti coenobii parietes conspiciuntur, quod iEthel-
stanus Rex fundavit, ut fratris sui manes expiaret" (Gibson). A
document, N^. 375 in Kemble*s Cod. Dipl., appertaining to this
foundation, is of later date, and otherwise suspiciouS'looking.

1052. pi 87 h. unwrseste scipe] a crazy, unsafe^ vmseaworthf
ship. The simple adj. is wr8DSt==/?rw, steady, secure; (Ettmiiller,
Lexicon, p 155) as in the paraphrased Psalter, Ps. li. 6, on his wekn
spede wrSBSte getruwode=in the multitude of his riches he firmhf
trusted. Other examples in Bouterwek, Glos. v. vrsBst. Unwrcst
occurs in E three times. The second time is at p 220 b. where it is
used morally : " Alas, how delusive and insecure (onwrest) is this
world's riches ! " In the third place^ p 260 1, Abbot Henry is repre-
sented as searching for some device which shall never profit him : an
unwreste wrenc=some lame pretence, or bootless, desperate imposture.
At La^amon's date, this forcible adj. retained only the faded and
vague sense of poor, wretched, weak, wicked ; and from the repeated
blunders of the scribes in writing the word, it appears almost obso-
lete in the thirteenth century : cf. Madden's Glossary to La3amon,
V. unwrsest ; and White's Ormulum, Glos. v. unnwrseste.

From Grosseteste's "Castell of Loue," I am enabled, by the kind-
ness of Mr. Weymouth, who is engaged in editing it, to cite the
line, "And for vre speche vnwreste and vyl" (1. 1149). In some
other instances one of his manuscripts has rejected the word as
obsolete. Instead of vnwreste (1. 335) the said manuscript substitutes
gret synne — vnwresteschipe (1. 1141) is replaced by gret gttU — m-
wrest Uche (1. 1464) by unkyndely.

1055. p 190. SCO iB^lbryhtes mynster] This is Hereford
Cathedral. The name thus honoured is that of the Blast Anglian
king, who was killed by order of Offa, as related above 792. He
was regarded as a martyr, and the brief reign of Offa's son was

deemed a vindication of the innocence of king iSthelbriht : quin

et Deus ade6 evidentibus signis sanctitatem ejus prodidit, ut hodie-
que sedes episcopalis Herefordi sub ipsius nomine consecretur. Nee
ineptum debet videri aut incongruuni quod antecessores nostril
probi et religiosi viri, vel taciturnitate toleraverunt, vel auctoritate

NOTES 347

roboraverunt. William of Malmesb., Gesta Regum ii. § 210. 'The
Cattle Fair at Hereford on May 20, is still called St. Ethelbert's
Fair.

1066. p20i. butsecarlas] ship-men, mariners. This butse is
probably the same word as the East Anglian buss for a boat, as
used by the fishermen of Yarmouth, who speak of their herring-
busses.

1066. p 201. se Norrena cyng] This is the Norsk adjective
itself: cf. Egilsson, " Lexicon Poeticum Antiquse Linguae Septen-
trionalis," v, Norraenn, Norvegicus, This king was not Harold
Harfagera, as stated in MS. D, and by Florence both here and
above 1048 (where see note, Ed. Thorpe); but Harold Sigurdson,
alias Hardrada. The time of Harfagr is earlier, he died in 936.

1 066. p 203 m. earn] uncle. The native word, which the Ger-
mans have kept in their D^eim, has, after a struggle, been displaced
by the Latin avunculus in its French form oncle. In Spenser we
find eme and uncle used of the same relation in continuous stanzas.
Faerie Queene, B. ii. C. x ; Stanzas 47 and 48. The banished word
has left its genitive case behind in the family name EAMES.

1067 D. p 205 m. Hwltan SuniLan dseg] Probably this was not
what we now call Whitsunday, but the First Sunday after Easter,
called Dominica in Alhis, because the White Garments of those who
had been baptized on Easter Day were worn on the Octave for the
last time. How this name should have been transferred to Pentecost
is a curious question, about which there was an active debate in the
Guardian in 1859. Some held that, like the German Pfingsten^ our
name is really a corruption of Pentecost, passing through an inter-
mediate form Whingsten to the modem Whitsun, and that therefore
it is Whitsun-Day and not Whit-Sunday. Mr. Baron (Aug. 1 7, 1859)
demolished this theory by quoting this place of D, and by references
to Li^amon (v. Glossary), to prove the high antiquity of the name
White Sunday.

But one thing was still unexplained, viz. why the name was
transferred from after Easter to Pentecost. The solution may be,
that Pentecost, being a few weeks later in the year, was preferable
in our climate for Baptism ; and accordingly that it bore away the
name of White, which continental practice had associated with
Easter Tide.

1 070. J>a Densca hiiscarles] " Hus-carls were the • King's Own,*
the body-guard of the Danish Sovereigns. They were retained after
the restoration of the Anglosaxon line, and then they seem to have
formed a class of Thanes .... The great Earls had Huscarls, like

Y y 2

348 NOTES

the King." " They were also called Hirdmen" Palgrave's English
Commonwealth^ p ccclxxxi.

1070. oanteloapas] Chanters* capes or copes. In Cod. Dipl.940,
there are " iii cantercaeppa :" cf. La3aroon^ Glos. v. Cantelcape.

f he dyde eall be )>8Bre miuiece r»de] quod fecit omtM
monachorum consilia; and not as Gibson, "se autem hsec omnia
fecisse Monachorum consilio." All the translators, except my frieod
Mr. Stevenson, have followed Gibson, and have fixed a most un-
merited stigma upon the worthy churchwarden's name. Even Mr.
Stevenson's translation betrays an uncertainty, which in such a scholar
is almost stranger than oversight. He translates, '* and that he did
all by the advice of the monks;" leaving it open for the reader to
take that as a conjunction to the dishonour of Yware, or as a relative
pronoun which would mark the churchwarden as a true man, honoured
with the confidence of his fraternity. If Mr. Stevenson had only
adhered to the rule he seems to have set himself, and translated
verbally, he would have avoided the ambiguity which now attaches to
his version, through the intrusion of the conjunction " and."

Had there been an ' and' in that place of the original, it would
have appeared to assert the conjunctional dependence of ]ie&t upon
88Sgde. But even then we should have had a means of correcting
the mistake by the expression just above, and swilce litleB hwat
=zand such like trifles. It is plain the removal of these objects was
no treachery, but in the interest of the society, when the chronicler
could thus speak of it. The Peterborough monks were not more dis-
posed than others to make light of their wrongs. This may be seen a
few lines further on. In this place the writer is evidently regretting
that the churchwarden could not have included in his parcel the crown
of beaten gold, and the bracket of red gold, and many other valuables,
enumerated on p 209, which became the prey of the outlaws.

Bceolden oiunen] were expected to come^ were said to be coming.

1 07 1. arhlioe] basely, cowardly, dastardly. Compare earhlioe
ofslogon, p 223 h: rancne here and unearhne, p 140 1; )ione
ungemetlice eargan=//ie excessively timid. Boethius, Ed. Cardale,
p298h.

1072. set |>am G^waede inlaedde] D. ferde inn ofer f Wsel$.
Gibson treated this as an error for 'Tweed.' The annalist of
Waverley appears to have read ' Scodwade.' David Macpherson,
** Geographical Illustrations," conjectured that it meant the •• Scotte-
wattre or Wattyr of Forth.**

The Wattyr of Sulway vvslq specially known as Scottis-se or Scottis- ,
wath; and Macpherson quotes from Snorro (Hist. Reg. Norweg.

NOTES 349

c. 21), "Deir f6ro yfir d nockra, far eem heitir Ski6tan3-vad, edr
Vapna-vad"=rAey passed over a certain river at a place called
Ski6tans-ford or Weapon-ford. Hence it may be supposed that the
term vad, wath, wath, was generally applied to the friths or fiords of
Scotland; and the Gewaede or Wae^ may have been the Frith of Forth.

A word of this sort, signifying ford or passage, must once have
been widely used. In a grant to Shap Abbey {temp. Hen. H),
brought to my knowledge by Mr. Albert Way, " totam terram quae
fuit Karl, scilicet per has divisas, de vado de Karlwath &c." Several
local names of Waithe seem to belong here, e. g. Waithe near Great
Grimsley, Waith Common at Ewerby near Sleaford.

According to Florence, William penetrated to Abemethy, and
therefore left both the Tweed and the Frith of Forth in his rear.

1075 D. hearma] Ermine. Wright's Vocabularies, p2 2, •• Ne-
tila^ hearma." Shall we call this a gen, pi, or suppose it stands
undeclined in composition } In fact it was a mere foreign sound,
and had acquired no grammatical attributes in English. This delicate
fur coming from N. Asia by Armenian merchants was called in Italy
Armellino ; and the word passed, along with the article, through
the courts of Europe. Diez, Etymologisches fVdrterbuch der Roman^
ischen Sprachen.

1075. p 214. geni^rade] pessundati (Gibson), subdued (Ingram,
Stevenson), crushed (Thorpe): ni^rian is in its etymological and
original sense, e.g. Luke xiv. 11, to put down, deprimere ; but its
prevalent use was "to condemn," e. g. Matt. xii. 7, 37, 42, xx. 18 ;
Lukevi. 37. The former seems preferable here, as the translators
have taken it.

The narrative of D preserves the tragic lines in a less mutilated
form than E. Among them occurs **sume getawod to scande,"
which has been the subject of some debate. The word scande
needs little elucidation. It is Germ. ®(^anbe, disgrace. In Wright's
Vocabularies, p 2 1 , we find Ignominia, scande. In the Laws of
Hlot$haere and Eadric, § 11, scandlice gretan, is to insult a person
with opprobrious epithets ; or, as they would be called in Devon,
scandalous! More apposite is La^amon, vol. iii. p 1 76 :

preostes he blende
si V\% folc he scende.

The verb *to shend' is not uncommon in Elizabethan poetry, e. g. in
Spenser's Prothalamion :

these ^wain, that did excel

The rest, so far as Cynthia doth thend

The lesser stars.

350 NOTES

and Fairfax, Tasso i. CaDto vi :

Tortosa woo, lest winter might them ekencL,
They drew to holds, and coming spring attend.

In Shakspeare the preterite or participle shent occurs sevenl
times.

The verb tawian will be best understood by a view of the groop
to which it belongs, as collected and illustrated in Ettmiiller's Lexicon,
p 528. It appears to have been, in its proper seose^ associated with
rude manufacturing operations, such as dressing hides ; and hence
its fitness for expressing shameful handling, when applied to humanitj.
Compare as a kindred phrase " to sceame tucode/' Judges xv. 8. The
details of this shameful handling are stated in Florence thus : quos-
dam erutis oculis vel manibus truncatis deturpavit.

1076. Vithele] Vitalis, Abbot of Westminster. His monument,
in the Cloisters of Westminster Abbey, is the earliest English tomb
with an effigies; according to Mr. Westmacott, in the Archtsologml
Journal, i860, p 304.

1077. forbarn Lundenburh] This fire of London is found in
no Saxon Chronicle except £ ; nor do I find it repeated by any of
the Latiners.

10S3. " Amongst the causes of this new sort of war^ one of the
chief was the zeal of Thur&tan the abbot to introduce the Norman
service, or rather the way of singing begun by William a monk of
Feschamp, and to thrust out that of Gregory the Great, which had
before been commonly used by the English monks." Inett, History
of the English Church, part ii. c. 3. § 6. vol. ii. p 90. Eid. Griffiths.
Quoting Malmesb. de Antiq. Glaston. Eccles. P331. CuIL Gale,
[p 114. Ed. Hearne.]

1083. nuBtukian] This seems to signify the infliction of some
irregular and capricious punishment : cf. Ettra. p 534, and Glossarial
Index by Herbert Coleridge, v. Tuke. Gibson was so far influenced
by the parallel narrative in Florence, as to render perperam docere,
explaining it of the abbot's attempt to substitute a modem chant in
place of the Gregorian, — by which means he obtains but a poor
harmony, and does violence to the word mistukian. Compare " to
sceame tucode," Judges xv. 8.

1085. P 2 18 1. lett agan ut] ecru tart, Gibson ; marking well the
inquisitorial character of the proceeding. Some doubt may be felt
about this word agan, what it is. I take it for a compound of gan
or gangan=to go ; and identical with gegangan, gegan, of which the
pret. * geeodon,' p a m ; * geyde,' 617, conveys the notion of incanoh

NOTES 351

and conquest. So here, there is the sense of acquiring statistics by
invasion of the Englishman's home ; expressed below in other words,
Swa swy^ nearwelice he hit lett utaspyrian. An admirable illustration
occurs in the Laws of iEthelbirht, § 29 : Gif friraan edor gegange^
=:If a freeman enter (violently or intrusively) a habitation, &c.

1085. psigh. teale] incrimination; complaint with or without
ground ; declining rather to the latter aspect, so that the word often
stands as equivalent to calumnia, pka(r<f>ritila. Thus it is used by
JEMrxc, who writes it according to the standard form t^l. The
forms tel and teal are provincial ; e. g. iElc synn and t^l bi^ for-
gifen behreowsigendum mannum, ac ))aes Halgan Gastes t^ ne bi^
naefre forgifen. peah ^e hwa cwet$e taUio word ongean me &c.=
All sin and blasphemy ^h^W be forgiven to repentant men, but blasphemy
of H. G. shall never be forgiven. Even though one utter injurious
language against me &c., Horn. i. p 498. — And ^a ludeiscan boceras
mid hete ))aet tseldon ; ac heora tdl nses na of rihtwisnysse, ac of
ni^e=And the Jewish scribes censured that with warmth, but their
censure was not of justice, but of envy. Id. p 338.— peah wsere
Godes rihtwisnys eallunga uiitfiBlo=Yet would God's justice be quite
unassailoble, Id. p 112. The prevalence oi tBdhryB^ false accusation,
is one of the cotemporary evils complained of in a passage about
to be quoted from a Homily on the Life of S. Neot, which hap
been thought to belong to this date. The present Annal closes
with a tale of distress which in the next year swells into a long and
loud wail of lamentation. In the same general strain, and agreeing
with it in several particulars, is the peroration of this Life of
S. Neot. Mr. Duffus Hardy has said (Catalogue, p 539) that this
Homily must be assigned to one of the two epochs of murrain and
general distress, 986 or 1086. He prefers the former, because
of the supposed approach of the end of the world. If this appre-
hension ceased at icoo, this single feature of the Homily is enough
to decide its date, and it must belong to 986. But all the other
features coincide so much better with the narrative of our Chronicle
at certain later dates, e. g. 1 085-6 ; or 1 1 1 6 ; or again 1131: that
I am inclined to suppose the miseries of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries may have tended to prolong the anticipation of impending
doom. And it appears to me that not only i^ the good time of
Alifred's reign here commemorated ; the loss of a native dynasty is
touched in accents not loud but deep. It must be admitted that
the earlier date represents very bad times, a weak government,
want and distress, conspicuous crimes, Danish ravages. The pas-
sage is as follows : Eac is to wytene f se king iElfred manega bee

352 NOTES

)>urh Codes Cast gedyhte ; and binnen twam and twentig geareo
his cynerices and (?) )>i8s eor^lice lif forlet, and to |>aD ecen geweode.
swa him God geu^e for his rihtwisnysse.

Eala maen ]>a leofe, )>a wseron gode dagoes on )>an gode time, for
Cristenes folcas ge earnunge and rihtwisra heafod manna. Na is
aeighwanen heof and wop, and orefcwealm my eel for folces synDcn.
and waestmes eeig^r gea on wude gea on felde ne synd swa gode
swa heo iu waeron, ac yfele^ swy^e call eoHSewsestme. And unriht-
wisnysse mycele wexe^ wide geond wurlde, and sibbe tolysnyssc,
and tselnysse ; and se ))inc% nu waerrest and geapest pe o^erne msi^
beswican, and his ehte him of any men. £ac manswereS man mare
|>one he scolde, )>y hit is )>e wyrse wide on eor^, and beo )«d we
mugen understanden f hit is neh domes da^ge. Ne spared du se
feeder ]>an sune, ne nan mann o%ren» ac selc man win^ ongean oCrto,
and Godes lage ne geme%, swa swa me scolde. Beo |ian we magen
ongyten f )>iss warld is aweigweard, and swy^e neh pan sende ^ysser
wurlde. Eale gesselig hy6 se )>e hine sylfen on time gebyrege$>
Uten nu bidden georne Seinte Neoten and o¥re halgen f heo are
|)ingeres beon to jian heofon kinge, f we naefre ealles to yfelne time
ne gebiden on jiyssen earmen life» and f we moten aefter foHSsf)Se.to
ecere reste becumen.=You should know also that the said king
. Alfred was the author of many books by the Spirit of God ; and
within twenty- two years from the settlement of his kingdom^ he left
this earthly life, and went to that which is eternal, by divine favour,
for his righteousness.

Ah, brethren, those were good days, in that good time, for the
Christian life of the people, and the blessing of just riders ! Now it
is a groan and a cry on every side, and huge murrain for the
people's sins, and the fruits of the wood and the field are not so
good as they were formerly, but all the fruits of the earth are seri-
ously damaged. And injustice is vastly on the increase far and
wide, and dissolution of amity, and slanderous accusation ; and that
man is now thought shrewdest and cleverest who can betray another
and defraud him of goods. Men perjure themselves too, even when
they are not under pressure, and this makes it worse, all the world
over, and thereby we may understand that it is nigh doom's day.
Now, the father has no mercy on his son, nor one man on another,
but each man is at strife with his neighbour, and God's law is not
respected, as it should be. Thereby we may learn that this world
is on the wane, and that it is very near to the end of this world.
But withal, he shall be saved that taketh heed to himself in time.
Let us entreat S. Neot and other saints, that they be our advocates

NOTES , 353

with the heavenly king, that our lot he not cast on too utterly had
a time, and that we may after death attain to everlasting rest.
MS. Cott. Vespas. D. xiv. f. 148.

1085. p2i9m. com and wsestmas wseron aetstandene]
segetes etiara et arhorum fructus segnius maturescehant (Gibson),
com and fruits were at a stand (Ingram), corn and fruits were left
standing (Stevenson), com and fmits were at a stand (Thorpe).
The only other case of set-standan that I find is in Beowulf 1 776
(Kemble^ 891 Grein), where it is used of the sword-blade that has
passed through the dragon's body. But whether the verb aet-stod
in that place signifies that it stood out conspicuous, or that it stuck
in to the wall beyond, is doubted. Kemble takes the former, and
renders set-standan by exstare : Thorpe the latter ; and also Grein,
if I understand his German,

bad ©d^tcert burd^brang

ben ta)unbetbaren lIBurm, baf an bet 9Banb ed anflunb.
If Kemble is right, aet-standene might signify cereals sprouting in
the ear.

1086. p 220 b. un wrest] Cf. below, the note on 1 131 (p 260 1).
p 221 m. wnr^ftQ] majestic, tcorship/ul, dignified, kingly.
p22ib. fyrmest toeaoan ]>am oynge] the most prominent,

the first man next to the king,

p2 22h. sona he forleas Ac.] This was law in Saxon times;
cf. Alfred's Laws, 25, § i ; and still in Bracton.

p 222 m. werscipe] " and if he might have lived two years
longer, he would have won Ireland by his valour, and without any
weapons" (Stevenson). Gibson, Ingram, Thorpe, substantially the
same. But one may ask, What is this antithesis between valour and
weapons ? How should his valour act without weapons ? If it be
answered, By the terror of a great military renown — then we reply,
that this cause is speedy in operation, and is not helped by the lapse
of time ; why then the words ** two years longer ?"

Plainly, werscipe is, by a negligent orthography, for wssrsoipe ;
and has nothing to do with wer =t7ir, but with wsdT =r pactum, /adus,
cautela. So wes for waeSy weron for wseron (see Glossary). Then
a clear sense comes out : if he might have lived two years longer, he
would have won Ireland with his wary negotiation, and without any
wetq^ons.

" It (the Conquest of Ireland) was simply the sequel of the Nor-
man Conquest of England." Prof. Goldwin Smith, Ireland, p 45.
" Ireland was stmck by the last languid wave of a deluge of conquest,
which had overwhelmed all the neighbouring nations." Id. p 47.

z z

354 NOTES

p 223 t. forleon] sic MS. for fleoD, Gibson, Ingram, Thorpe.

p 223. Eao wears on Ispanie &o.] The only notice of Spain
in these Chronicles. But though Spanish affairs generally were not
much heard of at Peterborough, yet the struggles of Spain at this
date, which agitated the heart of Christendom and produced the
Cid el Campeador, might well come to the knowledge of a historian
who had lived at the Conqueror's court.

In 1085, Toledo was wrested from the Moors after they had held
it 372 years. This was achieved by Alphonse VI, king of Castfle
and L6on, the " Christian king Anphos" of our text. Here was
the first step in the Christian Reconquest of Spain.

So startled were the Emirs, that they rashly invited over Youssouf
ben Taschfin, parvenu king of Fez, who readily came with his
formidable Almoravides. The terror of this army roused France to
make common cause with the Christian states of Spain. The con-
federates met the Africans at Z61aca, near Badajoz, and suffered a
tremendous defeat. But this victory was turned by the ambitious
Youssouf against his own allies. He subjugated the Mussulman
governments, and established the sway of the Almoravides. Toledo
remained in the hands, of the Christians.

In the next generation the struggle was continued. Another
Alphonse drove the son of Youssouf from Saragossa, and made that
city the capital of Aragon (i 1 18). This Alphonse (*• the warrior")
even marched an army into Granada (1125), and attempted the
work that was reserved for Ferdinand. His romantic expedition,
though disastrous, shed lustre on the Christian cause.

It almost looks as if our chronicler wrote this paragraph late
enough to have heard something of aU this, otherwise his closing
words are loose and incorrect.

1086. p 233 b. to aelcen mynstre and to sloeii

oyrcean uppe land] This is a good passage to illustrate the earlj
relations between the minster and the country church. The religions
organization is here seen to repose upon the minster as its unit
and base, where we should now put the parish church.

1087 m. Bodbeard amnndbredg] A Saxon corruption of the
name De Mowbray : cf. Flor. ad annum »

1087 b. De b' Odo ]>e )>as oyng ofaw6oan] Here *cyng' is a
blunder for *Ying;*=::The bishop Odo with whom these things on-
ginated,

1087. p 225 h. heora wudas and slsBtinge] sylvas suas et
venatus, Gibson : their woods and chaces, Ingram : their woods ad
[the right of] killing [the deer]^ Stevenson : their woods and Uberti

NOTES 355

of the chace, Thorpe. See Halliwell, v. Slate; and Herbert Cole-
ridge, v. Slating,

1090. Albemare] Mr. Thorpe ideDtifies this with Aumale on the
Brele, formerly called the £u, the boundary between Picardy and
Normandy : quoting Mr. Stapleton's Paper in Archseologia, vol. xxvi,
which I have not the opportunity of consulting. Moreri, Diction-
noire, gives Albamala as the Latin form of Aumale.

1091 h. |>es eorles iin)>ances] It is not enough to render this
. " Comite invito" (Gibson) — " against the will of the Count" (Thorpe).
XJ]i]>aiice8 is the adverbial genitive of iin)>ano, or more properly
iiiige)>ano, of which the meaning is " mala intentio" (cf. Grimm's
Gr. ii. 777. for the force which the prefix un- imparts), *' an adverse,
hostile purpose." Hence the expression in the text means " to the
detriment or prejudice of the count ; or, in pursuance of hostile de-
signs against the count." It would appear to have been by retro-
action upon the simple )>anoes, that the latter grew to signify gratis,
uitrb, gratis, &c. ; and in this movement we discern the pivot of
transition from think, cogitare, to thank, gratias agere.

1091 b. ut of Sootlande into Iio^ene on Englaland]
Malcolm moved out of Scotland into Lothian, which was in (the
Engles' land, or) England. Here we see that ' England* was at that
time bounded by the Frith of Forth, and Lothian was in ' England'
and not in ' Scotland.' Cf. Geographical Illustrations of Scottish
History, by David Macpherson, 1 796, v. Louthian. But it must be
observed, " Engla land" here, is purely an ethnological and not a
political term. As to government, it appears to have been held by
the kings of Scotland under tlie crown of England, and to have
been one of those districts which made it a confused question how
far the Scotch throne was feudatoi^ to the English.

Mr. Thorpe renders •* into the district of Leeds," because Flor.
has " in provincia Loidis."

X 09 1, p 228. tohwurfon] they separated, parted, took leave of
each other. The verbs in to- have so much lost their ancient cha-
racter, that the investigator of the English language as it is, naturally
takes this to to be a preposition, and supposes an ellipse of the governed
substantive. In the old language there were the compound verbs
to-brsecan, to-sceotan, to-tseran, &c. ; but now we hear of ' breaking
to pieces,' * tearing to shreds,' &c. : and Dean Alford says, ' that in the
expression " shutting to," it is the preposition, and not the adverb,
that is used ; that to which the door is shut being omitted.' The
QueefCs English, p 32.

1093. ]>e 2dT on his agenre hand Bt<Sd] which before was in

356 V NOTES

his own tenancy. William Rufus was the first sovereign who kept
hishoprics and abbeys vacant for the sake of their revenues. Qaeen
Elizabeth was the last. Mr. Griffiths ad In6tt, part il. c. iv. § 3.
Stephen's Commentaries, book iv. part i. c. vii.

1094. p 230 h. ISBhte] Of this root we have the latch of a door,
and the verb is preserved in full use in Norfolk, where men say of
a cricket-ball, " If yo'll hull it. Til latch it," i. e. If you will throw it,
I will catch it,

1095. p 233 m. 8Br ]>8Bre tide to tide w»ron]

Gibson took ' tide' in these places for festival, season, as we still
speak of Christmas-/»(2p, Whit8un-/t(2p. This is surely right, and it
is not easy to see why the modem translators have not followed
him. His version is as follows : Eorum aliquos Rex ante illud/estum
jussit in custodias tradi ; et postea admodum minaci edicto per totam
banc terram [misso] jussit omnes qui k Rege terras tenebant, modb
pace dig^os haberi se vellent, adesse suae Curi« infesto,

gemahlice] In Wright's Vocabularies, pp 50, 55, gemah is put
for the Latin words procax, pervicax, importunus ; and g^mahnyB
for procacitas, pervicacia. See quotation in note on 1098.

1096. p 233 t. hine on orreste overoom] vanquished 1dm ts
(judicial) combat. Orrest is a Danish word, which was probably
well understood in the neighbourhood of Peterborough. EgilssoD,
Lexicon Poet. Septent. v. Orrosta, pralium — and, Folkoiosta,
pralium acie commissum. I am not aware that the word is found
elsewhere in the Saxon remains. Ettmiiller, Lexicon Anglo Sax.,
p 41, gives orrestsoipe, ignominia, on the authority of a Cotton
MS. Vocabulary. I have searched Mr. Wright's Edition of the
Vocabularies for it in vain. On p 2 1 there is " Ignominia, scande."
If Ettmiiller's instance is not a pure error, the word can hardly have
anything to do with our orreste — it would probably be a compound
of or and estscipe.

The genuine Saxon term would have been on gefeohte ; but as
the verb gefeaht had just preceded, the variation is useful. Already
we see the language profiting by the commixture of different national
elements.

1096. p:233 h. ytBB oynges a^iim] Eude, earl of Champagne,
had married WiUiam's half-sister, and on this ground he is called
the king's a^iim, a term which commonly means son-tn-law. I&
Wright's Vocabularies, we have Gener, a|>um, p 5a ; and Geser,
o|>am, p 88. It is not found that language produces a special tenn
to denote each grade of family relationship, until after a long
and elaborate discipline in jurisprudence, such as that which the

NOTES 357

Latin passed through. The vagueness of the terra * brother' in
Hebrew is well known ; our word * nephew' formerly denoted two
different relations, and ' cousin' in our own day is still found con-
venient to express indeterminate kinship. It is therefore a very
moderate deBection of a^iim from a daughter's husband to a sister* s
husband. The same use is found above, 1091 m.

1096. p 233 m. and eall Normandig SBt him mid feo alisde,
8wa swa hi |>a aehte weeron] There is nothing to add to the
translations of Gibson and Stevenson, the two who have under-
stood the passage, except that alisde (' mercaretur/ Gibson ; ' pur-
chased/ Stevenson) is identically our modem verb leased. In Latin
documents it was represented by redimere, and reversely this Latin
word was supplied in Anglo Saxon theology by the verb alysan.
Ps. Ixix. 7, Alysend= Redeemer : cf. Ps. xlix. 16. iElfric's Hom. i.
p 1389 God behead, on |>8ere ealdan se, his folce |>aet hi sceoldon him
ofirian selc frumcenned hysecild, oWe alysan hit ut mid fif scyllin-
gum=God bade his people, in the old law, that they should offer
to him every first- bom male child, or redeem it with ^ve shillings.

It may seem strange that this verb should be used for an act
which is almost the opposite to redeeming, viz. the taking as pledge
or security. But this migration of a word is not hard to parallel ;
and we still hear the verb to lease used both of lessor and lessee.

1097. p234t. sum ]>8era wsbs Caduuagan gehaten] one of
them was named Cadwgan, All the translators agree here in trans-
lating siim=oit«,* and this rendering might be advantageously ex-
tended to many other cases. Thus in 605 E, flftiga sum is not
•with about fifty' or 'some fifty,' but simply 'one of fifty,* So
626 £1, twelfiEt sum=one of tuelve: 794 £, heretogena 8um=
one of the leaders : 894, p 92 m, sum d8Bl=(not ' some part,* but)
a part : gii R, sum, hund 8Cipa=o/}e hundred ships. There are
doubtless instances in which nothing but the modern * some' can be
used to express it, but these are less numerous than is supposed.
How nearly it is equivalent to the numeral * one* may be seen from
Mark iv. 8, where it alternates with an ; ' and an brohte )>rytigfealdne,
sum syxtigfealdne, sum hundfealdne.'

T097. p 254 h. manige men leton |>aet hit cometa wsere

m. Jjaes j>e men leton] many men supposed

as men surmised.

The verb thus repeated here, is not found else in the Chronicles, and
it may be doubted whether it is preserved in any other Anglo Saxon
text. The law of Eadgar about burying in the church (Wilkins,
p 84, § 29) seems to contain, not this verb, but the well-known laetan,

358 NOTES

to permit, allow, grant, let : )>8et man innan circan snigne mm ne
birige, bute man wite |>aet he on life Grode to pam wad gecweme
ware |>»t man %urh )i8et IflBte |>8et he sy ^aes legeres wyr^=that
within the church they bury no man, unless they know that in lils
he 80 pleased God, that upon this ground concession be made of so
honourable a resting-place.

But leton in our text has nothing to do with Isetan. It would be
vain to look for its infinitive, and other parts, for it is simplj a
Danish word. The Danish verb Lede is to seek minutely for an
obscure thing, from comer to comer. Man kan ikke ' lede' efter
et Skib paa Oceauet ; i. e. this verb ' lede' is not used of looking for
a ship on the wide ocean. Molbech, v. Lede. . In Swedish it is
Leta, which is in abundant use, and has various applications, iD
branching from the sense to search, enquire.

The root of this verb is found also in the southern branch of the
Gothic family, but in the opposite voice. Instead of bearing the
active sense, of searching, peering into ; it bears the passive sense of
being seen, seeming, videri. In Piatt- Deutsch we find laaten rendered
by auffel^nt, fd^einnt, gaflaltet fe^n. Bremisch-Nieder saechsisches Woerter-
buch, Bremen, 1 768. So in Cheshire, Leeten means, you pretend
to be ; e. g. you are not so mad as you leeten you. Grose and
Pegge's Provincial Glossary.

Both of these senses spring out of that train of ideas which is
associated with wlite, the human face.

1098. p 235. ofeode] This word, which signifies attainmest,
acquisition, answers in a general way to the English verb to obtm.
Gibson's impetraverat goes beyond the original, and conveys that it
was obtained by simple request. This is not in ofeode, nor does
history supply it. In Cod. Dipl. 594, the word is used for acquisition
by involuntary purchase. It is not very clear how the elements of
this compound should have led to the sense which it obviously bean.
Mr. Thorpe is at fault upon this word (Glossary to Analects, v*
ofeode and ofgangan). Ettmiiller omits it. Under these circam-
stances some illustration is desirable. " We sceolon |>urh gehyrsam-
nysse and forhsefednysse and eadmodnysse, anmodlice to urum e¥ele
stseppan, and mid halgum msegnum %one eard ofig^aii, |>e we ^Sorfa
leahtras forluron ;" i. e. " We should, by obedience and continence and
humility, resolutely march to our inheritance, and with holy virtwa
attain that congenial land which by our vices we lost." iElfric's
Homilies (Ed. Thorpe), vol. i. p 1 1 8. " So^lice gemagnys is ^
so^San Deman gecweme, j^eah ^e heo mannum un^SancwurtSe sy;
for^n ¥e se arfiesta and se mildheorta God wile )>8st we mid gemsg-

NOTES 359

licum benum his mildheortnysse ofgan, and he nele swa micclum swa
we geeamia^ us geyrsian ;" i. e. " In faQt, importunity is pleasing to
the true Judge, though it is offensive to men ; for it is the will of the
just and merctful God that we with importunate prayers obtain (= con-
quer, win) his mercy, and he will not be angry with us according to
our deservings." Id. vol. ii. p 126.

Other verbs of motion, compounded with of, give this sense of
assequit adipisci; viz. ofridan, 877, 901; ofikran, p 157. Cf.
Thwaites, Heptateuch, Joshua ii. 5. Cf. note on 1048 (p 178 h),
^ofsaende.'

HOC. swa swa meenige ssedan ]>e hit geseon soeoldan]
as many said who professed to have seen it. This clause has occurred
a little before, 1098. By the word • sceoldan,' the writer is exempted
from all share in the statement, like Herodotus so often, e. g. vii.
152 : *Eyo> bi 3<^tX» Xcycty rh Xc7($/A€va, irtiBtadal y€ fup Z>v ov ircarrairao'i

1100. p 236 t. tyrwigende] distressing, harassing, oppressing.
This verb tyrwigan, tyrigan or tyrian, is not found in any other
place of the Chronicles. But it occurs in i£lf. Hom. i. p 562 : pa
gelamp hit )>8et sume )>a hsetSenan wurdon mid andan getyrigde &c. =
Xhen it happened that some heathens were disturbed with envy &c.
Other examples in the Lexicons, Ettmiiller, p 522.

1 100. p 237. bew8Bddade] wedding meant betrothal, and was
not, as now, another word for marriage. There is a highly interesting
chapter in the Saxon Laws, entitled. Be wifmannes beweddunge,
which Mr. Thorpe has put among the Laws of Edmund (vol. i.
p 254); butSchmid has given separately. Appendix vi. The various
legal steps in the process, from the enquiries preliminary to betrothal
(weddian) down to the religious forms that are to be observed at the
marriage (aet |>am giftan), are stated very distinctly. Below, p 24.3,
we have the expression for marriage, •' for his dohter gifte," i. e.
giving away : cf. " Who giveth this woman &c. }"

1 101. pe mid unfri^ hider to lande fiindode] " who came
here to this land in a hostile manner," Stevenson: "who was
meditating a hostile invasion of this land," Thorpe. It is not easy
to find in modem Enghsh a simple rendering for fiindian in this
place. It is not exactly the act of coming or the intention of
coming, but the impulse of coming, the move, the start of the
expedition. Perhaps it would be best translated, "who started for
this country wUh hostile intent.*' The word was selected here, to
express by anticipation the abortiveness of the project. Above 1085,
fandode hiderward may be rendered hue proficisceretur, was preparing

360 NOTES

to advance against this country. To say that Cnat meditated id
attack on England, would have heen almost superfluous, from what
was known of his position and character. Iklunch, Dei Narske Foib
Historie, vol. iii. p 399 sqq. To say that he came, would contradict
the sequel.

The verb does not occur in the Chronicles more than in these
two places; but we have 1106 (p 341 1) the expression " on hit
fiindunge ofer sae/' which means, on the eve of his departure, or
when he was in actual motion to depart over sea. The verb ftindian
is related to the poetical adjective flis, ready to set off, identical
with OHG tunB=pronu8, promptus, Graff.

The poetical examples of fiindian have been collected by Bouterwek
and Grein. Some of the best prose examples are in the translation
of Boethius, where it is rather a frequent word, e. g. to )>8em gode
ealle |>a gesceafta fundia|> ^ heora gec3md healda)>=to that good
(viz. the summum bonum) all the creatures tend, that keep trae to
their nature^ xxxv. § v. p 356, Ed. Cardale : gif twegeo men fundia^
to anre stowe=if two men are setting out for one place, zxxvi. § iv.
init. Probably there are not many languages that could furnish
a precise match to this verb; SpftaaBai is that which most readily
offers itself.

1 10 1. abrutSon] See above, note on 1004.

1 103. 8wa 8wa him and Jyain oynge gewear^] sicut ei et regi
cottvenit^ Flor. This is the right meaning, according to agreemaU
between him and the king. But how is the simple and vag^e gewear^
with a dative {iyivrro airroU) able to convey this idea? Perhaps
this is an instance of that readiness to adopt an elliptical phraseologyi
which is of the genius of the EngUsh language. Above, pisit
we have the original and full expression, " g^wear% him and ^
folce on Lindesige anes"= an agreement was made between him and
the folk in Lindsey, This sentence could be fendered verbally in
Latin or Greek or any cultivated language almost ; but perhaps we
should search far without finding an idiom such as this, with the
main and most significant substantive (ane8=caoeiiaa/) omitted.
Cf. Dean Alford, Queen's English, p 65. In Cod. Dipl. 1302, are
repeated and strongly marked examples of this idiom.

1 1 04. gebroiden] quisque sub alio collocatus, Gibson; eadi
described under the other, Ingram ; who in his note takes a severely
mathematical view of the passage, but very happily quotes Matth.
Westm. " albi, picti, et mirabihter implicati.", It cannot be doubted
that Matthew's words are derived from the Saxon here before as.
Thorpe translates ** each twined under the other." This gebroiden

NOTES 361

is the word, when mention is made of braided or braided hair, as it
ought to stand in i Tim. ii. 9, instead of * broidered hair.' See
Trench> English Past and Present, p 198.

flwylce hi gemette wseron] quasi essent picti, Flor. A painting
is metmg, as in the following interesfting passages from iElfric:
" On otSre wisan we sceawiatS metinge, and on o^re wisan stafas.
Ne gae% na mare to metinge buton |>set |>u hit geseo and herige :
nis na genoh pxt |>u stafas sceawige, buton |)u hi eac raede, and
jjaet andgit under8tande"=rA^e is a difference bettaeen the way in
which we look at a picture^ and the way in which we look at writing.
For a picture, you have only to see and praise it, but it is not enough
to take a view of writing, unless you also read it, and understand the
meaning. Hom. i. p 186. In the other passage he is saying that
though in heaven the saved will command a view of the woes of the
lost, yet it will not diminish their felicity; ** ac heora tintrega becymfi
))am gecorenum to maran blisse, swa swa on metinge hv6 forsewen
seo blace anlicnys, ]>aet seo hwite sy beorhtre ge8ewen"=6ti< their
pains will have the effect of enhancing the bliss of the elect, in the same
manner as in a picture a dark figure is put in, that the fair one may
shew the brighter,

1 106. p 241 m. sac leas] unimpeached, unaccused. Sometimes
it means innocent, e. g. nanne sacleasan man forsecganzr inculpate
no innocent man. Laws, ^thelred iii. 4. And so it is used by
Sir Walter Scott, "whether she was sackless o' the sinfu' deed."
Heart of Mid Lothian^ cap. v.

1 1 10. p 243 h. and onoweow] It would be quite an innovation
on the part of an Editor of the Saxon Chronicles to pass this cele-
brated difficulty over without note or comment. But before a new
remedy is proposed, the previous suggestions should be reviewed.

Lectio fortasse vitiosa; cert^ vocabuli significatio me latet.
Gibson.

Ingram translates, " who held Maine in fee- tail of Henry ;"
adding the following in a note : '* That is, the territory was not
a fee-simple, but subject to taillage or taxation ; and that particular
species is probably here intended, which is called in old French * en
queuage,' an expression not very different from that in the text
above."

Mr. Stevenson provisionally adopts Ingram^s translation, adding :
" The rendering here adopted is that of Ingram, which is allowed
to stand, though unsatisfactory, no better explanation having as yet
occarred."

Mr. Thorpe proposes, instead of " on cweow," to read " Angeow,"

3 A

36i NOTES

translating it thus, *' who held Le Maine of king Henrj and
AnjoQ ;" and adding the following note : " If the reading of
'Ang^ow/ for the senseless 'oncweow' of the text, be well founded,
it shews that Helie held of both princes, of Henry as count of Nor-
mandy, and of the count of Anjou."

No one will think that Mr. Thorpe's emendation, either for iti
historical or philological probability, is worthy to displace that of
Ingram, which has at least the merit of ingenuity. To Ingram's ic
may be objected, that it takes no account of the conjunction 'and.'

It appears to me that the place may possibly be mended bf
simpler means. Instead of 'oncweow' I would propose to retd
' oncneow.' This is then a verb coupled with geheold, and standing
in an antithetical position to the next apodosis ' and hi togeanes
|>am cynge heold/ The translation would in this case be as follows:
jIUo this year died Count Helie, who held Maine under king Heiaj
and acknowledged [the dependency]; and after his death the Count rf
Anjou had it, and held it against the king,

mo. p 243 m. CeortessBge] This ancient foundation dates
from a little after the middle of the seventh century, as it owes its
origin to Erkenwald, who was bishop^ of London 675-693, and of
whom Bede (iv. 6) says, that he founded the two monasteries of
Chertsey and Barking (Essex) before he was bishop. After the
Danish ravages it appears to have been resuscitated, and it was
among the first of those on whom the Reform of Dunstan took
effect, above 964. The death of an Abbot is noticed 1 084.

In the year 1853, workmen who were employed on the site came
on some encaustic tiles, which happily caught the eye of Mr. Shur-
lock, who ensured their preservation. They are now in the South
Kensington Museum. The style of art on these tiles is not unlike
the illustrations in Csedmon and other Anglo Saxon manuscripts.
Mr. Shaw refers them to the thirteenth century. Tile Pavements from
Chertsey Abbey, Surrey, by Henry Shaw, F.S. A., 1 857. He remarks ;
" It is somewhat singular that although the destruction of this ex-
tensive and richly endowed Abbey was so complete that scarcely
one stone was allowed to remain upon another or even a tile to
escape mutilation, no record has yet been found of the time when
this destruction took place, under whose authority it occurred, or of
any of the circumstances attending it."

In 1861, the site was sold by auction, and Mr. T. R. Bartrop, one
of the honorary secretaries of the Surrey Archaeological Society, was
the purchaser. In Bede the name is spelt Cerotsesei (v, L Ceorotesei);
in Cod. Dipl. 987 (marked spurious by Kemble) it is Cirotesege.

NOTES 363

I T i6. byrstftill] This word occurs again in the next annal. It
may be illost rated by a comparison of the two versions of La3amoD,
vol. i. p. 104:

vnder |>is8ere blisse vnder >axie blisse

Per comen mucbele burstea. \mre come manie harmes.
The same variation is repeated in page 247.

1116. geesne on meestene] barren in mast. An article of great
importance when swine were the chief live stock. In Cod. Dipl. 843,
mid m8e8te=cum porcorum esc&.

gSBsne, barren^ sterilis, expers. Cf. Grimm's Andreas und Elene,
pi 24.

1 1 18. Theophanie] As Epiphania became ' Epiphany/ so Theo-
phania was Englished down to ' Tiffany.' See Miss Yonge's History
0/ Christian Names, vol. i. p 433.

1 1 21. A^lis] Jdeliza of Louvain is the best known form, of
which • A'Selis' may be a Saxon rendering. She is also called Alix la
Belle, Our English form is Jlice, The name which Queen Adelaide
has lately planted among us, a name representing the Old High
German Adalheid, i. e. nobilitas, nobleness (as to this -held, see
Grimm, Gr. ii. p 498), is probably the same. See more in Miss
Yonge's History of Christian Names, vol. ii. p 398. A late discovery
presents us with this Queen's name in what may be deemed an
authorized form. Fair impressions of her seal have for the first
time come to light in the muniments of the Marquis of Westminster,
bearing SIGILLVM-AALIDIS. In the Foundation Charter of
Reading Abbey, preserved at the Rolls, it is written " signum Ade-
leidis reginae." A grant to the Abbey, printed in Kennett, begins
"ego Aelidis regina." Archcsological Journal, September 1863,
p 2 8 1 . Below 1x27, J£I6q\\c.

1122. dwild] spectra (Gibson), spectres (Ingram and Thorpe),
prodigies (Stevenson). The last is the best, not only as more con-
formable to the verbs of seeing and hearing, but also as rendering
the vagueness of the original. The word 'dwild, as it may fairly
be written for gedwild= deceit, not being really a vox propria for
any object either of eye or ear, but an elevated and euphuistic gene-
ralism for illusions which were attributed to the trickery of evil
spirits.

1 1 22. ]>8Br8Bfter] Science has calmed these terrors, and broken the
connection between meteoric phenomena and the events of history.
But these groundless anxieties have produced some of the most
lively touches in our early records. Nowhere has the descriptive
energy of language been more brought out than when minds have

3a2

364 NOTES

been wrought upon by these apprehensions. Above 1 104 we hsn
a graphic account of Vi parhelion ; here and below 1 13 1 of an Jwrm
Borealis,

We are apt to suppose that it was only in the remote vA
primitive times that men's minds could be terrified by such appev-
ances ; but the following passages shew that the public was just as
easily alarmed in the eighteenth century as in the twelfth.

In 1716 the public mind was much excited by the trials and
executions that ensued upon the quelling of the insurrection (rf
1 715, and especially with the execution of Lord Derwentwater.

The following is from the Diary of Mary Countess Comper
(Murray, 1864), under the date of March 6, 17 16 :

" An extraordinary light in the sky, described to me since by Dr. Clarke, vk
saw it from the beginning. First appeared a black cload, from whence smoke
and light issued forth at once on every side, and then the dond opened, an'
there was a great body of pale fire, that rolled up and down, and sent forth ill
sorts of colours like the rainbow on every side ; but this did not last above tvo
or three minutes. After that it was like pale elementary fire issuing out on all
sides of the horixon, but most especially at the north and north-west, where it
fixed at last. The motion of it was extremely swift and rapid, like doods in
their swiftest rack. Sometimes it discontinued for a while, at other times it was
but as streaks of light in the sky, but moving always with great swiftness. About
pne oVlock this phenomenon was so strong, that the whole face of the heavens
was entirely covered with it, moving as svriftly as before, but extremely low. It
lasted till past four, but decreased till it was quite gone. At one, the light was
so great that I could, out of my window, see people walk across Linooln*s4im-
fields, though there was no moon. Both parties turned it on their enemies.
The Whigs said it was God's judgment on the horrid rebellion, and the Tories said
that it came for the Whigs taking off the two lords that were executed. I conk!
hardly make my chairmen come home with me, they were so frightened, and I was
forced to let my glass down, and preach to them as I went along, to comfort
them. Pm sure anybody that had overheard the dialogue would have laughed
heartily. All the people were drawn out into the streets, which were so full one
could hardly pass, and all frighted to death."

** March 7. The town full of lies of what was seen in the air last night. Papers
printed and sold that two armies were seen to fight in the air, that two men with
flaming swords were seen to fight over Lincoln*8-inn-fields. The mob that went
to Mr. Linet's burial last night said they saw two men in the sky fight vrithoat
heads."

In the Historical Register for 1 7 1 6 there is an account of this
phenomenon :

" March 6. The same evening, about eight of the clock, was seen a strange
phenomenon in the sky. It appeared at first like a huge body of light, compact
within itself, but without motion ; but in a little time it began to move and
separate, extending itself towards the west, when it seemed, as it were, to dispose
itself into columns or pillars of flame. From thence it darted south-east with
amazing swiftness, and after many undulatory motions and vibrations, there

NOTES , 365

appeared to be a continiial fulgnration, interspersed with green, red, blue, and
i yellow. Then it moved towards the north; from whence, in a little time, it
renewed its wavy motions and coruscations as before, which continued to be seen
till past three in the morning."

Mr. Gibson, the antiquary, in bis Dilaton Hall, or Memoirs of the
Earl of Derwentwater, says that the phenomenon has ever since
been known as " Lord Derwentwater's Lights." [Extracted from
Guardian, May 4, 1864.]

1 1 23. se biscop Boger of Seresbyrig on an half him. and
86 bisoop Botbert Bloet of Linoolne on o^r half him.] For
a sketch of these, Henry's favourite bishops, see ^^^ay^ and Reviews,
by the Rev. R. W. Church, p 199 sq.

X123. p 250 h. samodlioe] This was no adverb of every day
currency, but made with a purpose. It occurs not again in the Chro-
nicles, nor do the Dictionaries furnish another instance. It is not
merely 'together' (Thorpe), which is in Saxon SBtsomne, tosomnOy
8dtg8Bdere. Ingram alone has translated the word adequately " all
in a body." The bishops had determined to act collectively, unitedly,
conjointly, and therefore they went to the king all in a body,
" Unanimiter" (Gibson) is implied in samodlioe.

1 1 24. Belmiint Watteuile] Belmunt appears to be

Beaumont, 2|m. from Pont L'Ev^que in Normandy, the birthplace
of Laplace the mathematician.

Of Watteuile, Gibson says, " Hodie opinor Watteuile ab australi
parte Sequance, prope ejus fluminis ostium." This place is now
written Fatouville. — Murray's Handbook of France ; Map of Seine.

1 1 24 b. sedleepas] seed-lips, as the large wooden troughs which
are slung in front of the sower to carry his seed in are still called
in Somersetshire. Literally, seed-baskets. Here it stands for a
measure of capacity. See Mr. Albert Way's note in Prompt, Parv,
V. Leep.

1 1 24. p 253. gewitene mot strange motes] The latter

expression *' harsh, severe courts," is illustrated by what is narrated
of the proceedings at the " gewitene mot" in Leicestershire. We
are not to suppose that this " gewitene mot," which was presided
over by a subject, was the Great Council of the Nation ; neither was
it a " scirgemot" or Assembly of the Shire. Saxon institutions had
been much dis6gured and confused by arbitrary and unconstitutional
expedients, and men had forgotten the precise Jmport of the terms
belonging to them. Among other changes, open courts were much
disused, and were superseded by the *' hall-mote" or court held in the
lord's hall, the mere statement of which readily suggests what

366 NOTES

would follow^ and makes the " strange motes" of the text tuj to
comprehend.

1 1 25. falB] This is the Latin flAlsuin=« coanterfeit, sporioa
thing, a fraud. The crime of falsum applied not only to the forgm
of a will or other instrument, but likewise to the adulteration of
gold or silver coin. See Smith's Diet. Gr. and Rom. Antiquities,
V. Falsum. From it has come the present French word for *• forgen,"
which is faux, having passed through a form much like that io the
text. The word falB (neuter substantive, |>8Bt fals) occurs both f<s
* base coin/ and also for the crime of debasing^ the coin, falsificatioQ,
forgery. Schmid (Glos. v. Fals) renders it corruption Salf^nj
(be« @f(bca). A law of Cnut (ii. 8) decrees the loss of the right
hand to the false moneyer ; "... ymbe feos bote, J>aet an mynrt
gauge ofer ealle |>as )>eode butan aelcon false and )>set nan man oe
forsace ; and se )>e ofer |>is fals wyrce, ]>o1ige )>aera banda, }»e be ^
fals mid worhte, and he hi mid nanum |>ingum ne gebicge, ne mid
golde ne mid seolfre ;" i. e. . . . about correcting the money-system,
that one currency pass every where in these realms without falsifi-
cation, and that no man decline it ; and whoso hereafter is guilty d
false-moneying, let him suffer the loss of the hand that he made Uie
spurious coin withal — and let him not with any consideration redeem
it (his hand) — not with gold nor with silver. In Cod. Dipl. 717, the
word is used in reference to a written document.

1 1 25. f hi ealle abohton]=Ma/ they all paid heavily /ar, It
they suffered the consequences of. . See La^amon, Glos. v. abuggOi
and the note there referred to. Tyrwhitt in Chaucer^ Glos. v. Ahegge*
Abeye, Abie, renders it simply *' To suffer for," without noticing
the parent sense •* To pay the full price of."

1125. p 254. se b' of Iio]>ene J.] John, the first bishop of
Glasgow. David Macpherson*s " Geographical Illustrations of Scot-
tish History," 1796, v. Louthian.

1 1 27. ^snSelio] This is the same name as that of her step-raother.
which is above 1 1 2 1 spelt iE'JSelis ; shewing that indifferent use d
S and C, of which many examples occur between this and the cud
of E. Lappenberg speaks of her as king Henry's Tochter AdelkeH,
welche spdter gewohnlich den damals beliebtem Namen Malhilk
fuhrte, vol.ii. p 248. Under the name of Matilda she is celebrated
as the rival of Stephen.

1 127. p 256 1, on |>e selue derfald] in the very deer-fold; is
the home-park itself. The nature of the hunt here imagined is
totally different from that of our day. Now-a-days men hunt f*
exercise and sport, but then they hunted for food, or for the Iuxutt

NOTES 367

of fresh meat. Nuw the flight of the beast is the condition of a good
bunt^ but in those days it entailed disappointment. They had neither
the means of giving chase nor of killing at a distance, 'so they used
stratagem to bring the game within the reach of their missiles. A
lab3rnnth of alleys was penned out at a convenient part of the wood,
and here the archers lay under covert. The hunt began by sending
men round to brush and beat the wood, and drive the game with
dogs and horns into the ambuscade. This pen is the haia so fre-
quently occurring among the silv€B in Domesday. The der fald of
our text seems to be the same. Horns were used, not as with us,
to call the dogs ; or, as in France, to signal the stray sportsmen ;
but to scare the game. The text has twenty or thirty horn blowers.
In fact it was the battue, which is now, under altered circumstances,
discountenanced by the authorities of the chase, but which in early
times was the only way for man to cope with the beasts of the
field.

X130. Of this pelebrated consecration we have the historian
Gervaae, so often referred to by Professor Willis for the excellence
of his architectural notices. He was a sacristan in Christ Church,
witnessed the fire, and watched the rebuilding. Learned architects
are able to verify his descriptions in the present fabric. See especially,
A Lecture on Modern Restoration of Ancient Buildings, by Mr. Gilbert
Scott, 1864.

113 1 . p 260 t. Her him trucode ealle his myoele oreeftes.
nu him behofed ))8Bt he orape in his myoele oodde in sbIo
hyme gif ]>8Br wsBre hnre an unwreste wreno |>8Bt he mihte
get beswioen anes Crist and eall Cristene folo]="Here all
his boasted astuteness failed him ; now he had good cause to creep
into his vast wallet [and explore it] in every comer, [to see] if by
any chance there might be there just one poor contrivance, so that
he might yet once more deceive Christ and all Christian folk."
The figure is, that this Abbot Henry's stock in life was a wallet full
of tricks and evasions, but that now when he sorely needed one of
them to serve his present occasions, they were all exhausted or worn
out. Gibson caught the spirit of the passage : " omnis ei angnlus
tentandus est."

Codd is bag, wallet, scrip, unde, * peas-cod,' &c. It is used in the
A. S. Gospels (Ed. Thorpe) to translate pera, vrfpa, in Matt. x. 10;
Mk. vi. 8; Lk. ix. 3 : cf. Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, 1. 12468. In
a curious inventory of the goods of a shopkeeper of Kirton in
Lindsay, A. D. i J19, *• ix coods," i. e. pillow-cases or pillows. And

368 NOTES

in Durham Willa ii. 156, " xxi coddes," A. D. 1587. Gemt. Mag.,
April 1864, P50T.

hiire is ham, and joined with a low nameral like an, it means
"just one" or " so mach as one," " vel unum." By way of further
aggravating his case " unwreste'* is added to the smallest numeral=
if he could find at the utmost one shabby evasion that might bf
good luck serve one more turn, like the crazy ship in which the
ousted foreigners got away (on eenon unwraeste scipe, p 187).

The same figure occurs in Chaucer's Romaunt of the Rose, 3263.
with the substitution of male=malle« portmanteau for cod :
So much treason is in his male,
Of falseness for to faine a tale.

1 1 33- 1 154. One of the most palpable characteristics of the
language of this Continuation, is the appearance, now for the fir^
time, of the conjunction for, in the sense of the Latin tutm, emm,
etenim ; also, but less often, in the sense of quia, quod, ideo qvoi.
Instances :

p 261 ; for )>at ilc gear warth )>d king ded.

for eeuric man sone raenede o\fer \>e mihte.

for agenes him risen sona |>a rice men \*e waeron swikes.

and for he hadde get his tresor («*et eo quod &c.)

for aeuric rice man his castles makede
p 762 ; for ne uuseren naeure nan martyrs swa pined

for nan ne waes o )>e land

for ouersithon ne forbaren hi nouther dree ne cyrce iserd.

for hi uueron al forcurssed

for f>e land was al fordon
p 263 ; ac he ne myhte for he wart it war.
p 264; for he king him sithea nam in Hamtun.
p 265 ; for )>a )>e king was in prisun )>a wenden &c.

for he besset heom til hi a iauen up here castles

and be gode rihte for he was an yuel man ( «»quod)

for warese he com he dide mare ynel

al folc him luuede for he dide god justise.

In the old classical Saxon way of expressing this conjunction, for
was merely the preposition of the conjunctional phrase, for ]>am ^
pro eo quod, with its variants, one of which is still extant here and
there in this section in the form/or%t iSat.

1 13 7. hise neues] his nephews, i.e. two nephews of Roger
bishop of Salisbury. Gibson rendered " suum nepotem," and this
has been followed by all after translators. Yet the Words are dis-
tinctly plural, to a degree that admits not of being rendered in
English, as both the pronoun and the substantive have plural fonoi.

NOTES 369

Alexander bishop of Lincoln was nephew of Roger bishop of
Salisbury ; while the other Roger, the Cancellarius, was Ids nephew
by courtesy, or as Malmesbury sets it forth, "qui nepos esse, vel
plusquam nepos, ejusdem episcopi ferebatur." Hist. Nov. ii. § so.

1137 b. oarlmen and wimen] males and females, men and
women. Carl men is not " peasant men" (as Mr. Thorpe has
rendered here and above, p 222 h, carl man " common man"), but
simply men, the male sex as opposed to wimmen the female. It is
necessary to distinguish clearly between this word oarl, mas, and
oeorly rustkus; because they are quite distinct in use, if not in
origin. Grimm (Gr. ii. p 463) gives oarl-oat, tom-cat ; oarl-fiigel,
avis mascula. This is the word that has become a Christian name,
<ffar(, Carolus, Charles; and our compound oarlman (Prankish
karlo-man) is the source of the name Charlemagne, the 'man'
having been twisted into magnus by after-thought.

1 13 7. p 262 h. lof "5 gn] This would appear to be an abbrevi-
ation for lof and grin, which might be rendered beam and shackles.
In the Paris Psalter, Ps. xxxiv. 8, teldedon gryne, they tilled a snare ;
and V. 9, Gefo hi )>& gi'ynu, may the gins catch them.

This barbarous engine seems to challenge comparison with the
*' devil on the neck," which was used under Henry VIII. to vindicate
the honour of the Six Articles. Fox ii. 517, 536.

1137. p ^^^ ™* drapen] they killed. Although this word oc-
curs both in Beowulf (3487, 3178, Ed. Kemble) and in Csedmon
(deatSdrepe 3424= ictus letalis : gemynddrepen ij6j= stupor sensQs,
Bouterwek) — yet its presence in this place may safely be attributed
to Danish influence. The word may have passed at an early period
from the Danish to the Anglian Scalds, and the occurrence of the
word in those poems tends to confirm their Anglian character.
The word is not cited from any positively Saxon documents. It is a
Norsk word : Icel. drepa ; Swed. drapa ; Dan, dr8Bbe=to kill. In
the Glossarial Index of Thirteenth Century English, by Herbert
Coleridge, v. Drepen, it is cited from Havelok the Dane, and an
Early English Psalter, edited by Rev. J. Stevenson, for the Surtees'
Society, both Dano- Anglian sources.

1 137. p 262 m. fleo] This word is found written without the S in a
Vocabulary melioris <tvi, Wright, p 60 a ; " Lanio .... flaec tawere."

1137. p 262 1. ouersithon] I cannot adopt Gibson's rendering
' tandem enim ;' though followed by Ingram and Stevenson * after
a while ;' still less Mr. Thorpe's ' everywhere at times.*

Sithon or si^on or sil^um {d, pi. of 8i%=r journey, course, going)
meant number of times, fois, vicibus. With a numeral it is of cora-

3 B

370 NOTES

mon occarrence, twelf sij^unit duodecies; seofon 8i)K>D, aeptaplom,
&c. In later times we find other words besides nnmerals combined
with it, e. g. ofEte 8i)>e= oftentimes, Ormalam, EkL. White, v. Ofite;
and often sithes in Chaucer^ Prol. Cant. Tales, 487.

It is not impossible that ouer in this place may belong to the
' of which is in ' often ;' and have nothing to do with ' ofer, o?cr.'
Then it is identical with Chaucer's often sithes, oftentimes. Sop-
posing ' over' to be meant, it would mean ' times past reckoning.'

1137. p 2^2 b. hi ssBden openlice % xpist alep.] Tkey nU
openly that Christ slept. Was it His poor friends or His proud foes
that said so ? The latter, it would seem, from the word openhce.
But there are examples for both. Perhaps in some sense He admits
it Himself — Dormio sed oor metun vigilat. Cantica Canticoniin.
When He slept in the ship, all this was indicated. Ezekiel viiL ii,
ix. 9 ; 2 Peti iii. 4 ; Ps. cxxi. 4.

1 137. P263 h. oircewioan .... horderwycan] Mr. Steven-
son's version of this passage was (substantially) ri^ht, but Mr. Tliorpe
has involved it in obscurity again. Mr. Stevenson has it : — " pri-
vileges, one for all the lands of the abbacy, and another for all the
lands which belonged to the sacrist ; and had he lived longer, he
' intended having done the same for the treasurer." The grammatical
designation of wioan is obscure, as there are no marks of gender,
and I do not know where we find the word in another inflection.
But as it ranges here with 'f abbotrice,' it may be expected to
signify rather office than officer. These words oiroe^wican and
border wyoan should be the offices of which we have the officers'
titles on page 260 h, 'circeweard and hordere/ churchwarden and
treasurer. And there is a passage in iElfric, Horn. ii. p 592 1, in
which wioan is used of ecclesiastical offices in general : "Ha mag
cf&6e hu dear senig laewede man him to geteon |>urh riccetere Grists
wioan ; i. e. How can or how dare any lay man appropriate to hiO'
self through the insolence of power the offices of Christ !" With this
slight modification of Mr. Stevenson's version, I ^ould render:-
privileges, one for all the lands of tlie abbacy, and another for tk
lands that belong to the sacristy, and if his life were prolonged 1^
meant to do the same for the treasury.

1 137. p 263 m. Nu we willen ssegen &o.] This story of ^
William of Norwich is a recurring one. S. Hugh of Lincoln, a ais^
of the same strain, is thus apostrophised by Chaucer's Prioress in b^
peroration :

O yonge Hughe of Lyncoln; slayn also
With cursed Jewes— as it is notable,
For it njs but a litel while ago —

NOTES

371

The Tale of the Prioress is but a variation of this supposed Jewish
atrocity. S.William seems to have retained his celebrity down to
the time of the Reformation, at least in Norfolk. In Ix)ddon church,
which is advanced perpendicular of about 1 500^ there is a painting
of his crucifixion on a panel of the rood-screen, still in fair pre-
servation. I am indebted to my friend the Rev. Greville J. Chester
for a copy of this relic.

These accusations against the Jews are not everywhere so obsolete
as in England. So recently as 1 840, the " Chamber of Deputies"
debated on an bSblit of this nature. The French consul at Damascus
brought a charge against the Jews there, that they had immolated
a Christian monk for their passover. The Turkish authorities pro-
ceeded so severely against the Jews, that great indignation was

3 B 2

372 NOTES

excited at Paris against the consul. The government, however, sup-
ported their representative ; and the validity of the charge against
the Rabbins was stoutly maintained by M. Thiers in the Chamber
of Deputies.

1 138. A rhetorical monograph of this battle of the Standard was
written by a cotemporary, Ethelred [a/. Ailred» Aldred] Abbot of
Rievaulx. It is printed in Twysden "X Scriptores" — "de bello
inter regem Scotise et Barones Anglise apud Standardnm joxta
Alvertonam.** In this recital, (which is merely a Cistercian demoD-
stration,) Willielmus comes Albemarum is overshadowed by the
hero of the piece Walterus Espec, the founder of Rievaulx Abbey,
where the Cistercians had their earliest foundation (1132) and
chief seat in England. A representation of "The Standard*' is
given in Twysden, apparently from an ancient drawing.

1140. P264 t. fordfeorde Will' cerceb' of Cantwarb'] Mr.
Hartshome has vindicated for Archbishop William de Corbeuil the
glory of being the builder of the celebrated " Gundulf's" Tower at
Rochester. ArcJusological Journal, September 1863, p 310. He
quotes Gervase, ap. Decem Scriptores, p 1664, saying that "rex
Henricus dedit et confirmavit ecclesise Cantuarise et WilHehno archi-
episcopo Castellum quod est in civitate Roffensi, ubi idem archi-
epiflcopus turrim egregiam sedificavit." Strongly confirmed by
Florence, Cont 1 1 26.

1 1 54. *} at Tom'] Cf. 1066, p 203 m, where we get some insight
how patronage accrued to Burh.

The magnificence of Peterborough Abbey gave occasion to the
proverb Orgoyl de'BojJTk*= Peterborough Pride, which is found
in a list of local characteristics current in the time of Eklw. II;
published by Mr. Nichols in Gent. Mag,, January 1 862, p 64, from
MS. Douce 98.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

OP

EVERY FORM OF WORD IN K AND E

DIRECTIONS

Wordfl peculiar to 7^ are diBtingaished by an *.

Wordfl common to both Chronicles are in thick type.

Words undistinguished by either of these signs are peculiar to E.

Italics in head-words signify a state of transition, or other depurtore from tbe
normal type.

References are sometimes made by the number of the year, and sometimes bj
the number of the page, so as to subdivide the text and reduce the extent of
the portions referred to. The Annal-figure is used for referring to a whole
Annal, only when the whole Annal is printed upon the same page. When
a page is turned in the course of an Anna!, the after part of that Annal ii
referred to by its pagination. Hence, the page-reference often applies only
to a small renmant of an Annal oyer the page. Thus "pa^S" refers only to
tiiree lines on the top. Any figure referring to a whole page is follovd
by one of the five letters t, h, m, I, &=top, high, middle, low, bottom.

Where the modem equivalent is in Roman type, it indicates physical affinity
to the head- word.

Where a modem word is put in brackets, thus [drench], it signifies that it a
physically related to the head-word, but not its equivalent in meaning.
8. n. or n. abbreviation fer ** see note;*' «./. n. for " see foot-note."
EA. EastAnglian

NH.

Northumbrian

S&

South Saxon

ws.

WestSaxon

NL.

Local Name

NLL.

Name of Divers Places

NM.

Man's Name

[

GLOSSAKIAL INDEX

375

a. article = a, an, pi6im.

d. aiways, aye, pi^. 959, 999.

lU. id. p$.

ab' = abbot, 11 54.

abad. abode, 1091, tnth gen. 1094.

abannan (dt), if\f. caU out, P140, PI41.

abfed (set Gode), praytd, J0129.

absBdon. pi. id. p^, '

abb' = abbot, 989 h, oft. [1043.

Abbandune. Abingdon, 7^1046, E

abbates. abbots, JP250.

*abbod. abbot, 905, 963.

abbodas. |>23i.

abbode. 1083.

*abbode8se. abbess, 680.

abbodrioe. abhcLcy, 656, 10x7.

abbot. J0191. 1044.

abbotes. 675, 1075.

abbotrice. pi%. 1070.

abbotrices. 1137.

abbo'Sessa. abbess, 680.

*abbud. 790, 803.

*abbude88e. abbess, 805.

abeah. aubmiUedf 1013. j>i48.

abegdan. tubdued, jpii3.

abegdon. id. pan,

abebofode. beboyed, piig.

abeodan (ut), inf. order oni, 109 1.

abidan. abide, p$.

abiddan. inf. of absad, 626. (hit) 1043.

*abi8god. part, engaged, busied, pga,

ablaende = ablende, pi 14.

ablendan. inf. id. 993.

ablende. part. pi. blinded, pi 40.

ablunnon. ceased, pi 34.

Abon (aeldorman), P33.

abrsMon. broke vp, "Apgi, £860.

*abreoan. inf.

abruiSon. failed, 1004, i. n. iioi.

abnfiui. adv. above, supra, 1090.

abngan. inf. to abeah, |>f48.

abuga'S. they bow, 979.

abngon. pi. to abeah, submitted, p22^l.

abutan. prp. about, pi2$b.

adv. psim, p2i^.

abuten. id, 1135.

abuton. adv. p^it, prp. 1000.

ac. but, 1004.

Acca (WilfeiiJes preost), 710, 733.

*Xccan (sunu), gen, 905.

^TTcemannes ceastre. Bath, 973.
*acenned. bom, i.
acennednesse. birth, P33tPii3*
*acenneS8e. id. p2,
aeeree. pi. ace. fields, P159.
acerssed. seed for an acre? iii4i.
Aolea. NLL. E782, TT ft £851.
acordad. pari, reconciled, 1 1 20.
acordede. made terms, pi6i.
acordedan. 11 20.
acsode. asked, 755.
acwanc. went out (of light), mo.
*acw»lon (hungre), perished, P104.
acwealde. quelled, killed, pa 19.
^icwencen. inf. extinguish, 11 32.
*acwolen (hungre) = starved, P92.
adde = hadde = hisfde, had, 1 1 38.
adilgian. inf. destroy, 979.
adiligode. devastated, 793. [685.

adon (of "Sam kc), removed, put out of,
adraf. drave, drove out, 380, 1018.

adranc. was drowned, 933. pi 56.

adrsBfan. inf.&nveouiofcoum^, 755.

adrsBfde. pret. id. 7^755. Epi34'

adrsBfdon. pi. id. 878.

*adr»fed. part, id, pi 16.

adrefde. 617.

adrefdon. 874.

adrefi9d^790.

adrefede. 755.

adrefedne. P35.

adrencte. pret. submerged, p 1 5 1 .

adrencton. pi. id. 890 [drench].

adrengton. P225.

Adrianum (papan), 785.

*7Cdrianus (pSp), 794*

adrifan = adrifon, pi 23.

adrifen. part. 678.

adrifen=adrifon, 823.

*adrifenne. expulsum, 658.

♦adrifon. expelled, drove ptti, 823.

adrincene. pi. part, drowned, 11 20.

adnmcen. 853. ertrunfett.

adruncon. pi. 0/ adranc, 794.

Aduent (the ist Sunday in), 963.

adyde (hi), ** did for them," 1086.

adylege. 3d imp. 0/ adilgian, P259.

adylige. id. =deUto, p$$l.

•aer. before, ere, p4.

*afiuran. sons, 937. puSt.

376

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

•fiuren. gone, P135111.

afedan. feed, piiSt,

•TCfene. ike river Avon, pi 04.

afeoll. fell to the grownd, p^i^,

*afera. 942, ting, of^thnsi,

aferan. oec. »img, 975.

^erede. 'afeard,* afraid, 1083.

aflemde ut. drove out, 1 114 [Fleming].

aflemden. pL 112^, put tofiighU

*aflieindon. id, 797.

•afliemed. paH. 836.

9Ajm6a. piioh,

afl]rmde. 835.

afljrmdon. pi 71.

aflymed. P141.

aflymede. looi.

♦Sfiie. 652, 9, Afene.

•foron. went, departed, 794.

*after (wudum), along hy, 878.

nfundan. discovered, 755.

afylde. »levDf felled, 616.

afyllan. inf. 626.

^affiled. paH. pi 26A.

afylled. filled, p22im.

agan. p2i82, «. n.

Si^an. gone, 'X^ £11.

*agan. hack again, 1031, a. «.

agan. began, PI41.

•igine. pi, of t^gtm, pgsl,

•agangen. gone, 973.

*agann. begun, p2o8.

Agatbo (Pope), 675, 963.

•ffgaelesjirep. NL. 455.

xigcenee. against, 11 3 7.

a^eaf. gave up, 7p9i{, £p226A.

ageafon. pi. p226t, [p^^^^'

a^ean. back again, retrd, TkptoB, £

«age£ P9i6»agea£

agefan. pi. id. piisl.

agen. own, 654. eigeil,

agenan. d(U, pi, not.

agene. PS I.

agenes. P261.

agenne. 7^755, £p22o.

agenre. 794, E1014.

aceniim. ^^1070, £46,813.

*ageted. pierced, 937m.

agifan. p22sl, inf. to ageaf.

*agnum. 46, 584, 8i3»agenum.

agunnen. begun, P336.

agy&n. p232A—agifiHi.
agy&n. paH. pistw^
ahangen. cruei/led, 33.
^ahebbad. ebbed, ^56.
aheiigen.|>rff. hanged, j>2 53.
ahofen. elevated [besTe], 795.
*ahon. to bang, p^,
abredde. delivered, 994, $. n. pi 56.
•abreddon. pi, 894, 917.
ahte, property [aught], i>3om.
abte. owned, 1042. piot.
abtes. adv. w<nik aught, 992.
abtlice. itoutfy, p203<. 107 1.
ahton. pi. of ahte, 833.
ahwar. quoquo loco, 1064.
ahwar. anywhere, 992, 11 05, 11 sa
•abyddon. they hid, 418.
•i^idan. Bp. Lindisfame, 651.
Aidanus. id. 650.
aiauen, p265A.«* ageafon.
aL aU, !S'4i8,827, £p3o&33.
Alamanie. Germany, p26^m,
•ilaedan. to carry o/^[lead], P94.

Albamar (eorl of), 1 138.

Alban. ^Si^. Albane, 1)254.

Albane. u2. 1116.

Albemare. 1090, s, n,

Albin. Albano, 1095Z.

Alchmund. Bp, Hexham, 780.

Alcbredes. a NHwnJbrian prince, 789.

*alda=sealda, old, alt, 871.

*aldan. gen, id, P84M.

Aldberbt (abbot), 788.

•aidbrybt. NM. 722, 725.

Aldelm. 709<»Aldhelni.

Aldemer (Punt). Pont Audemer.'pf 51^

Aldewingle. NL. piS^m.

♦aidfer>. king of NHwnbria, 705.

•Sldfer>e. tcf. 716, 718.

Aldfri«. id. 685, 705.

♦Sidhelm. Bp. Sherborne, 709,

*^dbelming. paironynUc, 731.

*MoTman.chiefofaAire, 750,805,871-

*aldonnen. dot. sing, id, 886.

*aldonnen. pi. id. 495, 800.

^aldonnenn. id, 465 [aldermen].

•aldormon«.man, 837, 888, &0/I.

*aldonnonne8. gen, 755.

•TTldSeaxe. Old Saxons, 780.

AldSeazum. dat.'XpS^ Epi3.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

377

Aidu\t Bp.Rof ,7 s^'

Abb.P$terb\Abp, York^piis^.

Aldwine. Bp. Lieh*, 731.

aleggeime(to), put down, * Uy/ p2$6m.

alehte. eavghtt 1 1 13.

Alein Fergmn. NM. 1127A.

aleiednesae. redempH<m, p^ih,

Alex*. 1 1 37. /or

Alexander, king of ScoHandt p742,

*Xlezaadre. dot. Pope, pioS.

*2afred. tie&wa^, pg$,

AlfirokL Nffumbrian king, 778, 789.

Alhred. NMumbrian kjmg, 765, 774.

Alhhun, Bp, J069.

'alieflde. rwMomtd, 918.

Alihte dune, alighted down, 1133.

alisde. leased, P'^IV"^

aU-al. 787o>886, £p263.

alle. 7^491-885, Ep30.

•allnm. 860^85.

•alne, 871. 878.

*7noGUig. patronymic, 547.

alo«. ale {Dan. 01), 851.

Aire, dot, Aller, iS;t>meri€te. 878.

Alric NM. 798.

alt. ii35./oral«wa-as.

iUie. id. 1 137.

a/»ua. also, 1 154.

oZmnc. all-such, jutt such, 1137.

alswa. al-so, psSL

Aluearnie. Auvergne.

•iOweomg. patronymie, 716.

•alysde. freed, loosed, 94s.

am. I am, J9392.

Amalri. NM. 11 34.

amang (|>am >e), tohiUt, pi 74*

mmBnsamed.part.excommumcated,psBb.

amansumede. prei. ting, pi lot. \PS9»

amansumie. I exeommvmcate, pi 13m,

Ambrosius (St. A's day), 1095.

amundbneg. A'Monbimi, 1087m.

amyrde.|>2. part, marred, iiii.

amyrdon. pi. pret. 1073. P39.

amyrrene. tup. pi 78A.

in. one, Xpa. 491, 755, E491. P79.

an. oH. indtf, a, an, 103 1.

•an. prep, on, 894, 984.

ana. one, 97 a.

— ^ alone, 978.

, dot. dtf. pj'j^t.

Ancarig. anchorite's ilaiuf, p33.
anoer settle, hermitage, pitol.
and. and, oft. (and eac, E883).
Andeferan. Andover, 994.
andlang. along, 887 & oft.
Andred=Andred. 892.
Andreas (St. A*s day), PI59.
Andred. foreit in Kent, 755, ^^893.
Andredea. 477, 491.
andsiete. hateful, p236^.
andswerade. answered, pi 23.
andswerode. id. p32. 963.
*andwalde. dominions, pio^t.
*andweardan. present, p68.
ane./ftii. num. one, 5^879, E1048.
anes. gen. P151* 1048.
anfengaonfeng. received, 994.

^anforlet. abandoned, 658.

*angan. p2o8m - ongaxL began.

Ang«u. Anjou, P265.

Angel dn. Angle kin, pi 3.

Angel dnne. dot. pi S^'

Angel oyn. !S'597-897» Epi4i-986-

Angelcynn. P143. 597*

Angel cynne. pi 2 7. 1002.

Angel oynne8.?e874, E815.1012.

AngeU(abbeyof),ii27&-

♦SngelCeowing. patronymic, 616.

*7CngelJ»owing. id. 755.

*?ngenwitting. patronymic, 547.

Angeow. Anjou, 11 27.

anginne. beginning (0/ August), 1 107.

Angla. gen. pi. of the English, 975.

Anglum. dot. pi. pi 3- 443*

Angou = Angeow, P264.

ani. any, 11 37.

•anidde. 823-anydde.

Anteli. p250aAngeli.

ant J»ing. anything, p33, p39.

aniffrod. debased, psSb.

anker setle^ancer — , pi2t.

Anlaf. tvoo of the name, s.f.n.pti 7.

Anlafe. id. X937; another, E994.

^anlipig. ava|. single, one by one, pj6.

Annas^Onna. EAnglian king, 653.

Annan, gen. 639. [894, Ei 125.

anne=senne. tiee. masc. one, S'501-
*annes8e. oneness, union, pio8.
Anphos. Alphonse, P223, t. n.
anrsde. decided, resolute, 1003.

3 c

378

QLOSSARIAL INDKX

annedlioe. prompily, 1003-10^8.

uire.fi«m.orart.one,794i,E6i 7-1077.

anreces. kwa^. Uraightwof, 10 10.

Ansealm. Abp, Cant\ 1109.

Ansealme. pi^i.

Ansealmes. 11 15.

Anselm. P154.

Anselme. appointed, 1093.

^instreces, at one stretch, P93<, f. n.

Anum. dot. one, 661, 888.

*anwalde. sway, pio6b, pioBk.

anwealde. id. P213,

Anwend. Danish king, J979.

•Xnwynd. id. 875.

anydde. part. pi. forced, 823.

Apefensea. Perensey, ^335.

^apostolas. apostles, 30.

Ap'l. contraction for April, ^264^.

Apiddre. Appledore, "Xpgi . 893, E892.

«i(palfing. 90i»iiE>elwnlfing.

•ara. gen. pi. oars, P95^

Ma, arose, 380.

anecan. reach, eaieh, pi 5 1 .

^anerode. raised, reared, 718.

aroeb'->arcebi8cop. Ap2o8, E799 *C'

aroebisc' =«i. pa37.

aroebiscop. archbishop, 888.

arcebiscope. dal. 1006.

aroebisoopas. pi. p22i.

aroeb'ssui. 1087.

aroeb'rioe for aroebisooprice. 1 1 1 4.

arceb*rioes. gen, 1 1 19.

arcestole. See of Abp. 1 1 15, 1 1 19.

•TCrcenbryht. hing of Kent, 664.

*7roenbryhting««o» of id, 694.

are. v. propitietur. pio^h,

are. honovr ^possessions, pi^.

Hr^. dictated, p 10%,

arerde. exalted, 959.

arerdon. set up, established, piioh,

areren. raise, rear, build, 654.

arewan. arrows, 1083.

Argentses. Argentan or Argence8?p23oA.

arhlioe. treacherously, 1071.

*arhwate. eager for glory, p 1 1 5.

arisan. pret. pi. they arose, ^2256.

*arisa|>. pres. ind. pi. rise, 1031.

arme. poor, arm, 1 104&.

Amulf. eturl of Flanders, pi 1 o.

Amndel. in Sussex, 1097.

Arwan. Orwell, pi57<.

AmwL obb'ofBurk, P169, piSji.

*arwier)>a. venerable, 716.

arwur|>a. id. 716.

arwni^en. v. inf. to honour, p$at.

arwni^lice. respectfully, 633.

arworOniase. reverence, P147.

asah. sank, 1012.

^iKsaeton. grounded, P95&.

ilssettonaasettan. 892.

*7rsican mynster. Azminster, p5o6.

^asoeaoen (wses), had deserted, looi.

ascunedon. disliked, 1014.

asecgenne. sup. to tell, relate, say,! 104^.

as€h»asah. 1123.

AaencL part, sent, ^905, E43a

•aseten (wcron), part, grounded, P95*.

•asettan. pret. pi. set forth ? 893, lOOi.

^asetton. id. looi.

asmagian. devise, pt^ob.

asmeade. pt. sg. fern, raneaeked, pMS-

•aspancn. part. aUurtd, piorm.

sepeon.attracted, seduced, 1009. P>5' *

*isp6n. persuaded, induced, 905.

asprang.

Assandun. NL. in £ssex, pi 58.

Assandune. dot. id. 1020.

^TTsser. Bp. 910.

astah. mounted, ascended, P243.

astealde. set on, set going, 1 010. pi 58.

astirad. io87t=a8tyTed.

astiht. paH. ordered, directed, 998.

astungon. bored, pierced out, 797.

astjred. stirred, pi87<.

astyrod. id. 1095.

aswac. was false to, pi 58.

aswalt. died, 46.

aswefede. p<. p^ slain [»woop], 937k.

at. apud, Xp2o8, B777 ; at, E782.

ateah. he disposed of, 107 1.

ateallan. count, tell, 1095m.

ateallene. sup. reckon, recount, p^i^L

aten. oats, 11246.

atendon. kindled, [gunbetl] pi 40.

ateorede. /atfed. [jf^mi] paasZ.

ateowede. appeared, 678.

ttt^woden. pi. id. 729.

atAas. oaths, p264m, C^ib.

athes. id. pib^b.

♦atimbrao. to build [timber], 643.P106.

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

379

atimbrian. id. [3immermann] 641.
^atiwdon. 1070, pi, of
^stiwede. jpaoi aateowede.
^fttymbnn. 9i3'*atimbran.
stywede. 1)263 sateowede.
stywian. ir^, jpaoS.
atywde. losasatjrwede.
Audoen'. Owen Bp. Evreiu. 1 130.
Augoste. dai, the month Aug. 10 13.
Angustet. ffti^, id. 1107.
Angustme. dot. Bp. C€uU. p7^.
^X'ugastino. Lot. d(U. 601.
Aognstiiiiis. 604.
*a <Uiien. nin out, expired, 973.
awBston. io87m>»awe8ton.
mwBg. away, ^pgih, pioth, £pi45.
awende. turned, perwrtedy p27^L
awestan. to lay waste, pii^h,
aweston. they ravaged, 1087A A 6.
aweredan. 885 «>aweredon.
•awerede. defended, pio6h.
^aweredon. pi. id. pio6b. 885.
awoc. tprang [awoke], P13.
aw^can. pi. originated, 108 76.
aworpene. part. aee. maac. 867 «
^aworpeoDe. ejected, 867.
awrecan. a/venge, wreak, pi 78m.
awritan. inf. write, ptii^.
^awriten. part, written, 716.
AzamuOkn. Exe month, pi 74.
Axanmynster. Azminiter, p5i.
oxen. inf. ask, P264I.
*azode. asked, pio8.
*a>as. oaths, 874-PIX8.
a|>eling. 725«es)>eliiis.
*7>elmod (messe preost), 962.
•ffMwold (St.^, Bp. Wint. 963.
A|>ewold (ealdorman), 888.
•aHMtrode. 538-885 »a|»ystrode.
*a|>swerunge. oath-swearing, pio8.
A|>iilf (ealdormon), 7^903.

Bp. £pi23m.

*a|>nm. dat. pi. with oaths, pi 08m.
al^ystrode. grew dark, 879, bfiftet.
atfsa'Sas. p256^.

s'Saa. oaths, 7rp9i, EPI19. 874, 1012.
a9e. dat. with oath, pi 59.
AOelis. mod. Alice, 1121.
aOelne. ace. ma$c. noUe, 501.
AOelwaldes. gen, kg. of NUumbria, 790.

AOelwold. restorer of Burh A bbeg, 963.

A^elwnlf. WSaoDon king, P85.

aOeostrade. 802 8 a>iesUrode.

aOeostrode. id. 540.

aXke. oaths, p26o.

atSestrode. 538-733— ahystrode.

aSistrad. part. id. 80a

a'Sistrod. id. 795.

aOistrode. pret. 806.

affswemnge. p2o8*»a)>sweniiige.

a9uin. •(m^n-law, loio.

P233A, •.».

aOume. d. brother-in-'law, 109 1.
aOystrode. p85 — a|>ystrode.
(B^ea. etream [Eaton], p3i&.
aaldorman, 800 «> ealdorman.
*i£bbe (FriesaX P96.
cBC-eac. also, eke,p38<.
ceeon. inf. amplify, p$gh.
^dgar. p20^^EtAgar.
jBdred. 948, 955—Eadred.
^drie. ealdorman of Mereia, 1007.
Edmund. 940, 87o«Badmund.
Edward. 901, 925—EBdweard.
JBdwardci. gen. id.
jBdwig (eCeliog), 10 17.
JBdwine. 827-B£adwine.

(asCeUng), 933.

(eorl), 107 1.

JEdwineeclife. NL. 761.
*gefen. eiren, eve, 626.
Kfenes. gen. id. 11 tS.
efentide. eventide, 979.
*Kfer<-8efre. ever, pi 15.
^/ertpic—Eoforwic. York, JP39.
JEAc. a Sigh Sheriff, 1002.
efre. ever, 85-1014.
•eftan. Mar9§v, behind, pus.
eftercwieC retfoted, 1094.
eefter. after, 'XS^ih, E979.

tecvndum, along hy, 878.

*geftera. the eeoond, neoct, 827.
«efter filgendan. pt. gen. eucceedingtgSi.
aftergengle. gen, pi. p39f.
aftergenglea, eucceteore, p39m.
cefior. ii276Bssfter.
teftra. a<y. looiasnftera.
seftran. dat. id. 1013.
teftre. dat, fern, pi 78A.
Kge. awe, terror, pi 406.

380

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

.£gelbriht. WSaxon Bp. 649.
^iEgelbryhU itL 650, 660.
^iEgelesburg. Aylesbary, 571.
JEgeles forda. NL. l) 1 5 7.
iEgele8|>rep. NL. 455.
iEgelwig. Al>b. of Evesham, 1077.
.£g«lwiiie. Bp, 1069, 107 1.
.£gelric. Bp. 1069. pa 10.
egeslioe. mwfal, terrible, 1 109.
KghwKr. iii4>BgebwRr, everywhere.
*Kgbwe|>er. eacb, one-or- other, p86.
Kghwer. |>i4om » eghwter.
KghweSer. i>8 7 — eghwK|>er.
teghwider. every, whither, P'45-
*«eghwonaD. yrom a^ |Kir<«| pio'jh.
^Ibriht. 66o«iEgelbriht.
.£g1brihte8. gen. id. 670.
^lea.|>8i=*Iglea.
JBglMbyrig «*iEgeles-,i¥j>io6«E57 1 .
iEgtSan (iSeotto etntn^), 603.
«eg0«er (ge . . . ge), bo^ . . . amd,piSjt.
egOsre. (2a^, /em. id. 1004.
KglSer. eodii 5otA [either], 560-906.
tegOere. i o 1 4 -> sg^ere.
*«g>ere. id. P104.
*«eg|>eme. <icc. nuuc, either, P90A.
tegtfre. 853«aegf5ere.
*«eg)>rum. PI04.
ahte. eight, p309m.
me. awe, J9361 «Kge.
•opttJre. 1 03 1 BKgtfre.
cE^seal. all, P3I, ^38.
eslo. each, erery, 7^911, E1014, 1016.
telcan. dot, id. pa 13^.
aloe, every, 7^891, £1001.
os^oen. dot. id. pa 236.
«lo6re.pi48.
Bices, paio.
Blcne.pi4o. 1014.
*aelcre. p92m.
oloom. ^94, E979«
aelcmann. toeryhody, pi54<*
«elc)>ing. evef^hing, 997.
Kldormon. P33 Bealdorman.
teldorman, ici. 568.
iElfeach. Bp. 994.
(iElfeagee. 993«*J£lfheage8.)
.filfeah. id. Ahp. CatU. 1006.
JSlfega (reliquias), 1033.
. •iGlfehg. 1006.

JElfelmes (dohtor), P165.
iBlfere. pi 13. 983B*.£lfhef«.
.£lfetee. NL. 76a.
JSSligmr (dnges mmg), 96a.

another, 993.

(eorl),i055.

■ another eorl, pig^.
JEUfgaret. 1064.
.AH^Setes (simii), 1017.
.£lfgife. relict o/king OmU, 1037.
.£lfgifii. nam. id. pi 65.
.£lfgiiifl(a),pi65.
•.Slfheages. Bp. Wini. 984, gen, ef
* JSlfheah. earlior Bp. Wimt, 934, 951.
*.£lfhere (ealdormaD), 983.
JElfhon. Bp. pi47.
.£lfled. NHombrian qiieeii« 79a.
-aaifrod. 8.53-941, Xp4.
JBOte^d. the king, 871 &c.
iElfrede. dot. 871.
Mlftede. dot. 878-894.
.AOfrede («ej>e]iiig), pi 49.
JBlfredM. PP84, 85.
JBOfrio. Abp. Cant. 994-1006. [P185.

l2)TealdormanofMereia,gSi,99%

(3), EAnglian Bp, 1038.

JSlfricee (4)* 634.
•iElfricufl {i). Lot. nom. 1005.
^{/n. Abb. Peterb.pi33(.
J£lfinge. Bp. Wini. X032.
•iSlfsiges. gen. id. looi.
.£lfstaii. Bp. pia3.

(2), Abb. St. Augmtin€%t04i.

JSlfetane. dot. Bp. (?i), 99a.
.£l£rtane8 (a), 1043.
SAItoxL. Bp. pi49*
JBlfwine. 679.

(a), Bp. Win. 1045. [P57-

iElfwdd « AliWold. NHwmbri^ hmf,
JSlfword (cyngea g«ra&),pi45.
.^Ihmund. P33. [867.

JBllan. ace. NBmmMem king eUeUd,
a!Z2e»ealle. pi. all, p3im.
JBUe. NHvmJbfia/n king, 560.

(«), SSaxon kimg,B7j.

JEhn. NL. P3I.
^Imsr. ^66ol,pi45.

(a), deorlingc, P156.

(dmait. most all, X0916. pa 59c.
celmet, alms, pa6a, for

OLOSSABIAL INDEX

381

.pSy. 890.
^mihti. Almighty, 1)31, p^S,
^mihtig. id. piog, p259*
.^Imihtiga. id. dtf. pi 56.
(slnei-ealne. a/ce. mil, 603.
ralpig, pi 1 86 ; ewrt for ^anlipig.
Blre.

el^eodige. pi. foreign, pi 2 it.
.£lsige. Ahb. PeUrb, pi 49.
aehta. pontttwM, pi 52.
ceiMieBende, end, pa36m.
enes. once, 1 1 20.

jBnglalande. d. England. i¥ 1070, E785.
^nglalande§. gen. p2$6.
JEngle^ Engle, Angli or -la, 870.
jBngliicet. gen. English, pti6.
aenie.

Knig. any, 994.
«nige. pa 19.
eniges. P336.
^aenigne. 874.
enigmn. pi 45.
Bni>iiig. anything, p3$.
Bolioea. unique, excellent, 1 1 70.
none. aee. ofnum, £0, one, 893."
aorl ^eor\. Earl, pi64^.
mr. before, ere, 797, 877.
•«ra. gen. pZ.« of waves, 937.
nrceb'. 831 and
^tercabisS. 870 »- Archbishop,
^aercebisoepe. dtU. 60 1«
ercebi8oop.pi5i.
ercebiscopes. pa 54.
eroebiscoprice. Abp-ric, P251.
wroedccnes. archdeacons, 11 19.
eroediscne. Archdeacon, P245.
eroestole. SeeofAbp. pi^ot.
<erde>-earde. country, p2$g.
scrende.

«rendix«oan.me88enger8,3'903,E loi 4.
Kiendracen. id. 785.
^nrendrakean. id. 1070.
arer» eror. before, pa 206.
Krerde-amrde* buiU, 718.
mtwt.Jirgt [erst], 787, 890.
^aerestan. pi, def id. the first, p2. 787.
<erm«earm. poor, P149, Sinn,
aerman. drf. id. pi 46.
arme. pi. of term, P149.
aarmergenne. early mom, 538.

(sm»am. ran, P151.

aeror. comp. of aer ; before, 1031, 112 1.

aerost aup. id. first, erst, p3. 678, 661.

aerra. def. of mr; the former, looi.

cerur=ceror^ pint ['or e'er']

aer>an. before thai, 1 1 15.

aes. prey, plunder, 975.

^ao. son of Hengest, 455.

*aesca8. Danish ships, pgsh [8^pv].

JBaoeadone. Ashdown, 648, 661, 871.

*aesc manna, gen.pl. menof the*ae8caii,

.£sctan. NL. jpi22. [PI07L

*aescam. d<U. of •aescas, pgsh.

JEacwige, Bp. 992.

2EB80wiiie.kingof Wes8ez,p2. 674,676.

aeses. gen. prey, carrion, pus.

cpstan. p87sieastan. east.

.£sterdaeg. Easter-day, X012.

.^Sterne.

.fistfeld. NL.JPX12.

^stgeate. << East-gate," pz 87.

crathalfe. east side, p^ 1 1,

.fistone. NIi.p3i2.

est. at, 556, 67s, 7.'»a, 851.

qpud, at hands of, E605.

aetbaerst. escaped, 605, 992. PI78I.
aetbeorstan. to escape, pjam.
aetbraed. withdrew, 1093.
aten—etan. to eat, piS^,
seteowde. appeared, 891, 995. pi 27.
cetewdon, pi. id. 540.
aetforan. 6efore, PI44.
*aetiewdon. id. 540.
^tlan. aec» Attila, 443.
aetsamiie.<<)!^««^,atthesame<»fiie,pi 1 5.
aetstandene. sprouted, germinai€d,p2 19.
*aetswiunmon. escaped by swimming,
aetywde. P243 — aeteowde. [9 1 8, a. n.
auestUee. quickly, p^o.
aeoesmen. trusiy men, 11 3 8.
<Fttre»aefre. ever, |>62m.
aeuric every, 1 13 7.
tintricfnan. everyman, |>26a.
€Buosilice ^ auestUee. p$om.
cBureUwile. every while, P262111.
aewe« nuirriage, 11 01, (Bf^.
aewiscmode. ashamed, cowed, pus*
*aez. aze, 1031.
aezeyre. az-iron, ioi2it
*M]fe]ndng. son of ^|>elric, 670.

382

GLOSSABIAL INDEX

o|>elA. noble, "XSi^ E975.
•iEMbald (1), kg. of Merda, 716-755.

(a), kg. of WeMei, 85 1,855,860.

♦JShelbaldiiig. son of M^hM, 738.
aeMboren. nobU-bom, 654.
JEtfelhnhi. p6s « [616 (837).

*M]»e\brj\it (t), king of Kent i, 568,

(a),u, 760.

(3), kg. WeMex,855, 860.

^^helbryhte (4), king of EAnglia, 79a.
•iEMbrybtes. gm,^{3), 866.
*JS>elbryhting. son of (z), 694.
*iE|>elbiug (cuen), 723.
.♦JSWdrybt (St.), 673.
««e)>6le. fern, noble, 937.
*M\fe]£eri»ukg. pairon^ie, 670.
^M)fMmd, Lady of Merda, 91a.
*JS>elflKde. <ia<. td. 929.
*M^e]fn\». king of NUumbria, 593.
*JS|>elgar. Abbot of New Bfinster, 964.

• JS>elheerd( i),kg.ofWesseZy 728, 741.
— (2). Abbot, Abp, CodU, 790, 799, 803.
2D>el]ialm(i), Alderm. Donets. 837.

(2X (aldennon), 887.

2D)>eUiiin (aldorman), 750.
J£|>elbanigiond. NL. |>39.
es)>6lixic. jorMu^e, 7^728,755, E721.
*J£>elingadene.NL.iooi,AltOD(Hnts.)
*M^e^ngtkmgge, Athehiey, p8o.
tel^elioge /or K>elingnm, dot, princes,
*e)>elinge8. gen. psob. [l» 49*

*JS>elm (eeldorman),|>92.
M^lmeir (ealdonnan), p 1 48.
2D)>elmiind (aldorman), 800.
*«e>elne. aec, mate, noble, 501.

* JS|>elno)> (ealdonnan), ^92.
*M\»e]Ted (i), king of Merda, 675, 704.
— — ^— — (2), king of NHumbria, 794.
^MpehnedeB (Pendinges), gen. ( i ), 7 1 6.
*M\>e\nc. king of NHnmbria, 588.

• JS>elridng. patronfpnic, id. f 85.
2D>elatan ( i ), king of Kent, 85 1 .

• (2), Xtn. nameof Goditim, 890.

(3), king of Wessex, 925-941.

(4), Abb. of Abingdon* 1046B.

* JS>el8tane. dot. (1), 836.

« JS)>el8wi)>. king Alfred's sister, 888.
•iEhelwald. Bp. 828.
•^))elwalde. king of Snsaez, 661.
^^Kelweard (dngesheahgerefis), looi.

•JEMmold (aldormonX 888. [pSj,
JBWwulf ( I ),kg.of Wesee«, 823^55,

(2), Alderm. Berkshire, 860,871.

•^Mwulfes. gen. (i), 855.
•^Wwnlfing. sow 0/ ( I ), 871 .
•^MIvyK 679-i£[iekb7ht.
JB>erMl (I ), king of Wessex, 866^71.

(2), Alderm. Merda, £9101

M\»m9de. dot. (2), 886.
^^5ebald. NM. 778.
se'Sela. nam. def. maee, noble, 814.
iEOelbald->. (i)8e(a).

(3), Bp. 828B.

JSSdberbt ( i ), 604 » JS|>elbrjht (i).

(2), Abp. York, 766-779.

(3), Bp. Uwitern, 777, 795, 797.

iEOelbeifate. dot. (2), 791.
JSOdberbtes. gen, (i)^ 604.
A^elbold(i), NM. P33.

' (2j=iE>elbald (i).

.£8elbriht-iE)>elbi7ht. 565 &c
iEOeibrihtes-^Mbryhtes. 866.
-fi^elbrybtes, (8) 'smynster, 1055.
iGSelbnrge. ace. Qn. N Uombria, 633.
JSSelborfa (cwen), 72a.
iE»eldri|> (St.), 673, 679, 963.
iE^elferO ( i ), 593 = iE|»elinJ».

• («), (cynges geneat), P96.

.£8elferN. (2a<. (1), 603.
JEXkHfimd (Myroena hlsfdige), 918.
iE8elfri«(i), king of NHumbria, 617.

(2), for JSMswiK 888.

.fiSelfriOes. gen. (i), 634.
.£0elgar. pi 2 3. 988k->-.
JB^eUieard->(i)&(2).

(3), (ealdorman), 794.

(4), (ealdorman), 852.

iE9elhelm->(2), 887.
JEXelhaed, 740^ JS^elheard (1).
2BM]i0re ( i ), E Anglian prtnoe, 654B.

(2), (Frieaa), p963C.

iESelic. daughter of Uen. i, 1 1 27.
e'Selice. easily, p2 19.
•Oeling. ^soif Bioi6» 1057.
AS8elingaige. p8i — iE.>elinga«igge.
eSelingas. prinees, 443. ^51.
seOelinges. p2 1 9 «■ ->..
^£8elnueres (^ses gnetan), 1017.
jBSehio'5. Abp. Cant. 1020, 1022, 1038.
JB5elred (1), £963.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

383

JBMr«d(2), B774, 778, 790> 794-

(3), WSMionking,B866-87f .

(4), WSaxonking, 978-1016,

^Celrede. dot. (4), TCiooi, Eiof4.
iECelric (0,588.

(a), Bp. SSazons, 1038.

JESehridng. 685.

.£9el«ige(i),Abb. Abing.pr59. 1018.
■ (1), Abb. S. Augustuie's, 106 1 .

iE9el8tan(i), 836,851.

(a), 883.

(3), 890.

(4), 9a7-

"■^■~"~ (5), (>e8cynge8a8um),ioio.

(6), 1043.

*.£9elwa]d. kg. Edw.'s 000801,901-905.
JEXkHwaird (ealdonnaii), 994.
.£8e1irine (i), (ealdorman), pi 23.
— — ■^— (a). Abb. Abingdon, 1018.
-ffi»elwold (i), (MoU), kingNHumbria,

(2), (ealdorman), 1020. [759.

.£8elwolde. 666 » ^>elwak]e.

JESelword (iEtfelmenea sunn), 1017.

.£9elwiilf«>.

.£9elwnlfing< ^77.

*JEXiered (i),king of Merda, 676.

(a), aldoraian of Mercia, 913.

^JEXSeiedes. gen. (2)> P91.
JElSenc. Bp. 1034.

b' (Mr, for bishop, oft.
•Bachsecg. "heathen king," 871.
* Baddanbyrig. NL. n'. Wimbonrne, 90 1 .
^Badecanwiellon. Bakewell, 924.
Badewnlfe»Baldewnlfe. 795.
•Bagsecg. 871 s^Bachsecg.
Bainard (Oosfrei), 1096.
Bainart (William), riio.
Bains. Bayenx, 1 T05.
Bald* - Balduin de RedTers. 1 135.
Baldewine. earl of Flanders, 1 1 1 1 .
Baldewines. pi8o. 1037, 1045.
Baldred. king of Kent, 823.
Baldnin de Redvers. 1 135.
Baldwulf. Bp. Hwitem, 791.
buian. murderer, 755, E979. pi8o.
bande. bond, cor\/inemeiU, 1 1 26.
bannm. dot. pi. bones, 979, loia.
bar^hmr. bore, t. pret. piSib.
baras. bears, p2aaZ.

hare, bore, $uhj. p26i.

'barei. fragmeiU of NL. 1 1 54.

* bam. bnmt, was bnmt, paoa.

BamK^dre. Berkshire, 860. P140;

Barwe. NM. pi 2 a.

Bar)wiiig. NM. P39.

BasecgssBagsecg. 871.

Basingum. Basingstoke, 871.

Basse, founder of Racolfininster, 669.

Basset (Ranlf), p35).

bat. boat, 7^891, £pi74.

Bataille. Battle Abbey, 1094.

•bate. dot. of hat, 891.

Bathe. Bath, 1 130.

ba9. poeHe, bath, 975.

B»)MUi coaster. Bath, 577.

•Ba'San. id. 973iP24ie. [^oben].

Bathe, id. p2$t.

BaOon. id. PIUS'S

*Ba9am. dat. pi. 906.

Bsebbaborh (Morsel of), pa 29.

Baebbanburh. Bamborongh, 993.

Bs^c. Abbey of Bee, Normandy, 1093.

bsscL heggedf deiired, ^ 1 67, 853, Ep 1 74,

bflBdon.p2. id. 868, £443, 1 064. [p 1 78.

bcfton SB be eftan. behind, p5 1 h.

bsegen. mase. both, 867, paoi.

•Begemm. BaTarians, 891, 93aicni.

•Bseldaeg. son of Woden, pa. 547.

•BeldsBging. patronym. id. 55a, 597,

Belesme (Rotb*t de), 1105. [855.

•Bcnesiogton. Bensington, 571.

bser. bore, wore, gettahat, pa a it.

baerlic. barley, 1134.

bsemde. trammtive, burned, pi 51.

bsBmdon. pi. id. 'Riooi, £684, 1016,

bsemed. paw. pt. 687. [1087.

bixmen. inf. id. pii^L

baemeta. fvreey 1 104.

baemette. dat, burning, ineendimn, 994.

bternete. id, 1090.

Bernicum. 634«iBeomicnm.

bseminge. burning, 1104.

bctere. better, 1004. .

•he's, bath, 604. pia6.

be. by, 648, 875, oft,

— wKtere. P156.

— wege; in itinere. 1048.
beacna. beacon-^res, P140111.
6eadsgebead. ofertd, ps\ twice.

384

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

bead'^hade. commanded, pi 44, pfjSh,
Beadafordscire. Bedfordshire, pi 54.
leaden, pi, offered, pio^.
headonfor bsdon. prayed, io8ji
•beaduweorca. oa/mage, 'fltimges,*pi 14.
•beagabeah. avbmiUed, 913.^108.
beace. ring, bracelet, 876 [badge].
beah. bowed, aubmiUed, X923, Epi^^
<m^^ gtwe inj y>ai wontedy Eiooi.
*beahgi&. giver ofringe, piibh,
beala. deetrucUonj bale, 1075.
beam, {of light) beam, 678 (lit. tree),
beame. dot. beam, rafter, 978.
•Beamfleote.

beandon for beudum ; in bonds. 1069.
Beaadiine. [1074.

beam, eons, < bairns/ "Xgjs* ^i^ym,
bMrnmn. dot. pi, id, T^pgi, EpiS'^m.
Boarrooaoire. Berkshire,7^86o,£p 1 43.
BearOanege. Bardney, 641, 716.
^Beamng.genealogiealpatroi^fmicBss.
•beeftan. behind, 755, 905.
besfton. id. psi.
Bebbaburh.1095 —
Bebbanburh. Banborongb, 547, 64I.
bebced. ordered, pisS, for [p223L
hebead.eommanded; edixit,ioo8,p2o8,
bebeode (ic), ind. pra. id. I direct, 675.
bebiriend.

•bebod. n. order, command, 905.
beboda. pi. id. canona, 1102.
beboden. pt. enacted, ei^oi$%ed, pt$4.
*bebyrgde. buried, 544.
bebjrged. ft. buried, 788, 1033, 1053.
bebyrgede. 1066— ^bebyrgde.
bebyried. ^263. Ii54«beb7rged.
bebyrigde. 979, xi23»«bebyrgde.
bebyriged. pisi — bebyrged.
b6o. pi. books, Xpns, £1009, 1070.
beoetfrodan. murmured, pitiL
becyrde. begwUed, played fdl9e,pi4S,8.n.
beewtetf. bequeathed, puih. [pi74*
bed ^hmd. prayed,petUioned, 675-963,
Beda. 734.

bedanfor beodan. to offer, px^U
Bedanheafde. ?Bedwin, TTOto. 675.
Bedanford scire. Bedfordshire, loix.
•Bedanforda. Bedford, 'RpxoA. 919.
•Bedcanforda. NL. 571.
bedioodon. vaUlo eing^Mnt, P155.

bedonfor beodan. to proeUam^ p^fm,
bedrifbn. drore^ 477, 890^ 7918.
•beebbade. pt.l^by ebb-^ide, p^^.
*beeode. amrovrnded, 755.
beeodon. p{. f(i. 755.
^befiest pt. put m ae^fe-keqiing, p94iL
*be6este. prH, enirutted. 886.
•befisston. secured, pgS'
befeallan. pt. fisUen, paaij.
befeste-befKSte. 886.
•befor. overtook, 905.
beforan. before, 7^7 16, 725, £^219.
beforen. id, 1154*

beglb (fore), pt. intereqpted, pi^^h.
begaifor begeat. got, P363A.
bege (for begen), both, 852.
begeat ifot^), got (to go forth), piSji.
begeaton. got, obtained, 1 102 s [isci.
begaatan. gat (poeeetaum), 'Kpi i^b, ^
begemm. to take care of, 1)2581.
begeiL mosc. both, 871 & oft.
begeondan« beyond, X885, E1091.
begeondon. tcl. ji>i49.
^beget. got {poaaeuion of), 919.
*begeton>-begeaton. 897.
begeton. inf. get (for any one), |»26o.
begotexL pt. auffuMd, 734, gicffm.
begunnon. pt. begun, 1x54.
*begyrdde. begirt, 189. [p*^

begytan. take (a p«rscm), get, pi^vt,
behate. dot. promiae^ 865.
behatcn. inf. to protniae, loii.
behaten. pt. promiaed, vowed, psfik,
behatene. pL id. 1093.
behasa. promiaea, X093.
beheafdod. j^. beheaded, 1076.
beheld (hit), p25on», a. beheold.
behdde. p257^» •*>^'* of [ioi6b

beheold (hit), waa ofaerviee, 999.^X40^
beheonan. on hither aide of, p8i. 1048.
beheonon. id. 1102.
beheot. he threatened, X083.
behet promiaed, pi 7a.
beh^t he vowed, 1093.
beheton. they promiaed^ 865. PX47.
behid. pt. hidden, P209A.
•behienan. on thia aide of, p84.
•behinon. id. p8o.
behdfe. dot. behoof, need, p^^om.
behofed (him), he needed, paGo.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

385

behofeO. m needful^ p^om.

behonade. deprived of hones, 885.

^behorsude. id, 885.

beh<nted (heom), they needed, p26st.

behyddan. they hid, 418.

behreowsunge. cowtritiony ^236 [rew].

hei(Kt.forhefpstt.hegea,tfV}hichtee,p2*fit.

heiet. id. p2^6t.

heieten. pt. id, gotteu, ^256^

heien. for begen. both, P265.

heionde^hegeoudBn. beyond, 11 54.

bejetonsbegeaton. got, 1)259.

belaf. remained, 1018. P183.

belaznp. it happened, TipioS, "EpiSs,

belftp. id. JP246.

belandedon. deprived of lands, ^2306.

belandod^ pt. id. logi.

bel8ef=belaf. 1131.

belend.

belende. deprived 0/ lands, P233I.

(e^/a belaf. p209m.

beli£Bkn. pi. id. ttayed, Z047.

belimpaS. pi. belong, 1 102.

belisnian. to ccutraU, P233, 8. n,

belle, bells {of the church), 11 31.

belooen. locked, ppso, 51.

Belmunt. in Normandy, 1124.

belucan. pi, pret, locked, 1083.

belumpe. euij, pret. belonged, piiil.

belapon. pi. id. P2342.

ben. for beon. i^f, be, p2565.

benam. took away, 755, £1x25.

ben&. id, P229.

bene, petition, pp84, 85. pi 22 [boon].

bensemde. took away, deprived, 1104.

Benedict*. p22i}fi.

Benedicte. abl, the Pope, Z022.

^Beneficcan. R. Beane (Herts), 913.

Benesingttin. Benstngton, 777, E571.

bendas. bonds, impriaonment, 11 24.

benda. dot. pi. id, p22i&.

beniman. to take away from, 1125.

benumene. tpoliati, exuti, 895.

*Benocing. in Ida's pedigree, 547.

bentigtfe. benedicti Saxanized, 883.

beo. y^ f)er8.avhj,he,nt,Xio$i,E6'JS.

Beocoa (aldormon), 888.

beodam. to proclaim, ^^905, Cp232m.

beode. pret, ind, id, p^Bt,

Beoferlic. Beyerley, 721.

beom (for bel(m), beam, tree, piSih.
beon. inf. be, 7891, 1070, E999, 10 14.
Beonna. Abbot of Peterb. 777.
Beonrte. id. 777.
Beordea. Berkeley, 1087.
*Beorgforda. Bmferd, 752.
Beorhforda. id. 752.
•beorht. bright, 937m.
beorhte. ad^. brightly, p243e.
BeorhtfiiV (ealdorman), 710.
•Beorhtric. kg.of Wessex, 784, 787, 800.
•Beorhtulf (ealdormon), p9sf.
*Beorhtwald. Abp. Cant. 690, 731.
*Beorhtwulf. king of Mercia, 851.
♦beom. warrior, hero, PII4.
Beom (1), ealdorman, 779.

(2),eorl,pi73.

*heomtL,gen,pl,of warriors, g^'^t. pi^tt.
♦beomas. nom. pi, id. y'm, men, 973.
beomdon, theyMvamty P75. looi.
Beomgar. pp86, 87.
Beomhelm. Abbot. 890.
Beomicum. dot, pi, Beroicia, 678.
Beomxnod. Bp. Rochester, 802.
♦Beomo'Ses (seOelinges), 905.
♦Beomrsed. king of Mercia, 755.
Beomred. id, P53.
Beoraulf (wicgefera), iVp95.

E823, for

♦Beorawulf. king of Mercia, 823.
bepaht. ii32«
bepseht. deceived, 1015.
ber6d. eturprited, 755, "XpgS,
♦Beranbyrg. Barbnry (.>), 556, t.n.
Beranbyrig. id, 556.
bersedde. deprived, 887.
♦benedne. ibid, extatim,expul9um,S8'j.
bereafod. part, bereaved, pi 26.
berecfode. pret. bereaved, P253.
hereefofS, bereaveth, P253.
berdbdon. they bereaved, 794.
berene. eupine o/bseran, to bear, p256m.
Berht (ealdorman), 699.
Berhtines minstre. p257t.
Berhtred. Bishop, 852.
Bernard. Bp. 8. David's, P2506.
♦berowan. to row by or along, 897.
beasBt. beset, besieged, ^894, Ep24i^.
beasBton. pi, id, T^giS, pio6, E1090.
bessett » bea»t. p2 2 5m.

3 D

386

QLOSSARIAL INDEX

beaoetU. id. paO^h,

besoered. 8aia-

^^besciered. pt, deprived, 821.

Besencun. Be8aii9on ; Vesontio (Cbs.),

heaet^heamt, 1076. {.P'^S^-

^beseten. pari, id. pgit,

besetton. they beneged, 868.

besittan. inf. id. p226,

besittanne. supine id. pi^o.

^beslagen. bereaved o/(in batUe), pi 14.

besobte. besougbt, p2$6h.

bespeon. invited, attracted, pi 21,

bettesL stole off from — , 876, 878, 901.

hestmloiL pL id. 876.^104.

besteal-BbestsaL 1004.

besuiken. deceive, betray, j>264&.

beswac. deceived, 1005, 1015.

beswioan. paH. id, 1014.

beswicen. id. 654, 790.

bestoikene. pi. id. p22^.

besjrrede. eiUrapped, p22^t.

besyredon. pi. id. p2$o*

besyrewian. Hruereinaidicualieuh looa.

betahte.

betahten. they etUrutted, 654.

betan. ir^. correct, 1014.

betacen. to give up, retign, 1131.

betsebt. pt. entrusted, 1087.

betsebtan. pi. pret. put in trutt, p20^.

betsbte. gave, 1093.

bete. 3 aubj. mend, 1131.

beteah. accused, p^ZZ^.

betealde (bine), defended hwmif, pi 87.

betehJt « betnbt. 1 1 38.

betellan (bine), inf. dtfend adf, pi8o.

beten. better, pi 49.

^beteran. better, pii 4.

betere. better, j>i63.

betined. endoted, 547.

betrasppan. to enenare, betrap, 992.

&e^ as betere. pi6o.

betst. best, pi8o.

betsta. id. drf. ^891, Ep2i5.

betstan. P187.

betstboren. of best birth, p2a5&.

betste.for betstan. pi. drf. best, 109 1.

bettan. they repaired, PI43.

bette. he amtUorated, 959.

betuyx* betwiKt, p%6^.

bet. better, 1072.

betwenan. between, iioi.

betfpenen. id. P203.

betweonan. id. piS9j piS7-

betweonen. id. 11 24.

^betweox. betwixt, 867, 913. pio6.

betwix. id. !rpio6#, E710, 890.

*betwuh. between, 894, 905.

betwux. id. 795, 867.

betwyx. id. 11 26.

bewsddade. wedded, married, P237.

beweddan. to wed, marry, 112 7.

beweddod. jMMt. ici. 1119.

beweg[e]. on the way, 1048.

bewiste. commanded, 1099.

bewiston. p2. »c2. 1091. ri>39^

6e>. 3 sing. pres. ind. of beon, to be,

be|>ohte. bethought, p2$6h,

bi. by, p39<.

bidde. / pray, beg, P32, p^S.

bide.

biddende. part, praying, begging, 1083.

biden=bidon. eapperiei»ce(2, p26ol.

Bieda (i), son of Port, 501.

(2), the Venerable Bede, X734.

«Biedanheafde. NL. 675.
Biedcanforda. NL. 571.
bifiing. «ee eorObifong.
bigaton=he^taai. to get, P265A.
bilehwit. innocent, gentle, pi 69.
^bilgeslehtes. dash c^billa, pi 14.
biiman. vithin, Scots 'ben,' 867,
binnen. id. 11 22. PS1048.

binnon. id. 1004. pi55» 1)185.
♦Birine. missionary Bp. WSaxons, 65a
^Birino. abl. Latin, id. 635.
Birinua. WS. missionary Bp. 634.
biac. P254 & oft; ahbr, for
biaoeop. bishop, 984, 999, EP236.
^bisceope. dot. id. 604(C).
•bisoeopes. gen. id. 942. 984* looi.
^bisoep. no, 636, 660, 670.
^bisoepas. nom. pi. 690.
bisoepdom. bishopric, 660.
biscepe. dat. 601, 625.
biscepsona. 'bishop-son,' 853.
bisoop. ^910, E678, 779, 1045.
bisoopa. gen. pi. "XpgS^ E678.
•biscopan-biscopum. dot. pi. p2o8.
bisoopas. 1075.
bi8oope.p39. 791.

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

387

bisoopes. 1 1 39.

biscoprice. bishopric, 11 14. j>i58.

bisoopricen. 1167.

biscoprices. Sees, P254.

^biacopum. dot. pi. bishops, 1070.

•bisp'. abbr.for bisceop, 934.

^biscpsetle. dot. See, 1070.

bisc' rice /or biscoprice, P236.

•bi = be. by, 660, 894.

bismer. inatdtf wrong, pijBl.

bismere for -a. gen. pi. id. pi 78m.

bismore. 991.

bitene. see hunger bitene, p333.

biworde. proverb, 1 1 3 1 .

BUds. Blois, 1116.

*blanden feax. shciggy haired, p 1 1 4.

blatoen. inf. to blow, pt^tl.

blaweres. blowers, p2$6.

blKtsige. I bless, pi 13.

bUtUon. tnf. conaecrtUe, 1 1 14.

Blecca. NM. 627.

^bledsunge. blessing, 813.

blendian. to blind, 1083.

bUtcad. blessed, coniecrcUedy 11 54.

^bletsunga. ccmecration, p2o8.

bletsie. I bless, P39.

bletsinge. blessing, 675, 1022.

*bletsnngan. consecration, p2o8.

bletsnnge. blessing, 813.

blewen. pret. they blew, P256.

•blis. merriment, joy, 973 [bliss].

blisse. pi 46, P203.

bli|>elice. gladly, libenter, 963.

bli\H)lice. id. pios*

blod. blood, 1012.

blode. cUU. id. 734.

blodig. bloody, 1117.

Bloet (Robt.), Bp. Line. 11 23.

b6o. book, :V84, £87.

bodade. preached, 636. pi 9.

bodan. messengers, 1094.

bode, order, psSb.

bodian. to preach, p23, p33(.

bodianne. supine id. 430, 604.

^bodade. preached, 634.

bohtan. they bought, P203A.

bohte. he bought, pii3* 9^3- PU9'

bokes. books, p209fi».

Bolhii^e. Bulldykegate, P309.

bondeland. allotments, 777.

Bopeual. Bonneval (Loire), PI49.
^bordweal. wall of shields, 937.
Bosa. Bp. York, 685.
Bosan. ace. id. 678.
Bosenham. Bosham (Sussex), pi 72,180.
Bosing. patrony. of Bosa, 778.
*bosme. 937, dcUive of
bosum. bosom, p222t.
Botwine. Abb. Ripon, 785.
♦Botulf. NM. 654.
Botuulf. id. 653.
brad, broad, p^. 891, 891.
brada. def. id. 942.
Braedanse. name of a stream, p3itii.
♦Bradanforda. dot. Bradford, 652.
•Bradan Relioe. Flat Holms, P104.
*bradbrimu. the broad sea, pi i5-
•Bradene. Bredon Forest (WUts), 905.
Bramtune. ? Brampton Abbots (Ingr.),
Brand. Abt. Peterbro. 1069. [ 1 1 2 1 .
•Branding, genealogical, 547, 55 «•
•brsBC. broke, 911. pio6h.
brascen. 1083m =

brsBCon. pi. broke, made a breach, 85 1 .
&rec=br«c. P85.
brecan (hine). to retch, 1003.
bred. 189, s.f.n.

Bredune.NL.p39w. [pi26l.

♦Bregoengla. prince 0/ Angels = GOD,
Bregowine. NM. 759.
♦bregu. 9376=brego.
breke. 3 pres. subj. break, P39.
breket. p$g.
breke|>.p33.

•bremes. adj. gen. glorious, 973.
brenden. they burnt, p262^
brendon. id. p262W.
Brent forda. Brentford, pi 56.
Breodune. NL. 731.
Breohtric. corr. for Beohtric, 787.
breohan. they broke into, 1102.
•breostum. on the breasts, pi 26.
•Bret. Briton, 491-
•Bretenlond. Britain, p4. 189.
•Bretene. 47, 381, 449. ^^'
•Bretone. 419.
♦Bretta. 449> 9^- P^- ^f
•Brettas. Britons, 5 5^,5 7 7, 584, 681. P4.
•Brettisc. British, 501, 508.
•Brettura. dat. pi. Britons, 449, 890.
3 d2

388

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

«BretwalM. the Britbh, 551, 571.

•BretwaldB. ^^^der of Britain, 817.

•Bretwalam. dot. pi. British, 755.

br^re. brethren, 675.

Brian. NM. 1 147.

Bricgstowe. Bristol, 1087.

brigge. bridge, 1136.

briggu. gen. p«54-

Briht. NM. 684.

Brihteh. Bp.Worc. 1038.

Brihthelm. NM. 695.

Brihtno|>. NM. PI13. 963.

Brihtric. NM. P141. 800, 1017.

Brihtwold. NM. 692, 727, 731, 1043.

Brihtwulf. NM. 851.

^brimatream. stream oftfie tea, 943.

BritUnot. Bristol, P264.

Brit. Briton, 491.

Brittas. 890=*Brettas.

Britene. Britain, p3.

Brittisc. British, p^.

Britwalas. 68a = Bretwalas.

Britwalom. dot. 189.

brogan. dat. terror ^ 991.

brohtan. they bronght, 1093.

brohte. brought, 661. j? 12 3.

hrohUn, 1)250=

brohton. they brought, p9 1 .1063.1)209.

^Brond. genealogical personage, pi,

Bronding. son of Brond, p2. 597, 855.

Brordan. NM. p^y 777.

•bro|>or. brother, 738.

brother. 1)264 thrice.

•bro)»ur. 685, 718, 855, 871, flee.

broCer. 1930. iioi.

bro^eres. 1)30.

broffor. 903, 86c, 871.

brofWa. brothers, 1 1 c i .

bro'Ser sunu. brother's son, P234.

•brucan. to ute, enjoy, pi 15. btau(^en.

*Brunanburh. NL. 937.

Brunanbyrig. id. 937.

bryce. m. breach of treaty, pi^ot.

brycge. bridge, 887, 924, 1071.

Brycge. Bruges in Belgium, 1045.

brydeala. bridal, 1075.

brydealolS. id. ^214.

bryne. burning, pi^it.

bryngan. bring, J92 14. [/>a62.

hryniges. coats ofmail(})\ hot embers {}),

^Brytene. Britain, pi 15.

Bryten. 380, 827.

Brytland. WaUe &c. j>222.

Brytlande. 1063, 1076.

Brytiscne. adj. ace. moac. British, 501.

Brytonland. 979.

Bryttaa. 565, 1064* 1075. pi 14.

bryttian. to diMhnbtUe, pi 15.

Bryttisc British, T075.

Bryttiscan. dat. ting. mate. 755.

Bryttum. dat. pi, Armaricant, 890^

Brytwakma. gen. pi, 167.

Brytwalas. 443, 57^- PS-

buecet. bucks, P256. [P104.

Bucdngahamme. dat, BnckinibsB,

Bucdngahamadre. Bock'shire, P154.

Budnghamsdre. 10 10.

bade, dwelt, abode, 890.

*budon. pi. id. 919.

badon.pr(((ferec2,pp5o&5i, PP64&65.

*bufiui. above, 896.

*bugea>. 3 pi. pres. dwtU, 934. P91.

frti^en. 1119; te^ togebugen,

bugend. inhdbitantt, p$,

bugon. submitted, bowed, 975. pi 47.
Jlinched, 999.

Bunan. Bologne, 892.

bundan. gen. ting, goodman, 1048.

bundon. they bound, 1)174.

*Bunnan. Bologne, 891.

bur. dwelling, 755 [bower].

Bwrch. Peterborough, 932. pi 23, 209.

bure. dat. o/bur, pi 52.

Bures. NL. p23cA.

«burg. a waUed town, 822, 919, 924.

borga. gen. pi. 894, 942, 1073.

*Burghelm (alderman), 822.

•Burgrsed. king of Merda, 868, 874.

Burgred. 7^853, £874.

^Burgrede. dat. 853.

burgum. dat. pi. o/burg, Tl^iBj £^152.

^burgwara. gen. pi. towntmen, P94*.

•burgware. 895, 919.

*burgwarum. dat. pi, p^i.

burhs^burg. 994. pi 42m.

Burh. Peterborough, 1)33. 1069.

Burhc. id. P256.

Burhcred = Burgred. 868.

Burhhelm (alderman), 822.

burhmen. toumtmen^ pijSt.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

389

Burhred. 851, 853-Biirgrecl.
barhware. townspeople, 994, 1016.
barhwara. id. P148, 155, 178.
bumaa. gen. brook, burn, 485.
hwr^etuu. chamherUUnt, iiio.
*buta. both, p 104.
\>iaXaji.adw,0fvA9ide,'mt1i(AU, i£v$Wy 867 .

prep, except, prater, but, 1)84.

♦bute. sed, verd, but, pg^m.

bute.id. 1154.

butere. butter, 1131.

buton=batan. 878, 963. pi 07.

butsecarlas. marinere, pioi.

*Buttingtuiie. Buttington (Montgom'-

butu. both, 871. [8h.)> pg'il*

butweoh. between, 890.

Byferes atane. BeTer8tone(Glou'8ter8h.),

byre, eient, p 1 49, «. n. [p 1 78.

byrged. buried, p 1 59.

*Bjrhtno'5. ealdorman of EAnglia, 993.

Byrhtric. WS. king, 836.

*Byrht8ige. a Dane, 905.

byrie*. 1154 =

byneden. they buried, 1)163^.

byrig. gen. or dot. of burh, 901, 937.

byrlas. cupbearers, iiao.

byman. ctcc. coat of mail, 1048.

•bymende. burning, pi a6m.

Byrne wuda. Bumwood(?), pio6.

*Bym8tan. Bp. Winton, 931.

byrstful. calamitous, 11 17.

byrstfull. id. 11 16, s. n.

byrthen. burthen, pidih,

Byrtune. Burton on 7Vwi< (Staff. ),pao3.

Bysincum. Besan^on, 1046.

♦bytledon. they built, pio6m.

•by)), w, «AaW6e, 1031.

•Cading. patronymic in genealogy, 685.
Cadwallan. abl. a British king, 633.
Csnt. Kent, P23.
Calistus (ii), the Pope, P253.
Cilne. Cahie (Wilts), 97.8.
•Cameleac. Bishop, 918.
♦campe. dai. contest, fight, 937.
•campstede. battle-field, 937. PI14.
can. I know, I can, pz^im.
cancder. chancellor, 1137.
Caninganmersces. inW.S01nerset.p144.
candelmaessan. Candlemas, 1 014.

candelmesse. p2$6.

Candidan. a British king, 577.

cantelcapas. copes, 1070, s. n.

candelflticcan. candlesticks, 1102.

candles, candles, p264^

canonias. Canons, 11 29.

canonic. Canonicus, Chanoine, P250.

•Cantuuarebyri. Canterbury, pio8.

Oaatwara. of the Kentish men, 488,

•Cantwaraburg. 754. [664.

Cantwaraburh. 851.

Cantwarabyri. 1 1 30.

Cantwarabyrig. pi 58.

Cantwarb*. P264. [836.

•Cantwararice. the kingdom of Kent,

Cantware. aec. Kentish people, 796,

Cantwareberig. p2o8. [865.

Cantwarebyri. 1031.P208.

Oantwamm. dcU. 853, 865.

Cantwic. (?) 839, s. n.

CSpaine. Champagne, P333.

capelein. chaplain, 1 1 14.

capellane. id. 1099.

capitele. chapter »capitulo,p25o/.

capitulan. id. or chapter-house, 1083.

captelhus. chapter-house, P346.

Cardeol. Carlisle, 1092.

cardinal, cardinal, 11 25.

Cariei^Caziei. Chezy, 837.

CarL Charlemagne, 812.

Carbman, 885.

Charles the Fat, 887.

carl man. man, male, piiih,
carlmen. pi. id. 1137. P33, 840.

Oarrum. prob. Charmouth (Dorsets.),
carited. charity, cheer, P263A.
Caaere. Csesar, Emperor, P4, 341.
•Caseres. gen. p$.

Cassino (Monte), in Naples, PI91.

cartel, castle, P198. 1075.

castelan. P333.

castelas. 1069.

castele.piS'j.

casteles. 11 24.

castelweorces. 1137.

castles. P365.

Castra. NL.ppi2i, 133.

Ca)>um. Caen, Cadomum, 1105.

Caziei. Chezy on the Mame, 887.

♦Cselestino. Lat. abl. Pope, 430.

390

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

CcnU. Kent, 885.
Cmre. NL. 710, i. ».
ca$(^ceu). chose, pi 236.
«CeeddB. <<St.Cbad,"664.
Ceadde. id, ibid. E.
Ceadwala. BriHth king, 633.

WScuBon kingf 68s»

^Ceadwalla. id, pi. 685.
CeadwaUui. gen. id. 685.
«Cealch7)>e. NL. 785.
CealchyVe. id. ibid. E.
^oeap. oattZe, pio6& [cheap],
•ceapes. gen. id. pgs. 895.
ceapode. purchated, bought, 1004.
eearde {^cjrde). turned, p27ol,
^Ceardice. dot. WSaxon king, pi.
cearf. pret. citf 0/, pi 51 [caire].
oeM. chose, 975. ^169.

cseast'. ^236 =
oeairter. cUy, 491, 577.
Ceaster scire. Cheshire, p2i8ni.
oeaatra. citia, 577.
^oeastre. dot. fortren, pgs.
OeMtre. York, E685-779.

TTinchester, ^964.

Ceastrum, dot. pi. York, 762.
♦Ceaulin. WSaxon king, 568.
•Ceaulining. patronymic id. 728-855.
^Ceaulininges. gen. id. 688.
Oeawlln. 556, 568, 577, 584, 592.
^Ceawlining. patronymic id. 685.
Cedenac. NL. P39m.

cellcu. cells, 11 29.

^Celming. genealogical patronymic, p4.
♦Cenfer)»ing. genealogical pair. 674.
CenAiBing. genealogical patr. 675.
Cenred. of R. fitmily Wessez, 688 .p 70.

{orKenTed),kg.ofMercia,'jog.

Bp.|>69.

^Cenredes. gen. id. p'jo*

*Cenrcding. 688. p4.

Cent. Kent, 823, 851, 897, 911. pi43*

Centbriht (for Coenbryht), 661.

Centingas. menofKent,999,ioi i. PI42.

*Centiscan. Kentish men, 905.

Centisoe. 999.

Centland. the land of Kent, 676. pi $2.

Centlande. 994.

*Centlond. 457, 676.

Centwine. WSaxon king, 676. pi.

•Ceniilf(abbod), 905.

Cenwala. cM. of Cenwalh, 660-

^Cenwale. Qnd,

Oenwalh. ITSadDonlrtii^, 641,643.6$!

Cenwealh. ui. ^35.

OenwQlf. Merman king, 819.

Ceol. WSaoDon king, 590. pi,

•Ceolburg (abbadesse), 805.

Ceolbnrh. id. ibid.

•Ceoling. paironymie, 61 1 :

•Ceolmund (ealdormon on Cent), 897.

Ceolxio>. Abp. Cant. 830, 831, 8;a

Ceolnoi$.ui.83i.

Oeolred (1), king ofMereia, 709, Jii

(2), for Ceolnoh, ^6p.CaBt p^

(3), Abbot of Ptterb\ 851.

Ceolredes. ^m. (1), 782.
Ceolric (-iCeol), king of Wettex, 591.
ceolun. dai. pi. skips [keeds], pi 3.
•Ceolnnlf" NMumbrian king, 731.
•Ceolwald. of B. famUy Wesmx, p4.
•Ceolwalding. patrfmy. id. 688,855.
Ceolwulf. 76o=:*Ceoliinl£
Ceolwull WSaoDon king, 597, 607. p.

NHumbrianking, 729E,737.

(biscop), 777B, 794, 796B.

' Mercian kg. 796, •• Kennlftf

Merc. A^r. 8 1 9, 82 1. [Fkr.

Ceolwolfe. 874, 877.

CeolwTilfea. |>2. 762.

•Ceolwulfing. 674.

♦Ceonred. Mercian king, 709.

Georl (aldermon), 851.

oeorla. oft?ie ceorls, 1017.

Ceortetage. P243 «

Ceortesege. 1084 a

^Ceortesige. Chertaey, 964.

oeose. cheese, 1131.

cepton. tkey eared about, pi^S.

•Cerdic. WSaxon founder, 4^$, $$2. pi

^Cerdicesora. NL. 495, 514.^2.

*Cerdiceiford. NL. 508, 519.

^Cerdicesleaga. NL. 527.

♦Cerdidng.po^ranyw. 597, 674,855.^4-

cerran (ge-), to turn, 627, fc^ren,

CWt*c« ♦Cerdic. 495.

Certice. 784.

Certicetford. 508, 519.

Certicesora. 495.

ceten. choose, pi^oh.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

391

*cester (utually oeaster), 491.

eestre. 11 a;.

Cicc. Chick-St. Osyth (Essex), pisom.

Ciceastre. Chichester, pi a 3m.

Cicaestre. id. 11 ^o,

^derde. twmed, 922.

*derre. time, turn, Lai, vice, PI04.

♦dgaC. they ecUl, 973.

oild. <An\d,pi26t,

(u a title, 1009, 1074. P204. [1066.

CildamB88edeg./nnocf»^'i)ay,i)ec. 28 :

^Cildamsessedsege. id. Childermas^ 963.

dldes. gen. P204.

Ciltem. Chiltem (Backs), P143.

dnestole. d<U. throne, 795.

dnerice. langdom, pTj.

dng. king, 752.

cinga. gen. pi. pi2%.

*dnge. 604.

^dnges. |>9a.

dning. king, 688, 774, 867, &c.

dninga. gen. pi. 604, 661.

dningas. ^o^.pS^'

Ciningesclife.NL="King'sCliff,''778.

cinnes. kind, iort, P38^

Cinric. WSaxon Jnng, 508.

Oippaiihaimne,Chippenham,878,879.

drcean. dot. church, 1066.

eirce. 1127.

drculas (Lat.), drdes, 1 104. [880.

Oirenoeaater. Cirencester, 577, 879,

dreeweard. churchwarden, p26o,

*drliBce. of the rank of ceorl, 893.

Cimoeastre. Cirencester, 628.

*drde. turned, 8S6,ppioj, 108.

*drdon. pi, id. 823, 919. •

*ciricean. ace. church, 643, dot. 874.

*driclecan. ecclenattical, 716.

^drre. time, turn, pg$m, 104.

*drron. dot, pi. id. 104.

OiMft. SSaxon founder, 477, 491.

•Cisseceastre. Chichester, 895.

Clapa. a eumame, 1044.

Claodie. ^47, the Emperor.

^daudius. ibid.

daffom. dot. pi. garmenU, doths, 688.

daensode. cleansed, 102a.

^Cledauc. Idng in NWales, 9aa.

dene, dean, dear, p24^t.

deopa'6 {mKi)=ithey call, pi22t.

cleopede. iing. called, ps$, 187.

deopedon.p^ id. 1083.

deope9. calleth, pji* 3^> 39> i^^-

depeden. they caUed, pa62.

depunge. claim, p2$S.

derc. derk, pa 58.

elerca. pi. ace. (opp. monks), 963.

cUrecaa. p2i8.

clerchade. derk-hood, 11 27.

derchades. ^250.

clerekes. pa62.

clife. diff, 761. [Ingram.

Cline. p^il, King's Cliff (Northamp.),

Clofeshd. E-

♦Clofeshoo. NL. 822, ».n.

^dommum. dai, pi. damps, 942.

^clu&n. they dove, 937.

clumben. they domb, climbed, p20^h.

Clunig. Cluny (Burgundy), 1 1 19.

Clunni. u2. 1127.

Senear, galley, ship, pi 14, t. n.

^cnearrum. dai. pi. id. pi 15.

Cnebban. ace. an aldorman, 568.

Cnebbing. Mercian patronym. 626,755.

*cneomBgam. dat.pl. hindred, 937.

cneowum. dai. pi. knees, 979.

*cniht. hoy,pgib Pmight].

cnihta. gen. pi. retainert, p2$oh.

cnihtan. dot. toldiers, 1083.

cnihtas. armed men, knights, p22i/.

cnihte. knights, 1124.

cnihtes. id. ibid. [loi 7.

Gnat. Danieh king of England, 1014,

king of Denmark, 1085.

Cnutes. 1037.

Cnute. P223.

cnotted. knotted, pa6a.

codde. hag, a6o : cf. p«ueod.

•Coenbryht (cyning), 66f.

<»Coenbryhting. 685.

^Coenred. king of Merda, 704, 709.

, ■ NHumhrian king, 716.
Coleman. Bp. Lindisfame, 664.
•Colman. id. ibid.
•Colne. the Colne (Herts), 894.
Colneceastre. Colchester, p 10 7, 108.
ColudesburlLColdingham (Berwick), 679.
Colamba. Abbot of lona, 565.
00m. came, 855, 878, 963, & ofi.
eoman (aoomon), pazi.

39S

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

come. iuhj. pgi, 174, 203.

c<men(*^comon),p'j$, 1070.

oometa. Lot. comet, 678, 729, 891,

cometan. pi, 799. fpi26, aoa.

Commagil. Britiih Hng, 577.

^Commail. id. ibid.

comon. they came, 917, 1001.

eoncUie. Lot. council, ^354.

^condel. candle, 93 7 <

•Condidan. British king, 577.

^Contwara. gen, pi. Kent men, 616.

*Contwarabarg. Canterbury, 851.

coran (ge-), pcwi, chosen, 1017.^108.

coren. chosen, ^33, 38.

Corfesgeate. 979, i. n.

00m. com, grain, ^93. 1043. p^^i.

come. dot. 1 1 34.

comes, gen. 895.

Comwealum. dot. pi, the Cornish, 997.

corona. Lot, crown, 1085.

coronan. Saxon ace. 1 1 1 1.

•corCre. Art. gathering, pomp, 973.

ootan. part, chosen, 1154.

coun. id, p2Sol.

Cosham. Corsham (WQts), pi 51.

Costesford. NL. ^39. [pi 1 4*

Costontlnus. Constantine, Scottish king,

Coiingham. XJottingham (Northants),

cotlif. "manors"? 963. [^163.

^ootlifiu gen, pi, villages, 10016.

Couentre. Coventry, ii^o.pios,

co9a. diseases, pi6g.

oo9e. 1086.

crafede. craved, p2o8.

crape, should creep, |>36o.

Crcscilade, Cricklade, 1016.

^crsft. excellence, virtue, pi26h,

crce/tes, tricks, pa6o.

^crsftgleawe. sdence-leofned, pia6.

Reread, crowded, shoved, jp 1 1 4, i . n.

Creocagelade. Cricklade, 905.

Orecganford. Crayford (Kent), 457.

Creme. Crema (Lombardy), 1 1 35.

*Creoding. Mercian pairony, 636, 755.

Orida. WSaxon prince, 593.

•crismlifling. j>8o.

crismlysing. id, ibid,p8i.

Crispin (William), jp34i.

Crist. XpiOTos, pa6o.

Criste. P133.

Cristendom. Christianity, j>258.

^Cristen. Christian, 167.

Cristene. Christians, ^357.

Cristenes. gen, p76o.

CriatesmaL signnm Xti, 773. pi 23.

Cristesmel. id. the cross, 774. pja.

Cristina. Saxon princess, pi 19.

^Cristnan. def. the Christians, P93, 96.

♦Cristne. 655.

cracethns. p^Stk.

Crulande. Crowland, 1076. pi 23, 303.

^crungun. stuscumbed, 937 [cringe].

crapon. crept, 1083.

ni. cow, pa 1 8.

cusedon. they said, 755, 887.

cuce. alive, quick, 794.

cnconne. ace. mcuc, id. pi 43.

ouen. queen, 673, 737, 888.P365.

Cuenburg. TFiSNiunm princess, 718.^4.

Cuenburh. id. P45.

♦cuene. dot. queen, 836, 855. p84.

Cuggedic NL.p3i.

^Cuichelm. WSaxon prince, 593.

a/nother, 614, 638, 636.

•Cuichelming. patronymic id. 661, 648.

*culbod. ensigny standard, pii^.

cuman. to come, P335, 336, 337.

Cmnbraland. Cnmberland, 945.

Oumbran.. ace. an aldorman, 755.

cume. pres. svitf. come, veniai, P386, i sS.

cumen. pi. id, p^im.

*cumen(to-), pari.come, arrind,pg\M.

oumene. pi. id. 793. paoS.

cumenum. abl. abs. id. 79a.

Cumerlande. Cumberiand, 100a

cumon. inf. to oome, p3oA. 1000.

cumon. pi. sub}, come, p382.

♦cumpseder. oompafter, p93, s. n.

•Cundo)). Cond^ on the Sdtddt, 883.

CundoS. £. id. ibid,

^cunnan. we can, we know, looi bis.

cunne (we), id. p2$6b.

cunnian. to try, make essay of, 993.

cuntesse. countess, p'lt^.

•cuom. came, 477, 501, 835, 877.

Curboil (William of), p2$o.

Curbuil. id. p36i.

curs, curse, p33, 39, 113.

cursede. cursed, pa6a.

cuTSunge. curmng, meUediction, P39.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

393

curt, court, 1154.

cu$en. they chose, pio^m.

Cuthbaldefi. gen. (a66ot), 675.

Cu|>a. WSaxon prince, 568, 571, 584.

Cu>aing. patronymic id. 597, 73i>855.

Cu)>an. ace. id. 584.

♦Cu|»bryht. Abp. Cant. 741, 758.

•CuJ>burg. WSaaon princess, p4.

•Cu)»burh id. 718.

*Cu))gils. WSaxon prince, 674.

^Co^gilsing. patronymic of same, 674.

*Cu|>r«d. WSaacon king, 741, 743.

Cu|>red. WSaxon prince, 661 =

•Cu|>r«d. 75a ^2.

•Cu>rede. 648.

♦Cujwme. WSaxon prince, S77- P4'

•Cu)>wme9. 688.

•Cu>wimng. 731, 855.

*Cu|>wulf. WS€Uton prince, 571.

*CuJ>wulfing. P4.

cuts, known, 975, 1043.^142 [wuK>uth].

CulSbald. moTik and abbot, p^^, 39.

Cu'Sberht. Bp. Hexham, 685.

Cu«briht. 758=»Cu|»bryht.

— ' (ealdorman), 777.

CnSburh. WSaxon princess, 718.
cufSe, could, />3 59.
♦CufJing. son of Cu'Sa, 611.
CuOred. WSaxon prince, 639.

king of Kent, 805.

CuVwine. WSaxon prince, 577.
cwalm. death, 986 [quahn]. [839, s. n.
Cwantawic. S. losse-suf-mer or Estaples,
♦Cwatbrycge. Bridge-north, pg4,
cwced. quoth, ^30.
cwiedon. |>2. id, 1014. ^51.
etpom. queen, 888.
cwsene. gen. ^3366.
cwe8. quoth, 10 14.
cwB^end. saying, P33.
cwealm. death, 664, 1054 [qualm],
cwealme. dot, pestilence, 664.'
ewed. g6$»cwKti,
ewede. I say, p\2i,
cweden. part, called, 455.
cwen. queen, 67a, 722, 782.
etffenan, gen. id, ^2346.
Cwenburh. sister of Ine, 718.
cwene. queen, 1017. p85, 180.
cwenes. p2$i.

cweow ? p24^h, s. n.

*cwe>a|). they say, quoth, 891.

ewe's, saith, 1003, 1048.

cwe'Sende. saying, 675.

cweCon. they said, p$ i .

Cwichelm. WSaxon prince, 593t 614.

Cwicchelmeshleewe. JPI40, s. n.

Cwichelme. 626.

•cwilde. death, murrain, 897.

Cwiran. 949 ; an Irish name, s.f. n

•cwydan. argumentis, pioS.

cwydodon. talked, reported, 1085.

cydde. announced, 675, 1009.

Oymen. Sussex founder, 4'j'j. [477, s.n.

Oymenes ora. " Strand of Cymen,'*

cyn. race, pedigree, 716, 725. p2, 13.

Cynebald. Bp. Lindisfame, 779.

*€ynebalding. WSaxon patrony. 728.

cynebam. royal. issue, 519.

cynebeama. 654.

cyneborene. pt. pi. of royal birth, 944.

Cynebriht. WSaxon Bp 799.

♦Cynebryht. id. ibid.

Cyneburh. Mercian princess, p^'ih.

•cynecyn. royal race, 547.

cynecynn. id. pi 3.

osrnedome. kingdom, 47, 1075.

cynedomes. 1 107.

Cynegils. WSaxon king, 6it.p2.

Cynegilse. 634.

•Cynegilses. 688. pi,

*Cynegil8ing. 648. j)2.

Oyneheard. Bp. 754.

WS. ce^eling, 755, 784.

cynehelm. crown, p22i.
cynehlaford. sovereign-lord, pi'^Bb.
cynelUaforde.pt 58, 1786.
cynelice. royally, 9946.
cynelicum. adj. ahl. royal, 979.
Oynexn8BreBforda.Kempsford,8oo,s.n.
oynerioe.kingciom, 87 f, 1 076.^26,201.
cynestol. throne, 975.
Cynesuuith. Mercian princess, p^i.
Cynetan. Kennet (Wilts), P140.
•Cynewalding. Mercian patr. 626, 755.
•Cyneweard. AbU 964 ; Bp. pi 26.
OynewoU: 721 ; "clito," Flor.

Bp. in the north, 737^ cf 782.

WS.Hng, 755, 777, 1^4- P4-

— — (heahgerefii), 778.

3 "

394

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

oyntf. king, 664. 894, 901. pBs, 95-

cynge. 878.

cynges. ^74, 103a.

Cyngesdslf. NL. piaa, 123.

♦cyning. king, 488, 588, 875, 955.

cyninga. gen. pi. 871, 959.

•cyningas. pi. 87 1, 875, 867. pi.

oynince. 894, 942.

oyninges. 979, 100 1.

cynnes. gen. kind, tort, pi 10.

Oynrio. W8. founder^ 493, 55a, 748.

•Cynridng, ton of Cynric, 597-855.

^eyre. church, j>aoa.

eyree. iC^o.piog.

eyreea/n. p2i6.

cyrceiaerd. kirk-yard, pa6al.

cyrdon. tumedy 833.

eyrece. church, |>ao9m.

cyrican. church, 688, 789, 874, 103 1 &c

cyrice. 1043.P19.

cyrliflce. <u^f, ofceorVt rank, 89a.

Cymceastre. Cirencester, loao.

cyrran. to turn b<ick, reverti, p2Som.

cysta. exeeUenUj pi 3.

eytten. to get, procure, 1134, 1135.

cyban. to tnake known, P14I.

cy)>8e. may He tfiew^ grant, paaaft.

*cy)>don. they announced, p$om.

*cypf>e. country, kith, patria, p 1 1 4, 1 1 5 .

cyfSan. pi7a.

oyf5^0. 664.

*daga. gen. pi days, 894. p5a.

dagan. dot. pi. p2s6t.

dagaa. pi. 731, 891, 1014.

dagon. 1091, &

dagU. dot. pi. paaots

dagum. 449. 709, 787, 1039, 1070-

dagunge. dawning, 795, 8oa.

dceiet. gen. day, P357.

Damfront. Domfront(iVbrmai»<2y),p 330.

Daniel. Bp. Winchetter, 731, 745.

Danielea. 709.

•Danihel. id. 744, 745.

*dara8a. of dart^ pi 15.

Dauid. king of Scotland, pa 53.

dcecne. deacon, 11 aa.

dasd. dead, pao3A.

dseda. deeds, j>i3i.

daedbote. repentance, penance, pi 33.

dsde. pi. dead, 853.
dsde. deed, pa jo.
dadet. deeds, P3636.
daedfruma. deednioer, 94a.
dflsdum. dat. pi. deeds, 755.
dsdum. d<U. pi. dead, 979.
dKg. day, 81, 851, 1048, 1056.
d»ge. 495, 860, 963.
dflsges. 879. P93.
Daegsanstane. NL. 603, s. ».
d<w-daeg. 777, 85a, 99a. p^%>, 3^
dceiet. 11 3a.
dnigea. p35im.
dceirime. daj-hreak, iiaa.
dait. 1154.
dciij. pa6o.

dttl. apart, 885. pi 33 [deal].
dseUmne. tup. to dittribute, pas 36.
^slde. ?ie ditirib%ited, doled, pii^l.
dnle. pari. 901. P91, 330.
dieleth. teparatet, piS9'
daelf. ditch-cutting, pi22, la.^
Daenemearcon. Denmark, 1005.
Daenescan. Danish, J>3a3.
Maennede. resounded with din, 937.
dotr. beasts, pa6i [deer],
daere. dear (of price), j>26al.
dead, dead, 1014.^149, 239.
deadne. (MC fM/tc. id. pi 4a.
Deamerice. kingdom of Deira, 634.
dea0. death, iiao.
♦dea^e. 46.
deaOe. 979.

decanuB. Lai. dean, 1020.
ded. dead, P358.

dedbote. penitence, penanee, p^S.
Defenan. Devon, 997, loof.
Defenan scire. Devonshire, 10 17. p8i.
Defenaaoire. 851, 878, 1044. pi8o.
Defenescire. 851.

Defenisoes. a^j- 9^^* of-DeTon, looi.
Defenum. Devon, 96a.
^Defnascire. P91.
*Defhum. p9a.
dei. day, 113a.
deig. id. p2$o.
dd. part. p$2. Si. X^.
«Dena. gen. pi. of the Dianea, 901.
. dene, tee iB)ielingadeiia.
Dene. Danes, 910, 1018.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

395

^Denescan. Danish, 833.

^Denefloena. gtn. pi, JP99.

*Denescra. gm. pi, mdtf. looi.

^^Denisc. ^95.

Deniaoan. 833, 837,

*Deniscaiia. J994.

Denisce. 1014.

*Dem8cne. ace, maac. $ing. 837, 845.

Denlaora. 787.

^Deniscum. 923.

Denmarcan. Denmark, 1070.

Denmearcan. 1085.

Denmearcon, 1018.

Bensca. Danish, 1070.

Denaee. ibid.

♦Denulf. Bp. Winton, 908.

Dennra. dot. pL Danes, 1039.

deofle. devil, p^%.

deofel. 639.

Deolreda. the Dabneods, 603.

Deomodum. Demetia, 8 Wales, pio^*

*deop. deep, j> II 5.

deope. profound, p2 1 8m.

deor. heout, animeU, pi 1 5, 223 [deer].

*Deoraby. Derby, 943.

Deorbisdre. Derbyshire, 1064.

deorc. dark, 1 106.

deore. <u2v. dearly, p22oh,

deorfri5. game-protecUon, piail,

Deorham. Dyrham (Glo*stenh.), 577.

*deormod. bdcved, pi26l, Bout.

deorost. dearest, ptzo,

deoriende. bcmeful^ mischievaut, p 1 2 1 .

deorwurt^e. preci<nu, p22$l.

deouUa. devils, 1137.

Derawuda. Beverley, 685 (Gibson).

Dereuorde J)ereworth(Northants),|>3 1 .

derode. did damage, harm, 1033.

Derum. dot. pi. people of Deira, 678.

Deusdedit. Ahp, Ccmt. 655, 963. ^33.

die. dyke, pi 55.

*dioe. 189.

♦dicmn. dot. pi. the dykes, 905.

*didan, they did, p3o8.

dide. he did, jp33, 30.

diden. they did, 654.

didon. id, p2$S,

•Difelin. Dablin,pii5.

digelnesse. secret thing, p353'

diglioe. HcreUy, 1004.

dihte. ammged, diepoeed, 1107.
*dinge8.|>ii5, 8,n.
do. 8ubj. do, faciat, p^St.
Dodesthorp. Dostrop (Peterbro*), p 1 3 2 .
Doferan. Dover, 1095.
Dofran. 1048. pi 84.
dohf a dohter. p364m.
dohte. (waHedy pi^om [doughty],
dohter. daughter, 636, 787, 855.
dohter gifte. daughter's marriage, PI43.
dohtor. daughter, 636, 853, 1003.
dohtres. 1 136.
D61. Dol {Brittany), 1076.
Dolfin. a prince in CarliiU, 1093.
dom. choice, wiU, judgment, 660. p5i.
dome. 670, 910 [doom].
Domerham. S.Damerham (Wilts) 946D.
*domne. crpt, of dominus, lord, 853.
Domuce. Dunwich, 799F.
don. to do, 876, 994.
dofM. id. P358A.
cUmne. tup. to do, 1091. p3o8.
*Dor. Dore (Derbysh.), 943.
Dorcaceastre. Dorchester, P95.
*Doroeceastre. 635. P95.
*Dorcesceastre. 636.
Bore— *Dor. 837.
^Domsctnm. Dorset-/o£k, 837, 845.
Dorsaetan. 998.
Dorsaetum. 837. pi 5 3.
dorste. durst, 603, looi.
dorsten. pi, id. 1083 a
^dorston. PI04. [604.

Dorwitceastre.Oanterbury; Dorobemia,
dot5. doth, P39m.
draf. drave, drove, 778, 963.
drafiu droves (of cattle), P157.
dragatS. indie, drag, draw, p 256111.
dragen. aubj. id, ibid,
drone, drones, p2s6m,
drapen, killed, p262m,
drssfde. drave out, expelled, 964, 1037.
drauedwyaae, troublee, alarma, p2o^L
*dreamas. pleaewtea, 975.
^drehton. they hanused, P95.
dreogende. pt. auffering, 1104.
dreorig. »ad, woe-hegone, pii5, Bout,
drifan. to drive, lead, 787.
drife. diarrhcea (?),io86.
Driffelda. Great Driffield(ERiding),705.
3«2

396

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

drifon. they drove, j> 15 7.
Drihten. Lord^ ^263.
Drihtene. dot, 1087 A.
Drihtin. ^263.

Drihtnet. p. 937*1>33, 33, 209.
Drihtina. P263.

drogoD. they drew ; traxerwUf piSS-
drohtien. t7^.j>3 2, /or drohtnUn, vnde
drohtDode. convenabatury 1072.
drugoD. they practued, 634.
drunoeiihed. dronkenneM, ^2092.
dryfdon. they grieved, toorriedf 1118.
Mrygum. d. dry [Umd], pgs^-
^dryhten. /ord, chief , 93 7t.
DryhtiD. Lord, ^263.
dubbade. he dubbed, ^219.
*I>nb8lAne. Irish anchorite, 891.
doc duke, P258.
Duda. ealdorman, 833.
*Dudda. id. ibid.
Dudoce. Bp. Wells, 1046.
Dudac. id. 1061.
Dufenal. Scotch king, pi 29.
dogeO. the nobility; ** thequality, " 1 1 14.
dugoC. id. pi 58. Xugenb.
dugoOe. d. 626.

duhte. proffUt, good befel, pi 49.
dulfon. they delved, dug, pi 55.
♦Dtin. Bp. Rochester, 741.
dan. adv. down, |>265A.
dune. adv. down, P309A.
dune. n. 661, 875.
Dunestaple. Dunstaple (Beds), 11 23.
Dunns Dtin (supra), 740.
Dunholme. Durham, 1072, 1080.
Dunstan. Abp. Cant. 963-^8.
dunweard. downward, 1083.
dura, doors, 1083.
duran. id. ibid.
durste. durst, 1154.
dura, door, 755.

dux. Latin, leader, duke, 845, 851.
dwild, uncanny things, ii 32, s. n.
dydan. they did, ^209.
dyde. sing. 853, 959, &c.
dydon. pi. 853, looi, &c.
dyhte. d. direction, pa 34m.
dynte. d. blow, dint, 1012.
dyre. dear, ^\os, 942^.
dear {of price), 1043E.

dyrstlece. adj. rasik, audacious, P38/.

*4 («^), river, pgil.

6a. liver, stream, 68 1, 890, 1025.

eao. also, eke, 716, 878, 905, 1007.

*eaca.ii. m. addition, mart troops, pgitn.

eacan (to-), next to, piiib,

Xadbald. king of Kent, 6 1 6.

' Sp. in NorihH, 794.

*Eadbalding. 694.

Eadberht (i), eddormAn, ^33.

" (2), king of NHmmbria, 757.

(3), ealdormcm, 819.

Eadbold. 6i6»Sadbald.

Eadbriht (i), hingofNHutiibria,'!^'^

(2), king of Kent, 748.

(3), another, mtm. PlrKn.798.

•Eadbryht. id. ibid, & Eadberht (3).
Xadburge. daughter of Offa, 787.
«eadgan. ck(/. def. d. happy, 973.
llAdgar. king of Engtamd, 959-975-

did, 1067, 1074 ; BGeling, 1069.

Badgares. P127.

Badgi'S. relict of Eadujeard Comf. 1075.

eadig. blessed, beatus, feUg, ^253.

eadi«a. id. <i<^. 35, 992.

Eadhed. Bp. Lindscy, 678.

eadmedo. submission, 1165.

^eadmedlioe. humbly, p2o8.

eadmodere. object, humbU, 8a8.

eadmodlice. 979.

Eftdmund. king of EAnglia, 87a

king of England, 942.

setlSeling, 97 1 .

<* Iron-sides/' 1016. piS9.

Eftdmundea. 955. [pH>-

Eadmundesbyrig. Bury S. Edm. 1046,
EadnotS. Bp, Dorchester, 1 01 2. pi 75.
«Eadred. king of England^ 946, 955.
Eadrede. 648, error for Ca|>iede.
Eadric [Streona], Aldm. Merda, 1007-
Eadrice. 1017. [1017.

Eadrices. 1009.

Eadaige (cynincges gerefii), looi.

Abp. Cant. I038>i050. [p^^t

•Eadulf (cynges J>egn on Su« Seaxum),
^Eadulfes. g. NHumbrian prince, 914.
•Eaduuard. king of England, 1066.
Eadward. " The Elder,** 906.
son ofEadgar, 975-979.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

397

Ead vr ard. **The Confessor" i o 1 4, 1 040. !
Ead warde. 1 064. l> 149* [1 066.

Eadwardes ^236.
<^£adweard. 905. pi26.
Eadwig. "king Edwy," 955.

(^fices broCor), 10 10.

(oeorla cyiag), 1017.

IB^dwine, Nffutnb. X^. 61 7, 616, 827.

Abbot of Abingdon, 984.

NHwnbrianeorl, 1064.P201.

Ead wold (cynges 9egen), 905.

*Eaiing. patronymic, 855. p4.

*eafora. offspring; proleSt 973.

eafter. after^ 777.

eafi/ran. d. def. id. pi 27.

eagan. eye«, 797.

eagd. eye, pi^ih.

eahta. eight, 765.

eahtatig. eighty, 10S6.

eahte. eight, 1070. j>ia2.

eahttteone. eighteen, 1083.

•eahtetSan. d. def eighth, pi 26^

*eahto|>a. the eighth, 827.

eahtoffa. id. ibid,

eal. all, 855.1)107.

eala. alas, alack, |)22om&.

•Ealchere (dux), 851.

Ealohstan. Bp. Sherhowmtf 845, 867.

eald. old, 11 10. pi 14.

ealda. def. id. 871, 1053.

ealdan. pi 59, 108.

ealde. 963. p 1 15. [cheater); 964, 1036.

Xaldanxnynatre. Old Minster (Win-

Ealdberht. WSanon ce\>eling, 725.

Ealdbriht. id. 722.

EaldferVe. d. Nffumbrian king, 7x8.

£aldonmyn8tre.01dMin8t.(Wine.)pi94.

ealdor. prince, chief, 605, 910. pi26A.

*ealdorlangne. lifeAongy 937.

etd.dOTmaji.*'LordLittU€nant,"go3 &c.

ealdormannes. 993.

eaidormcen. 652.

ealdormen. 465. P77.

*ealdonnon. Subregulus, 912.

*ealdonnonnes. p9 1 .

ealdras. pi. of ef&dor, p236/i.

ealdre. abl. id. 1 107. [1060. p203.

Ealdred. Bp. Ileref, Abp. York, 1047,

Eald Seaxe. Old Saxons, 779.

Eald Seaxum. p 1 .v

Ealdulf. (heahgerefA), 778:

Abt.Bwrek; Abp. York, 992, 1002.

Edlfrice. Alderman Mercia, 992.

*ealgodon. they defended, 937.

•Ealchere. ^'dvLX,*' %^i\tihe same as

Ealhere. "diia;" in Kent, 851, 853.

Ealhhere. id. 852.

^Ealhheard. Bp, Dorchester, P95.

Ealhmnnd. Bp. Hexham, 766.

^Ealhmnnding. patronymic, 855. p4.

Ealhatan. Bp. Sherboume, 823, 867.

^EalhswiiS. Alfred*s Queen, P99.

^EalhswitSe. g. id. 903.

eall. all, looi, 1013.P95, &c.

«iZ^(sealle), pi. all, 1031. p\^, 122.

eallan. p2o8, 236.

eaUB. 755, 865.

ealles. 409, 897, 1018.

eallon. 1091.

eaUn, g.pl. 1087.

eallnm. 860, 1055.

ealne. m4uc. ace. sing, 1014. pio6.

ealra. 901.P123.

ealre. 675. P91.

eallswa. all — so, also, as, P223.

eallswilcre. like, idenUoal, pii^.

*ealond. inland, 530.

*ealonde. 716.

*ealondes. 47.

ealswa. all — so, also, as, 1 104.

earn, I am, p39^

earn, wide, O^eim, 1126.p1 75, 203m.

Eanbald. Abp. York, 779, 780, 796.

Eanbalde. 791, 795.

Eanberht. Bp. Hexham, 806.

Xanfled. NHumbricM princess, 626.

Eanfrid. NHwnbrian prince, 61 7, for

EanfriO. the more correct form, 634.

Eanglam for Englom. 636.

•Eanulf (aldorman), 845.

Eanwulfing. in Mercian pedigree, 755.

ear. for «er. brfore, ere, pi 69, 203.

earce. ark (of Noah), 855.

earcedacenes. archdeacons', P258.

eard.counlry,patria,ioio.pii^, 151.

*earde. pi 26.

earda)>. dwdleth, pi^.

eardeh. 1002, X004. pf2X, I40, 141.

eardedon. {^ey) dwelt, 491.

eardian. inf. to inhabit, p$.

398

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Eardwulf. NHtmbricm king, 795, 806.

esrfebe. dificuU, p22om.

eufoOe. id. pii^l.

earfo'Slice. adv. with dificulty^ piSjt.

eaT(of5mssamkKard9hip$,anxUiie8fP 1 55.

earhlice. adv. cowardly y inaidiifl, J9333A.

earme. poor, arm, 999. i>i45.

eannes. 1113.

earmlioe. wjfvUy, 684, 793.

earmOa. mUeriei, dettittUion, 1 104.

eann'Se. pi 45.

*eani. eagle, ^ax, pi 15.

earnode. he earned, 959.

Xamult Aldrm. Somer$et, 845.

Amnlph (Frank), 887, 891.

Eamulfes. |>86, 87.

•eas. g. river, pgA> «04.

eaat. east, 855, 866.

eaatan. 878, 11 1 4.^93, 115.

easte. 865.

eastende. east-end, 893.

eaatlang. from east (to west), 893.

^easteweard. eastward, 895.

*ea8tewearde. 865.

^easteweardes. p9i.

^easteweardre. 891.

eMteweardtim. 813.^63.

eastweard. 998.

eeutwarde. 893.

Xaat Engle. East Angles, 855, 870.

East Englan. pi 58.

Bast Xnglum. 636, 890, 993, 1038.

Easter. Easter, 774, 1060.

*East Francam. d. pi. East-Franks,89i.

East Seaxan. Essex folk, pi 5 7.

East Seaze. 604, 833.

«£ast Seaxna. g. pi. 8.^6, 855.

East Seazum. d. pi. 604, 994. pj.

Eastron. Easter, 637, 1012.

Eastran. 1107.

Eastren. pt^i.

Eata. father of Eadbriht, 738.

Eatan. aec. Bp. Bemicia, 678.

Eating. NH. patronymic, 738, 768.

♦Eawing. Mercianpatronymic,Jt6,j$$,

Eaxeceaster. Exeter, 1003.

eaSe. easily, 1009.

*ea,\>medo. submission, 827.

*ea)>modre, adj. d.fem. iubmittiveSiS.

ebba. ebb of the tide, 1 1 1 4.

Ecbriht. 667, for Ecfbriht.
eoe. vb. may he enrich, P33aft.
eoe. Oicy. everiaaidmg, psam.
*eoere. d.fem. 855.
♦eoes. 937.

eoeO. inereageth, augmenUth, p3 3si.
Ecfertfo. king of NHwmbria, 678.
Ecgan. aee. (heahgereCs), 778.
Bcgberht Ahp. York, 766.

king of Weaoex, 800,813^23.

^■Ecgbrebting. id. 836.

Ecgbriht. king of Kent, 664.

— ^— > {teo halga), numkin lona, 7 39.

Ahp. York, 734. 738.

king of Weutx, 823,837336.

Ecgbrihtes. p8i.

Ecgbrihting. 855.

*Ecgbryht. 716, 739, 800, 813.

•Ecgbryhtes. 878.

•Ecgbryhting. 694.

•Ecgfer)». HngofNHumbria, 67a

king of Merda, 785, 794.

Ecgferff. E. id. ibid.

Ecgfei^es. 794.

*Ecgulf (cyngea hors |>egn), P95A.

•Regain, with edges, 937. pi 15.

•Ecgwalding. NH. patronymic, 731.

ecre. for ♦eoere. 855.

^Ecwils. Danish king, 911.

•Edbald. king of Kent, 640.

Edberhte. d. Nffumbriasi king, 737.

Edgar, king cf England, 963.

*Edaiiard. the king, 1043.

*£dwine. Nffwmbrian king, 601, 637.

^Edwines. 636.

ee{'^eh), island, 780, 793.

efen. eve, 1013.

*efeneh9e. P93, i. n.

efenwyrhton. co-operalore^ 973.

dermic. York, p3o8, 254,

*efe8. sliope, edge, 894 [eaTes] .

efeste. he hatted, pi 54.

e(he. proporiUm, short, pa 18 [eveo].

•efbr. wild hoar, 885, (titer, Zot. aper.

efre. ever, P38.

*eft. witerword, 685. ]&i2.

eSLha/dc again, rurmse, w4xuf, 790, «.•.

♦eiter. after, 1070. p3o8.

Egbalth. Abb. Petrob. 686.

Egbriht. king of Kent, 669.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

:r9

*egbuendra. gen. pi. inhahUtmUt pi 26.
ege. awe, dread, 45^, 641, 716, 823.
Egelwine. Bp. Durham, 1071.
EgferfJ. NHvmbrian king, 670-685.
♦Egfer>. Mm of Offa, ps 2 : cf. E777.
^glade. it ailed (him), piioh.
Eg1a£ a Swede, 1035.
egland. inland, 641. ^3.
Egleswurt^e. 'Sh. p\22.
Egoneshim. Ensham (Ozon), 571.
ehtnesBo. persecution, a.
*ei. river, 875.
^eiglande. d. inland, pi 15.
*Ele8a. Cerdic*8 father, pi.
♦Elesing. 552. 597, 855.
Elias. eerl of Maine, 1099, ma
Elig. Ely, 963, 1012, 1070. 1)209.
•Elige. id, 673.
elkede. delayed, 999.
EUandune. 823 « [bury (Ingram).
*Ellendane. ibid, ?Al]ington nr. Ames-
' elles. else, 1043.
elmessan. alms, 8^7.
elmihtiga. Almighty, pi 19.
embe. abput, piiih,
Bmbenum. Amiens, 884.
emnifate. equinox, pi 80.
enda. end, 892 =
«nde. 633, 709, 998. p9a.
endode. ended, 975, 1014.
•Engla. of the English, 973, 975.
Bnglafelda. Inglefield (Berks), 871.
Englaland. England, 1091.
Englalande. 1091. P226.
Englalandes. 1091.
Englaland. piii.
Englalande, p222.
Englaelandes. P223.
Bnglan. 473.
Engle. 910. pi 10.
EngleUnd. p2 25 1 1 3 1 .
Englelande. 1091.
Bngliio. English, 891,1075.
Bnglisoe. 690, 692, looi, 107a
Engliscna aw. mate. 1073.
BngHiora. gen, pi. 1025. P96.
Engliscam. da/i. pi, 932.
Sngluxn. 866, logi.
enmang, among, p26i.
Eoda. Odo, 1096.

eodan they went, 874. P95.

eode. he went, 733, 827, 944.

eodon. pi. 755, 997, 1003.

eo/er—oferasover-. 750.

^fer = efor. a boar, 885.

Eoferwic. York. 626, 774, 923, 1073.

♦Eoferwic ceastre. York [chester], 644 .

•Eoforwicceastre. 73^, 867, 869.

Eoferwic stole, the See 0/ York, 992.

•Eohric. Banish king, 905.

eom. uncle, 1137.

^Eomsering. patronymic^ 636, 7.;5.

Eomer. an assassin, 626.

Xioppa.- preost. 661. p^3t.

Eoppa. in WS. genealogy, 855. p4.

in NH. genealogy, 547.

Eopping. 547, 670, 685, 73 » • P4-

eorl. earl, 871, 1055. P38, 122.

eorle. P187.

•eorla. fir. p/. 871, 937.

eorles. 1064.

eorlan. dot. pi pi 85 »

eorlom. pi 82.

eorlas. 871, 9.^9*pii5> «78-
eorldom. earldom, 1068. pi8o, 188.
eorldome. 1053.

^eoroddstom. with choice troops, 93 7 1.
Eorpwald. king of EAngles, 632.
eor>aii. earth, 418, 1 100. pi 26.
eorVblfung. eartb^uaJk^ 1119.
eorCbyfung. 1 1 1 7. (SrbbeBen.
eortfdine. id. pi 58.
eorO dyne. 1122.
eox^e. earth, 1122.
eoi^lic. terrestrial, earthly, 979.
eortnican. 979.

eorVstymnge. eBJrthquake,ioSg.
eor9 wKstmas. fruits of the earth, 11 1 1 .
eorffwestmas. P243.
eorOwKstman. 11 16=1
eorOwsestmum. dot. pi. pi 69.
eoion ( — seton), they ate, 998.
♦eowre. your, 755.
Epiphan*. Epiphany^ 1096.
ercebiso. 888==
eroebisoop. archbishop, P23.
ercebiscopes. pi. 1 1 27.
Eroenbriht. king of Kent, 639, 664.
Ercongota. his daughter, 639.
I erest (««rost), atjirst, erst, p^.

40()

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

erestan. id. def. pi. 787.

erfewardei. hdn, pig.

ergende. plougking, *'eariDg*'(SS), 876.

Ernolf. Ab. Bwrh^Bp. Rof. 1)253.

erost. firti, ent, 409.

eHht, earth, ptdib,

erSan (>BeoT^aii), 979.

^Escanceaster. Exeter 876.

Escwi (abbot), pi 33m.

Esendic. NL. P31.

^Esmg. patronymic, 547.

^Esla. tfi genealogy, pi.

•EaUng. §on of id. 552, 597, 855.

Ettenglum. EAnglia, ^85.

Ettran. Easter, 626.

Ettren. id. 654.

Etttm. NL. pa63m.

eUn, were eating, p26^t.

*£|>andune. p8o, $. n.

EiiSandane. id. pBi.

epding. prince, 972.

*eOel. n. domaiin, pia6/.

eSele. abl. id. oowUry, 380.

eOelingaa. princes, 617.

*e9eltyrf. domestic soil, home-land, 975.

Euerens. Evrenx (Normandy), 1 130.

Eureus. Mi. ma.

Enesham. Eveabam (Wor<^skire),ioTj.

Eugrae. 1

Eugliata. r"^"^^*' * "7. 1 "9.

Eugenie. Pope, P263.
Euorwic. York, 1138.
Eustace, son of king Stephen, pa65.
Eostatius. Eustace (o/^oh^ostim), 1048.
EustaJtC Q>ejtmga), of Boulogntypi^^h.
Eustaties. for Eustatius. i loi.
Bzanoeastre. Exeter, 876, 877. P91.
TBTMinmCan. Exmouth, iiox.
Exeeeatre. Exeter, padi.

ikder. father, pa65.

fair, fidr, KoX&t, 1154.

faHB. forgery^ Lot. fidsum, 1 1 25.

land, he found, 963. P149, 209.

fang. n. booty, pi $6.

faran. to go, set forth, fare, 894, 1009.

five. fif. expedition, p2iBh, 233m.

fitfen.p30, 31.

farena. part. def. departed, iioi.

farene. sup. to go (home), p»^Sh «

farenne. pi 80.

FarinmagiL British king, 57 7E.

•Farinmait id. ibid. "X.

Farits. Abt. of Abingdon, 1 1 1 7.

fiiton. dot. pi. vessels, pa 23/ [wine-fiit].

faiSaswiu. fiiither'« brother's son, 11 19.

*fiec. time, while, 9pace,^^i.

£Boe. dal. id. PI55.

fsedde. fed, provisioned, 994.

fieder. father, 55 a, 885, 984.

fiederan. father's brother, p j i .

fadem. paternal, 784.

fiedran. gen. paternal unde, 901.

fiedren. paternal, 784, p86, 87.

fssge. fated, doomed, 937m.

fcela. many, 1124/, »iel.

famg (to — ), acceded, 740.

ftercodon. remigabant (Giba.), P142.

ford, troop, company, px6sl

farde. (it) proceeded, fiued, 1087A.

fardon. they went, marched, 868.

fieere. tnarc^ iter, 8946.

fceredon. they conveyed, pi^ol.

ttsnld. journey, pilgrimage, 889.

fseste. strongly, firmly, piii.

teaten. fort, fastness, 885.

*ftestene. 877, 891.

*fBstenne. 894 p9a.

fkstlioe. stonUy, 100 r, loio. pi 78.

fastned. p. fiutened, j>26aA.

*fiB8tnode. ratified, 906. [P104.

^ftsstnodon. pi. id. fiutened, made &st,

*f«8tnunge. ace. confirmation, pzoS.

fteston. ikeymadefrm, &st, P164}.

fiettan. they fetched, pi 402.

feaht. fought, 571, 661, 871.

feala. many, loicl, 530, 794, 877.

feale. id. 1x22.

fealene. adfj. dark, gloomy ^Co^%p6s»pi 14.

fearlice. suddenly, shockingly, i lao.

^Feamhamme. Famham (Surrey), 894.

feastene {for fiestene), 877.

feastliee {for ftesUioe)^ 1004, 1008.

feawa. few, 891, 89a. PI04.

feawe. id. 11 2 2.

feawum. dot. 1070. pi 78.

*feaz. hair, in oomp. pi 14, 126M.

*feaxede. hairy, comatua, 891.

feccan. to fetch, 1017.

feccean. id. 1121.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

401

Jeet, time, while, pi^i.

fedan. to feed, loii.

fedef. father, 6i6. P183.

federan. fiither'j brother^ 634, 737.

fedran. 643.

fel*. mamif, ^ui, 871. pgi, 95.

*feld. field, campus, 894, 937.

felda.opMianm^; Dan. 9ie(b,i07i.

teHdui. dai, pi. 11 13.

felde. P39.

•Felix. Missionary Bp, ofEAnglia, 636.

feng. took, tekecL 488, 593, 790, 1066.

fengon. pi. 855, 1004.

fen. fen, marsh, pzim.

fexmaa. fens, moor-stoamps, 905, 10 to.

fennes. |>3i, 154.

feo. money, 878. ^81,91 [Q3ie^].

feoh. id. 755, 865, 897, lou.

feohspilUnge. imu^ of money, 1*233.

feoht. he fought, 710.

feohtende. fighting, 755, 994, looi.

feohton. they fought, pi 3.

feola. many, 777, 1076. pss, 69.

/eo^eafeola. iiaa.

feoUan. they fell, ^336.

feon. fen,|>3iA.

feonnes. pi. p^i.

feonnon. P31I.

feond. enemy, 1129 [fiend].

feondan. 1118.

feord^fyrd. 1)265*. [i>30»».

/eortfe. went, proceeded, acted, 11 32,

feorden. pi. ^ ferdon, j>26i .

feornfe. provisioning, P140 [fiurm].

feonnehames. fanns, 1087.

feorOan. fourth, 1095.

feoiiSe. fourth.

feos. gen. money, 999. piiSl.

feottnode. he ratified, p^tl.

feowan. few, 109 1.

feower. four, 1095. |>94.

feowerti. forty, 1)253.

feowertyne. fourteen, inc.

ferd'^ifid. troops, force, pie^l.

ferde. dat. id. 823.

ferde. he went, marched, p26sl.

ferden.pl. iii7a«

ferdon. 737, 1087. ^226 —

*ferdun. 737.

ferede. pret. coiwtytd, 1023.

feredon. jd. id. 1012.

Fergan (Alein), 'eorl,' 1127.

*fergrunden. ground to pieces, jpi 14.

*ferian. to move, convey, 894. j>9i.

ferode. pret. id. 1009.

festena. forts, pi^ob.

festlioe. stoutly, vigorously, 994.

festnia. (I) ratify, confirm, p^il.

festnie. id.p$^,

fet. feet, p26it.

•Fe)>anleag.Frethem(Glouc.)6iba.,584.

Fe)>anlea. ibid. £.

FeOermulSe. Fotheringhay, ? Ingr. , J>3 1 .

fewna. few, j>3om.

•fierd. militia, 827, 828, 894.

*fierde. 823, 876, 885, 919. [894.

•fierdedon. they marked out, served,

•fierdleas. vacant, unprotected, 894.

flf. five, 588, 910, 1013, 1 124. P38.

Fifburhingan. quasi " Fvoe-Towners,"

♦fife, five, 937, 942. [«oi3-

flfta. the fifUi, 827.2)65.

fiftan. If 10.

fiftene, fifteen, P2C9A.

fiftig. fifty, 1023. pi 23.

fiftiga. 605.

•fifum. dat. five, p95^

*filgendan. part, following, 984.

Finchamstaede. Finchamsted, p235.

•findan. to find, 418.

finden. id. p^om.

findon. id. 418.

fingre. finger, P32.

•Finning, pair, above Woden^ 547, 855.

fir. fire, Seuct, 1122, 1131.

fird. expedition, arming, 905. P93, 107.

firde. 910, 922.

firrer. ? former (Stevenson), 1131.

•first, n. time, P104.

first, first, earliest, psil, 396.

firste. drf. ui.p257.

Flandr' (RoVt of), P237.

Flandran. Flanders, 1017. p2 14.

Flandres. 1 102.

fleah. fled, pi 44.

fleam, flight, fuga, 993, 998, loio.

fleame. 477, 9'7-l>9«» >M-

fiec {for flKsc), flesh, P262/.

fieh «B fleah. p264m.

fiemd^gefijmed. made to flee, P258/.

3 ^

402

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Jlemdm. tKey drove off, 1131, 1138.

Flemiaoe. Flemitk, 1080.

fleot. itream, pi 3. [Fleet Street]

^eote. pgi.

JUioneU. fle8h-me«t« 1131.

^oocum. in bamdt, 894. [flock]

flocnde. marauding hor9e4roop, 91 7.

flocndum. 894. [raid]

Hod. tide, flow, 1031.P96, 114, 151.

-flodAn. in NL. 755.

floran. floor, 978.

flore. floor, 1083.

Florentie. Florence (Italy), 1059.

Florentines. St. pi 49.

*flot. pi 14, J. n. [French flot]

flote (on), afloat, pao9m.

flota. squadron, navy, 975. pl4oh.

flotaa. fleet; Fr. flotte, 904, 1013.

flotaa. marinen, 937A, looa.

flotigende. floating, afloat, 1031.

Jhigan. they fled, piSib,

Jlugen. id. padi/—

flngon. 457, 894, loio.

focet. for fblces, P396.

Iblc people, $o(f, 793, 999. pio6, 187.

folca.pa23.

folcan. 1 1 19.

f»lce. 963.

foloes. II30.P9I. [887.

folcgefeoht. a general engagement, 871,

folcmKlum. ffi bands, PI45.

*fi)lcstede. 9flt*oi, iiyopA, fonixn,pil4.

*foldan. the earth, pi 36. [piS^l.

folecheden ^foigedon. they followed,

folgaff. following, 'oomitataa,' pi 78^.

folgiaa. to follow, 755. p5i.

iblgode. he followed, pi 78.

Folies. NL. p3i.

fon. i^f, to take, seize, fallen, pi 56.

fonne. swp, id. pi 42,

for. prp. for, 685, 823, 894A, 999.

for. eonj. fbr,nam, p36 1 &c. , e.n. on 1 1 3 1 .

t6T,went,marched, fared, 664, 867, 873.

foran. adv. loe. in front, obviam, 894/.

Ibran. adv. temp. 1012. PI44.

foran. they %oem^, &red, 744, 799, 812.

forbaren. pi. pret. forbore, P262/.

forbam. intrans. burnt, was burnt, 679,

♦forbsem. id. 754. [741. 815, 962.

*forbKmde. trans, burnt, 685.

tcipbmmdon.pl.id. 694,iooi.|»9i,i9&
•farbserned. part. id. 687.
forbead. forbade, 10 12.
forbeani«i» forbam. 1067.
/or6eanK2eaforbsemde. 1122.
forbeamdon. pL id. 779.P185.
forbede. P33^'^
forbeode. I forbid, p^Sl.
forboden. pt, id. fbririddoi, 104&
forbom. 8i6=forbarD.
forbroken, broken dawn,deerepU^piS^
forbomen. pt. hurot to askes, pi^i-
forcurfan. they cut out, 797 —
*forcurfon. S*. ibid. [cArre]
forcorssed. tOterly aocnrsed, piSih.
ford, ford, Tadom, 508. p^.
forda. dot. ford, 894/ y in oomp. 774 &c
fordfeorde. for faniSierde, P264L
fordiden. they destroyed, pjs, from
fordon. ^l^S^^j. PI49.-
fordraf. drove out, profligavit, 927.
fordrifan. pi. id. g$%»
fordrifon. 774, 954.
fordrifene. pt. id. 1086.
fordifdan. they destroyed, 633-
fordydon. pf57.
fordyde. sing. id. 986. p2 14.
fore, way, march, course, 1004. PI42.
fore, ffi front, before, ante, P2566.
fore. 3rd sing. past. subf. o/£uan, 918,
*fonn. pi. id. 876. [919. p38.

fbregengra. g. pi. predecessors, piiih.
^foregisla. s. n. 894, gen. of
foregialas. hostages, 877, 878.
forespreoena. ionmentioned, 896.
forensprecena. id. pi. P209I.
forensprecone. id. P3il.
forewarda. stipulatianSf 1094.
fbrewarde. 1094.
fbrewearde. 852.
forewearda. 1109.
foreweardmn. 709.
forevritegad. propAesiect, 47.
forfaren. p(. peritAeti, 1025. P169.
forferde. came to nought, was destroyed,
forf(5r. perished, 1091. [p^35*

forforan. pi. id. pts^m^
forforon. 910 ; but
forforon. pgsm^^they got in front of
•forforJ>. advanced, 887.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

403

forforV. ibid, E.

forgeaf. he gave, grafUed, piS'jm.

forgede. tpcu to forego, p2$Sh,

forgengUs. predeeeuort, pi 33*.

forgifan, pt. forgiyen, 1014 a

forgifen. 718.

forgyfen. iiii.

fbrgifennesse. forgiveness, piai.

forgitteneste. id.psS, 133.

forguldoD. they paid for Uf 1039.

forgyta/nt. sup. forget, pi 22t.

forheol. 1 1 14, ?»t availed.

Forhere. for ♦For^here, 709.

*forhergeada. pret. devastated, 687 —

forhergode(tt<tia/ /orm), 1000. 1)149.

•forhergedon. pi. id. 686.

forhergodan. E. iUd.

fbrhergodon. ^87.

forholen. secret, concealed, P263.

forkwi. why, "for why," p3<

/or^ » fbrleas. he lost, pi^^t.

forlaten.' inf. to relinquish, give

forlasteD. pt. pi^g. [pts^^-

forleton. id. p23t.

forleas. he lost, 1076. pinh.

fortes, id. ^264. [pi 14.

forlet. he left behind, resigned, 1043,

forleton. pi. 457, 885.

forloren. pt. lost, p227,

forloron. id.p26oh,

forlure. ^rd pret. subj. id. Si.

forlnron. they lost, iioi.

forma, first, 1109.

forman. 685.

forme. 1131.

fomeah. very nearly, 1097.

fomeh. II 1 7.

fomumene. caught, damaged, p2^^.

foron. they travelled, 799, 85 1 , 876, 89 1 .

forriden. to ride before, intercept, pg$.

foTeti,won.theytreaiedvfilhdOntempt,gii.

forsegon. pt. id. pio^l.

^forsewen. id. pi26m.

forsi^e. for iotiSBifSe^ decease, 1036.

^forslKgene. slain, 882.

•forsoc. he refused, »crfageil, p2oS.

forspeldon . they spoiled,p 1 4 o, 6«t #. /. n.

forspreoena. (oirementioned, 885.

forsprecenda. id. loio.

forsprtcon, id. ptsgt.

forste. frost, ^343^.
fbrstod. valebat, stood for, ^343.
forstode. p36im.
for-swi9e. nimis, 897.
forsuoren. forsworn, petjvred,p262,
forsworen. id. 1137.
forsworenne. 1094.
toT\>. adv, of continuity, * on,* 534.
for)>S. 1097 »
forman. for that, p236=
*for>8em. 887. P91 =
*for|K>n. 658, 680, 694, 891.
for>bringende. bringing forth, p22om.
for\>en. 491 =

^or>on. so much as, (ne) qnidem, 491.
forjyferde. departed this life, 588& o/(.
foii$ferdon. pi. id. P242,
^or)>ferdnn. id. 661.
for>for=id. 571.

♦For^here. Bp. Sherbum, 709, 737.
for)>i. because that, for that, 1097.
»For|>red. "abbud," 803.
forO=for)>. 937m.i>3im, 183.
fofVan^foAr^an. ^203.
for^bylding. emboldening, 999.
forOfiEuren. pt. deceased, 685.
forSferde. he died, 918, 1005, & oft.
forOgan. to go forth, take the fidd, 1075.
fort^gefaren. deceased, pigA-
fort$gefarenam.pt.(2a<.mfi^. B c{ea<i,56o.
foriSgetoiton, pt.'^ deceased, P133Z.
Fortniere. in king Edwin* s retinue, 626.
ForOhere. 737 — ♦For|>here ahove.
fofiH. for that, because, 963.
fof^ig. id. 1087.
♦fortJy. 895. P9S.
forOian. to forward, pz^, 182.
forOsilSe. decease, 992.
forSwearde. -forward, advanced, 999.
foTuton. except, 1133.
foruuardes. terms of treaty, p26$L
4forwear>. perished, 655, 877.
forwearC. 189, 877.
forweor^enesse. perishing, 1103 1-
forwordenessa. destructions, 1105.
forweomde. he objected, pi 74*
forwemde. id, 1048. .
forwemdon. they opposed, p 1 7 ' t /»*<>w*
*forwieman. to prevent, sxoete, P94A.
•forworht. !>«. barricaded, 901.
3 F 2

J

404

GLOSSARUL INDEX

•fjorwyram. i^.id, to har,cb§truct,P94-

forwurdon. pi. offormeufi, 593, 594^

forwurjifan. inf. id. 605. [p«43-

fot. foot, p^ogk.

fote. dai, id. ibid.

foOra. ? loads, 852, $. n., pi. of

folSor. ibid.

fower. four, iiia.

fowertigeOe. fortieth, 1 107.

fra. from, * fro,' 963. |)3i, 113-

tnm. 430, 635, 87s, 1070, «c o/l.

Franca, gen. pi. French, piio.

Fraaoan. 780, 881.

France. 1117.

Franoena. 1090.

Frandand. 836, 1076.

Francna. 885.

Francon. 779.

Francrice. France, |93 18.

Franonm. 855, 890.

Frangland. 880, 881, 88).

Fr»na. a Danish eorl, 871.

heretoga ; semi-Dane, 993.

•frean. dat. Lord, 973. [ffrou]
•Freawine. in Wettex genealogy, p2.
•Freawining.jDatftmy. 55a, S91»^SS'P'»'
Frendscan. French, 1003.
Frendsoe. 1070. P187, 126. .
Frendscra. piig.
frend. fiiendi,j)36it.
freo. adj. free, P38.
free. V. I fr«e, pi22.
freode. he eel free, 777.
freodom. freedom, 963. |>ii3-
freodon. they freed, 963.
freolice. freely, psibie, 39m, 12a.
fi-eond. friend, 6^4*^ P32, 175.
*ft«onda. gen. pi. pi 14.
fr-eondan. (iat.|>^ iiao. [187.

fr-eondadpe. friendship, 1014.1)159, 1 74i
Freoricbuma. NL. 777.
•FreoCewnlfing.tn iV/T. genealogy, $47'
Freo9ogaring. in WS. genealogy, 55a.
*Freo6olafing. patronymic, 547.
♦Fredsc. Frimc, pgsm.
^Fresiscra. gen. pi. P96.
♦freten. pt. eaten, gefttffen, pg2l,
frett. devoureth, frifft, p2$6m.
•frelton. they ate (it) wp, P93,
FreOegis. NP. p33*.

Fridctig. Friday, j>a58**

Frigdceg. P246 —

Frigedaeg. 1106.

^Friesa. FHaiaii, pgSt 9^*

*Frisan. Frisiaiia, p84.

•fri)>. peace, griebe, 866, 1006. pio&

•fti|>o. 823, 9ao.

*fri)>ian. to protect, respect, ^108.

Fri|K>garing. 855.

Fri)>ogi|» (cuen), 737.

Fri)>owalding. 855.

Fri)>ugar. 597. pa.

Fri)>aganng. 597. pi,

Fri)>Qwnlfing. 855.

flrl«-»fri|». 710, 865, 906. 993, loij.

friSe. 8a3, 865.

friOes. 1004. pi4a.

FriGeberiit. Bp, Hexham^ 766.

FrilSegist. heretoga; half-Dane, 993.

FritSewakL Bp, OaUcway, 76a.

fii'Sian. 1093 •-'^fril'ian.

FrilSowulfing. patronym.rf Woden, sfo.

^froda. aged, pi 14.

firom. prep. fix>m, 635, 838. p^.

♦Frome. the town o/Frome, 955.

FrommnSan. PooU Bay, 998.

FromuOan. pi5a.

^Frondand. the land of the Franks, 920*

•Frondond, 880.

Frondonde. 836.

flpuxnan. beginning, 654, 655.

fiymlw. id, 4.

frymlSe. 11.

♦FryMtan. Bp. Wintan, 93a.

yr^ = friC. 867.

Fiy5egi)> (cwcn), 737.

frySstole. tecwre quartcrg, pi 40.

fvgeUt. fowls, 1131.

ftigla. gen. pi. id. 671.

fuhtcn. they fought, 1 1 38 =

Itiliton. 449> 519* 860, 917.

fuhten. id. p26$l.

*frditim. id. 514.

All. foul, pa6at.

fidfeattnodon. they rvO^/ied, p^g.

•ftdgon (filhan), they yielded, 75S,«.«»-

Fulkes. g. FuXkofAn^au, 1114.

frill, ftill, compleU, 1004. P165.

friUan. dai, def. id. pi 48,

FnllMihammd. Fnlham, 879.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

405

*Fallanhoinme. 880.

fuUe. full, 85 a. |>ao9&.

fuUgewepnede. fully armedt 1083.

fiill (gild), full tribuUt piA9-

follice. entirely, ptS'jl,

follne. <ice. maee, indef. 1014, pi 4S,

fulne. JO 1 87.

tol neah. Ml nigh, 540. pgs, 256.

^foUost. fdllest, 1 03 1.

ftOluht. haptinn, 890.

AHluhte. 601, 943.

folluhtes. 167.

ftQlum. full, 917, 1016.

fiilrev loai, 1048. J9148.

fultomiendum. pt. pres. aiding, 797.

*faltome. dot. aid, help, 601.

ftQtuxn. 999. pio6, 178, 234.

ftQtume. 449, 6oij 852, 920. P107.

foltomedon. they should help, 868.

ftQtumes. 445, 911.

fiiltiimiatf. toe will help, p3.

*foltamode. 836.

ftilwiht*fiillaht. 606, 634. pi 9.

fUlwihte. 601, 661, 688, 878.

•ftUwihtes. 604.

fundade. trot about to start, 1085 : cf.

fiindode. id, 1 101, t. n.

fimde. he found, 1072.

*iunden. pt, fonnd, JP104.

fundena, pi, id. 1120.

fundon. they found, 917. P75.

fiurlangs. furlongs, 1)956.

*fur)>um. juit, reoens, etfl, j»94.

fiirVon=for)>on. loio. 1)144.

furGor. further, 1039.

fylden. they filled, 1137.

fylstan. to support, second, pi 74*

fyUte. 959.

fyr. fire, P209.

fyTcliende./(MAfn^, flickering, 11 06.

fyrd. countymUitia : comitatus, 1 00 1 &c.

fyrde. 626, 851,868.

fyrding. aesemhling of the fyrd, 1016.

fyrdinge. pi4d.

fyrdode. marched wiih fyrd, 835.

fyre. d. fire, 679, 994.

fjnrmest. foremost, ckirf, piiih,

fyrst. time, space, 1004.

fyrst. adv. first, primb, 963.pi23t.

fyrtU, first, 963.

gaderad. gathered, 11^7, pt. of

gaderian. to gather, pi 44.

gadering. gathering, aesembly, 1 137.

gaderode. pret. gathered, 1 1 1 7.

gadrienne. 1016.

gaf. gave, gab, p25i^.

gafol. tribute, 991,994, looi, 1018, &c.

•Gafulforda. Camelford (Gibs.), 823.

Gaitan. Gaeta (Italy), P247.

Gallia (Latin), Gaul, 418.

Galwala. 693, gen. pi. of

Galwalaa. the Gauls, Galli, 380.

Gidwalum. dot. 649, 660. p5.

•gamol. old; Danish ^ammtl, pi 26.

gihi. to go, P140.

gandagum. ptSS^M

gangdagum. pi 06, dcU. of

^gangdagas. Rogation days, 891.

gangende. pa/rt. going, 1 114.

gangendra. gen. pi, id. p2i8.

ganetes. g. gannet, goose, 975.

^ganotes. id. p\26,

•gar. spear, pi 14. [garlic]

garum. dot. pi. 937.

goTt {for gearo). ready, finished, p3om.

gamxvn, dot, id. pi 40.

gast. ghost, ®6,% P229.

goU. gates, pi^ol, for

gatu.i)50, 51.

gafi. goeth, p3i«».

gauen, they gave, 654.

gauU ( — gafbl), tribute, p3 1 1.

gade (^eode), it ufent, p26ih.

gaif.gSkYe, 1127.

gceildes. imposts, P262.

gcer.jesr, 11 23.

gosre. 1137.

gan-es, 11 25.

garsume. treasures, ptog,

gsersuma. 1090.

gssne. barren, 1116, s.n.

gate. I co/^rm, psg.

gat. yet, piSil.

•g«|>. goeth, 755. p2.

g«C. trf. 627, 784- 1>«3, 5 »•

g\ 1099. P238, &c.=

ge-. pr^, passim.

ge. conj.both . . . and, 835. [yea, yes]

geaf. gave, 777, 853, 963, 1031.

geafen, they gave, PI33A.

406

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

geahnode. made good hit daim, loiS.
gddd. paid, 991, 994, 1003.
geamene, eare, gmurdiamhip, pi$il.
geanoramed. grieved, pii^,
gecmfartM.g, retwm, 11 19.
geanwyrde (wn). eov^eaed, 1055.
geapsdpe. €Tqft,emming, 1090; Lajmm.
^ sew. year, 588, 860. [j«p-.

geanLgr.|)/. 687, 753.

D. d. 661, 754, 837, & o/r
•. g. 871. paio.
gearda. ofttich, faggoU (MHB). 851.
gearnange. requai, pi^S- [yearning]
gouoode, he prtpaired,maderead}hiogi.
gearo. readg, 755, 874. P51.
gearn. j)i42.

g«arwe. 999> «o<>9- PiJi-
^geascade. Ae ZflomC by asking, 91 f.
•geasoode. id. MBrroy 755.
geoU, yet, |9330.
•geat gate, opemmg, ptm, 941.
geate. 963, 979. P33, «3, 209.
*geata. pi, 901.

•Geating. patronymic, S47> 855.
geatte. A« granUedy P2032.
geatton. p2. pia3.
^reattm. they gaTe, piST'
geazian. 1064, infifMitive of
geazode— *gea0code. 1071.J9154.
geaxodon. p/. loio.
*ge8e|>ele. adi, pertaining by birth, 937.
gebraron. dot. pl*psi =
^gebsrum. met, ehrieks, psot, $. n,
*gebead. he propoeed, pso twice*
*gebeded. eompdled, driven, 9376*
*gebegde. pi, pt. bowed down, 943, f . n.
gebeon. pt, been, p2$st,
gebeorgan. to protect, drfend, PI41.
gebeorge. d. protection, 189.
gebete. pre$, auJbj, mend, pa 19. [better]
^gebette. pret, restored, pioyb, 126b,
gebicgean. to buy, pvrchaee, 1043.
gebiddan. to pray, 605. [bid]
gebidden, id, p$om,
^gebland. con/i««»ofi,^iifiif«/(,937.[blend]
gebletsad. blessed, conaecrated, p^S a
gebletsod. 795, 104a.
gebocade. " booked" e wfweyed, 855 »
^gebocade. ibid. 'X.
*gebod. injunction, pgS,

seboden. pt, oftrtdy pso, 51.
gebogen. pt. Mc6mitt«l, bowed, P148.
gebohtan. thej bought, pi 59.
gebohte. iiiS.

geboren.bom^ 381, 1075, 1080.^70,8?.
gebotad. bettered, mended, 1093.
gebrsd. he feigned, 1003, <• "-
gebringan. ^239 «-
gebringon, inf. bring, pi4i, 152.
*gebrocod. broken, proUnOei, 897.
^gebrocede. pi. id. 897.
gebrooode. id. fradwred, »n>itftrf, 978.
gebroLt.^<. brought, iioo.
gebrohte. he brought, pi 31.
gebrohton. p^ ui. P159.
gebroiden. pC emltwined^ 1104, <••.
•gebro)>er. broUien, ®eMb<T, piig.
gebrotSra. p/. /orm, pi 3, 303.
gebugan. 1101 =
gebugon. they twrmed, pii^
gebundenne. pe. aer^MoscboiiDd, 79^
gebygle. enbfeet, aubmitgiitc, 1091.
gebyredon. belonged, 910.
gebyrtide. birth-tide, 1086.
geceas. chose, P169, 194.
^geces. Mi 934. pioS.
*gecierde. he converted, 716.
^gederdon. pi. 835.
*gecirdon. id. 867, 878.
^gedged. pt. called, namedy 984.
gwxnren. chosen, 785, 830, 1054-
geeuran. they dioee, pa36.
gecnron. id. 1014, 1064.
•gecueden. named, 455, 457, 495, 577.
gecwoMan. they propo»ed, agreed, 10^
gecweden. called, 456.
gecweme. agreeable, iioo: cf. UqaOL
gecydd. pt. nuule known.
gecydde. pi. id. 641.
gecynde. a4i'dMeqfbwtkrighl,g7$, 1014.
*gecyndne. oec. mosc pi36iL
gecyTde=«gederde.. 565.
gecyrdon. lA^y twmed, 835, 867, 1014.
gecyrred. twmed, diverted, P330M.
geqrCde. ex4i&«<«l, mon^Meii, ^
gednlde. Ae cfivMied, 876. [deal]
gedflsldon. pi. 718, 877.
•gedeldun. id. they separalid, 718.
gedeorfinim. hard, grietou$, P339I.
gedon. pt. done, 167, 636, ioi4,ioi3<

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

407

gedrecedni88a.annoyanc«#, i io4.[p22$t.
gedrefed. disturbed^ commotos, 1087,
gedreht. pt karaised, 11 17, 11 18.
gedrehte. pi. id. pi^il.
gedrehte. pr^. distresaed, piZZ^*
gedrehtan.pl. id.p2Sil=
gedrehton. 11 16.
gedwild. error, herety, 380.
gedyde. did, 828. 1)339.
gedydon. pi. 918, 1 1 1 7. ^92, 93, 94.
gedygdan. pi. escaped^ gat over it, 978.
gedyrfwum. ii05»gedeorfsam.
geearnnngs. merits, 1087Z.
*|;eedneowade. roiewed, pi 076.
geeadnewion. to renew, 963.
geendod. ended, pi 42.
geendode. he ended, 189.
gef.ghve, 686. pi 3.
grfaht. fought, 607.
gefiuigen. taken prisoner) PH'-
gefaren. pt, ** fared," pi 78.
gefiBBgeiie. pt.pl rejoiced, fain, 855,878.
sefestnode. made firm, 1014. p2o8.
gefeaht. fought, 552, 652, 750, 833.
grfeaht. fight, battle, 868«gefeoht.
gefeahium, in fights, 755.
gefean. d. joy, 979.
sefeng. he captured, 875, 11 19.
gefengon. p/. 851. P95.
«gefengan. id. 796, 851.
gefeoht. fight, battle, 603, 868.
sefeohte. dot. 871, 937, 11 17. P152.
*gefeohtam. dat. pi. 755.
gefeolL fell, 1004.
gefeollon. pi, in 7.
grfeoUan, id, 978.
grfeormige. lodge, entertain, p6g.
gefeoran. eomradea, 1 048 » gef eraii.t6tc{.
gef cordon, they incurred, 994=
geferdon. they fared, p3, 142^
geferde. he attained, 988.
gefers. companion, 1022. P95.
geferon. pi. id. 755, 878, 1048.
grferen. for geferan. p5i^
gefemm. dat. pi. 664, 755.
geferode. he conducted, conveyed, 980.
geferscipes. g, company, 1022.
gefettnode. P214, 228=:gefK8tnode.
gefiHede. fetcht, 975.
*gefetodon. pi. id.'pg4.

gefette. he fetcht, 98a
gefiht. afight,p257«.
g^fild. pt. yWfiUed, 605.
*geflK8cne88e. Incarnation, p4.
geflemdon. they put to flight, 514.
*gefliemde. eing. id. 682,871.
*gefliemdon. 514, 568, 871, 911.
gefiymde. 752.

geflitftillio. contentious, 785.
geflyton. they engaged in battle, 777.
gefohten.pt. fought, foaghten,p76, 77.
gefohton. id, 658.
gefor. died, 731, 867, 906, 1057.
gefor>/er(2e. 571, «./. n.
gefoi^ian. to ca/rry out, pii^h.
*gefinege (mine-), **asl heard say,"g'j3.
gefremede. he achieved, 47.
gefireod. pt. freed, set firee, 675.
gefireode. he fi^eed, 1081. P84, 8$.
geftihton. they fought, 675, 728, 868.
*gefahtun. id. 495, 780.
gefullod. baptized, 30.
*gefiiUahtad. id. 30.
*gefiilwad. id. 626.

^gefaltumade. aubj.pret, wouldaid, 85 3 .
*gefiiltiimadon. pi. id. 868.
gefultumiendum. pt. abs. helping, 797.
gefunden. found, 963.
gefyloe. number of folk, p23od.
gefyioum. dat. 2»2. 871.
*gefylde. he fulfilled, p2o8.
^gefylled. felled, cut down, pi 14, 115.
gefym. hmg ago, 891, 892.
gegaderade. gathered, P93.
gegaderode. id. pio6, 229.
*gegadrode. id. 879, 885.
*gegadrodon. pi, id, 867.
gegadoTodan. id, ibid. E.
gegaderodon. id. P230.
gegaderoden. id. p330.
gegadered. pt. id. p2o8 »
gegaderod. 973, 1012 =
*gegadrod. 911.

gegaderian. irrf, id. 100 1. P230.
*gegadrian. id. 905.
gegan. pt, gone, reached, pi44*
gegangan. inf. to acquire, p3r
*gegifod. gifted, enriched, 100 1.
' Gegnesburh. Gainsborough, 10 1 3.pi 5 1 .
gegodade. enriched voith goods, pi 20.

408

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

*gBhaded,jd. comeerated, 1070 ■>
gehadod. 635, 802, 989.
gebadodes. gen, id. pi^lSh.
•gebadede. pret, id. pio8 =»
gehftdode. 664, 668.
gehalden. hdd, p^Z^.
gehalgian. to hallow, eonteeraie, 685.
gehalegon, id. p^ol,
gehalgod.pt. comeoraied, 751. piar.
gehalgode. he eonteenUed, p2$6l.
gehaten. called, 'hight,' 495, 755. 963.
*gehate. d. promiset enffogementy 865.
gehatnm. dot. pi. vows, 883.
gehawade. recannoitredt pg4, $. n.

geheald. fftiardian, piio.
geheakUm. held, ob»erved, P382—
gehealden. pt. P38A.

gehende. near, 1003, ' handy/ Devon.

geheold. held, tenebat, ^243.

geheolde. 9ubj. id, IC94.

geheord, heard, 1123.

gehierrame. tubjeei, dvi|ir^r, 853.

gehonade. pt, pi, horsed, rMmnied, 866,

gehorsedan. loio. [876.

gehorsedum. 877.

•gehorsod. 88 f.

^gehorsoda. 876.

gehorsode. loio.

^gehorsudan. 877.

•gehorsude. 866.

gehwaXkre, either, ntHtqne, 871 . [937.

*gehwKne. each, every, nnumqiiemqae,

gehwaer. every where, ubique, 1 1 14.

*gehwK)>ere. other, ntrique, 853, 871.

*gehwKCre. P99.

^gehwelces. every, cuiuscanque, 910.

gehwyloe. several, 1106.

*gehwelciim. 755.

gehwilcan. P5I.

*gehwerfde. converted, 601.

gehwirfede. ibid,

*gehwierfed. pt. id. 34.

gehwyrfed. ibid.

^gehwierfede. pi. 30.

gehwyrfede. ibid.

gehyrde. heard, 109 1.

gehyrdon. pi. p^i.

gehyrsnme. io83«*gehier8ume.

gehyrsumnisse. svi^ectUm^ pi 28.

geinlagode. inlawed, 1074.

gAyd. pt. reported, 1093.

gelamp. happened^ 1083.

gelaSode. invited, pi^

gel«d. pt, led, 693.

gelsddon. they led, 871.

gelaf an. faith, (BUoibm, 680.

gelefim. leave, pi 70.

gebeht. pt. eaptured, 79 !•

gebehton. pret. id. P225.

gelsred. inttntcted, educated^ pi 9.

gdaron. inf. teoich, XtfycttL, P3-

gelsMt. pa«2, geleifiet, 1007, ioi2,p<.o/

geUMtan. to perform, ditchargey 874,

geleste. 994. [920.

gelsBston. 878. p8i.

gelcten. pt. let, entrusted, 109 1.

gelKtte. pt. pi. let, hindered, p2i8A.

gelead^gfi\md, conveyed, 1076.

geleadde, he led, 979.

geleafaa. delie^ 430, 565, 653.

gdefan. id. 167.

geleeiffvSle, faithful, Jidele», 1120.

gelea|»de. invited, 449.

geled. laid, charged, pi87m.

*gelend. pt. gone, set out, pg2t : cf.

gelende. proceeded, 886, s. n.

gelest^geitest, pi 47.

gelet. let, hindered, 1075. P^4i'

gelioode. it pleased, libnlt, 1048.

gdifde. (diered, glouBte, 627.

gelifode. lived UU-, eriebte, p^2^

gelogige. siubj, 3. lodge, * locate,' pi7^

gelogodan. lodged* 1 104.

gelogode. 1090.

gelome. often, 789, 887, 959.

gelomlioe. yre^uentjy, 1095, 1105.

•gelpan. to hoaxt, p\ 14.

gelumpon. 1h^ happened, pi 45.

gemacedon. they made, piaS, of

gemaldan. to make, 1'234.

gemahlioe. peremptorily, p 23 2111.

*gemaaan. wedlode, oonsortiam, pi 14.

gemang(on-), among, 1002.

gemannian. toman, JUlunthmeu, pi 10.

gemarcod. marked, branded, pi4it.

gemartyredon. they martyred, P146.

gemxran. dot. pi. confines, 11 11.

gemere. id. boundary, 716.

gemaeron. P334.

gemelest. carelessness, piogl.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

409

gemette. pt. paintedy picti, 1 104, s. n.

^mett. measwrt, psiQm.

yematte. pret. met, 992 =

eemette. 87 r, 877. psor.

f^emetton. pi. fell in with, 918, 997.

gemot, meeting, 1015.

gemote, d. 1080. pi 80.

*gemotes. PI14.

gemunde. remembered, 1032, 1054.

gemandon. pi. 1 104.

gtmyUse. miserecUur, P^ot;.

gemynd. m,emory (of the dead), 979.

gemynde. 959.

genS.paso^

genam. he took, nal^m, 865.

geiiamon.p/. 473, 530, 774, 865.

gtTvumon. pt. 1072 =

genumen. taken, pi^f,.

genumene. pi. id. 1 1 19.

*OeDd. Ghent, 880.

geneal^hte. approadied., neared, 1091.

geneat. •/cW<nr,' genoffc, ^96. Schmid s. v.

*genemnan. to name, 905, 100 r.

genemned. pt. sing, 552.

genemnde. pf . p/. 89 1 . [ ' 45 •

generede. saved, rescued, 755. pi 14,

genge. gang, 1070.

geni9rade.p<. pi. put down, p2 14, s. n.

»genom« genam. 571, 584,

^genomon. 'pl. pi 06.

genumen. pt. 993. P98.

Gent. Ghent, P83.

genotudne. p<. ace. masc.^used, 894.

geo. ye, you, p3aA.

^geodonageeodon. they won, p4.

geoUl, charge, impost, p^St.

geoldes. pl, id. P253.

geond. through, 380, 641, 975. [yon]

geondan (fram-), id. 1048.

geonga. young, 871.

Georius. [St.] George, pi 55.

geornde. desired, 777'PS^t 33-

geomdon.pZ. id, loii.

georne. gladsomely, 959 twice, geme.

geomen, to desire, P32t.

geomest. thou desirest, ps2h.

geornoD. ye desired, p^sl.

geornunge, desire, 675. [yearning]

georo. for gearo, 874.

geotton. they granted, p3^h. Ettm . p4 1 9.

•ger. year, years, 895.

♦gere. dat. id. 922.

•geres. ^ren.p 1 08. [pi52.

gerad. rode {and took), 901, 922, 948,

gerad. condition, stipulation, 945. p3.

•geraecan. to reach, 894, 895. pi 04, 106.

GerbornetJ. Gerberoi (nr. Beauvais),

gersed. pt. planned, 1075. \}^19'

gered. irf.p 1 57.

gerseddan. they took counsel, 10 14.

gersedden. id. 1039.

gereedde. sing. id. 906, 991, 1002.

gershtbn. they seized (gerwcan), 885.

gerehtt. held, 975.

gercesdon. they rushed, p5.

geredd. pt. read, perlectum (sit), P38,

gerefa. reeve, 787, 906, 1001.

gerefan. 778, 1002. ®raf.

Gerente. British king, 710, «. n.

gereordode. refreshed {with food), 1022.

♦gere>rum. 891, ». n.

geridan. inf. unde gerad, 1042.

♦geridon. 878, pl. of gerad.

geridan. id. 878.

gerihta. rights, dues, 103 1, 1074.

g'erihUe. id. piiBl.

gerihtan. divinaofficia: 'rites,' pa 29*.

gerihtan. to rectify, correct, 680.

♦geryhtan. ibid. 7i.

gemde. desired, 1048. [yearned]

gemdon. pl. id. pi 85.

gersuma. trecuures, 1090.

gersuman. id. pi 77.

gersumas. P209.

gersume. P257.

gersumes. P257.

Gerueises. of Gervase, 1 124.

♦gerypon. they reaped, P94.

^gesalde. he gave, 648, 661. [sold]

*gesaldon. pl. 694.

^gesamnod. pt. assembled, 894^

gesamnode. pret. 380.

•gesargode. pt. pl. distressed, P96.

gesawon. they saw, 1 106.

gesshUad. reconciled, p228. [890*

gesast. he occupied, colonized, 633, 744,

gesetana

geasDton. pl. id. 851, 878.

gessette. he placed, settled, 1002, 1 013.

gessewen. seen, 1 106.

3 G

410

OLOSSARUL INDEX

*geflC8epen6. pi. pt. shapen, p^^h,

■^gesceade. argument^ p20%l, gefi^ib.

^gesceaft. creatare, 937.

gesoipode. shipped, 893, 893.

gescyldneflse. protection pi2i.

geseah. saw, 633.

gesegon.^. 774.

geseald. pt.givtn.dtlirertdj 894.1^329.

gesealde. 728. p2^6.

gesecgan. (to) say, 851.

gesecgon. id. p2io.

geseclod. tcden sick, 1 093.

gesehtodan. they reconciled, 110 1.

geselOa. hap, luck, foTrtune, 1009.

gesemede. /)/. pt. reconciled, p2$ct,

gesend. pt. pi, sent, 785, for

gesende. ^241.

gesene. manifest, visible, ilii.

geseogen. pt. seen, 1121.

geseogene. 774.

geseon. to see, 797. P235.

^efe(me» gesene. 1^247.

geset. 680 s gesedt.

•geseten. pt. settled, 922.

^gesetenne. pt. ace. nuuc. tat out, 8946.

gesett. pt. placed, set, 1003, 1007.

geaettan. to people, 922, 1075. j>iio.

geBette. founded, set, 60 4, 886. p24iii».

gesetton. corrupt for geaeton, 878.

gesewen. pt, seen, 1 1 1 7.

*gesewene. />t. pi. seen, 773.

gosiclod. taken sick, 1003.

*gesl8egen. slain, 823, 867, 871.

^geslehtes. gen. ahxj'mg, tmiting, pi 14.

•geslog. he slew, 837.

gesloh. id, ibid. £.

•geslogen. they slew, 845, 937.

gesmeah. intrigue, pi^om.

geaohte. sought, 823, 9oi.|>2i8.

geaohton. 787, 979.

•gesohtun. 937.

gesomnod. 10 16.

gesomnode. assembled, 673, 1001.

gesomnodon. 418.

getpadde, sped, tuceeeded^ pi^iL

geepilde. pt. pi. destroyed, pi$^,

^gespon. he enticed, drew 0/, 905.

^gespreeon. pt. spoken, pioSim,

gestabeled, 1077, /or

*ge8ta)>elad. founded, 962.

gestalSelian. pi 2 7.
*gesta9olode. fortified, 920.
ge8tired.exin^8tiiTed, 1 01 2 : cfjotyred.
gestylde. stilled, quieted, piSp.
gesond. entire, sound, 855. jpi43-
geaunde. 755- PS^-
geswKncte. he hctraned, 11 05.
geswenct. pt. harassed, 1 1 1 7.
geswencte. 11 16.
geswencton. 1116.
geswenced. beaten, baffled, p5.
geswican. pi. Irft off, 1 1046, 1105-
geswic, defecit.
geswicon. 994, |Oi6, 11 17.
geswinc hardship, 999.^218.
geswince.pi55.
geswincg. id, pi 42.
geswincfttll. hard, unfavourable, P234.
gesworan. they swore, 109 1.
gesworen. pt. sworn, 1094.
gesworene. pi. pt, 10 12.
gesyllan. to give; sell, 626, 1093.
get yet, p26o(.
getealde. told, counted, 634.
gcteall. number, * tale,' P151.
geten. to grant, confirm, 675.
*getimbrede. built, 913.
getimbi-ian. inf. 626.
getiiSe. confirm, P3i<.
*ge\pgene.pl.pt.taugkt,edMeated,pi i€l
getreowast. truest, mott loyal, pii^
9^trwaktai.aec.regimewt,squadrom,%'i i .
getrywiSa. p/ec^ei, troths, looi, 1095.
getton. they granted, jp32, 39.
getymbrad. built, |>22i.
*ge>afunge. d»permis»um, 887.
ge)>eaht. counsel, 979.
ge|>eode. l<mguages, p^t,
ge>eoncean. to think, pi 406.
♦ge^icgean. to touch, accept^ PSo4.
•geJ>ingodan. they treated, made terms,
ge>ingodon. 628E. [628, 694.

geCingoden. 694B. [860.

^ge^uemease. eompliaaiee, loyaUy, 827,
geOwKrian. to agree to, P178A.
•gearing, throng, ptzU. [905. j»95.
*ge9ungnestan. the wMtt distinguisktd,
geunnan. pi. granted, 1048 «
geunnen.pl 73.
geunne. pi2i.

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

411

gennnon. P231.
geutlagode. outlawed, loao.
geutod. banished, j> 1 2 7.
gentode. looa. [1064.

geuCe. prei. granted, ixapltren-o, 959,
•gewald. mastery, sway, 837, 871, ®e-
^gewaldenum, d. powerful, pgi. [toalt.
gewan. won, 923, 1073, 1073.
*gewanD. id. pioo,
gewarnod. pt. wanted, ^183^
gewarnode. pret. pi 43.
gewat. departed, 633, 660, 72a. p5.
Gewaede. 1072, s. n,
gewedod. equipped, 992.
gewsegde.cfwtreMed, weighed dowii,p^2l.
gewande (for gewende). went, 1048.
gewsepnod. armed, weaponed, 922.
gewaer. aware, 1095.
geweala struggle, contest, pi 26, 237,
geweald. mastery, 833, 840, 1099.
gewealde. pi 19, 22 2, &ttioaU. [183.
gewearV. became, happened, 592. pi 51,
gewend. gone, pi 406, 183.
gewende. went, 1019, 1048.
gewenden. pi. id. piS^tfor
gewendon. pi8o, 183, 184. [&c

geweoro. work, entrenchment, 8 78, 892,
geweoroe. 868.
♦geweorcum. dot. pi. pgi,
♦gewerc. P94.
geweoii$ad. honoured, 959.
*gewicode. he encamped, 894.
gewihiige'S. desireth, willeth, p22iA.
gewinn. war, fighting, P230/, wide
gewiiman»to win, 1090. P4.
gewinnane. sup. id, p27$m.
gewinne.pl 06.

Gewising. WS. patronymic, 597.
gewiB8ode. he directed, instructed, 1022.
gewitan^. sup. to know, wit, p22iA.
gewiten. p^oh, for
gewiteTM. gen. pi. senators, pi 79.
gewitenemot. senate, psg, 253.
gewitnease. witness, 777. P39.
gewiton. they departed, 885.
*gewon. he fought, 74 1,
geworden (wks). happened, pioi.
gewordene. pi. id. p223<.
•geworht. wrought, 894,
gewrat. he wrote, P32.

*gewra8ede. grew wrath, p2o8A.
gewrecen. pt. revenged, 979. [wreak]
gewrit. a writing, dted, 627.
gewrite. dat. id. 675, 1048, 1070.
gewriia. pi. id. p2i86aB
•gewritu. 973.
gewritum. dat. pi. 889.
gewritan. to write, p2i82.
gewriton. pt. written, 963Z. P33A.
gewritene. pt. pi. written, p222&.
gewroht. pt. wrought, pi 78.
gewrohUm. they wrought, 993.
gewrohte. he wrought, 189. ['5 7*

gewuna. wont, ®ett>0^n^it, pi40, 14a,
gewunan. d. custom, p3o8, 219.
gewunelic. ordinary, usual, ^ctDC^ttltC^,
*gewnndad.trouiMiec2,755fi9ice. [P236A.
gewundod. 1079. p5i, 91.
gewunded. P257.

gewundode. he wounded, 626, 755.
gewundedon. p^. 1083.
gewunnan.

gewunnon. pt. won, p222ifi.
gewur^an. to happen, pii^h.
gewvrtfa)). they happen, p22ot,
geyde. 617, s.f.n.
geyfelade. ill brfel, p22ol.
geyptew pt. pi. discovered, p2stm.
g'hadode. pt. pi. ordained, 1102.
g'hadodra. gen. pi. id. 1102.
g'haten. called, <hight,*p245.
g'heald. protection, pi 90.
g'hyrde (me), men heard, ill 6.
•giet. yet, 918. pio7, 108.
^gieta. id. p 11 5.

fiCtf- tf, 755> 894, 99«> »o«4-
♦gife. giver, 937^.
gifiu gifts, P85.
gifan. to give, 1 103.
g^fe. id. 852.
gifen. id. 8^2.
gife. I give, 9636. p3i<.
gifen. pt. given, 1070. pi23t.
gifene. sup. to give (in marriage), 1 109.
gife. gift,p32jii.
gtfes. gen. id. P32I.
gifte. marrictge, p24i.
gifode. he gifted, muneravit, 994.
Gifemund. Bishop, 693.
Giffard. Bp. William — , 1 103.
3g2

412

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Giffarde. pi^t,

Gilbert 1 130.

gUdes. tolls, j>265m.

gildene. gilded, piogk,

Gildeneburh. ^1876.

Gilebeii. A hhot Westmintter, 1117.

Gillinga. Gillingham (Dorset), ^156^

gimman. d. pi. gems, pi%ilma

gimma. i.e. gimmum,p32it.

gingra. younger, 423.

gingre. <u:c. fern, id, 1 1 34.

*gioiicga. worn. d<f. masc. young, 871.

*giongne. ace. indef. m<uc. id. 501.

Gipeswic. Ipswich, 993, 1010.

Girard. Abp. York, 1108.

Girarde. 1103. [yearned]

gimdon. {they) had entreated, 1)142/,

Gisa. Bp. Somerset, 1061.

gisla. hostages, 894. piSo, g.pl. of

gialaa. 874, 877./>8i, 91, 104, 203.

gisle. d.sing, 755«/>5»-

gislade. gave hostages, 994.

gislode. id. pi 48.

gislodon.p/.pi48, 153.

gisleden. id. 1 1 29.

git yet, 1087.

gitsunga. avaricSt p2^6t.

gitsunge. d. sing, covetousness, P222L

giuen. to give, 777, 963.

•giunge. young, 937.

giungne. ace. masc. indef. id. j)i 14.

Giwis. TVS, ancestor, pi.

Giwising. patrony. id. 852, 855.

•glad, glided, 937m.

Glastinghyri. Glastonbury, p258m.

Gl«8tingabyrig. 1033.^159.

Gleastingbyrig. pi^it,

glsed. glad, Istus, p^ol.

glscdlice. joyfully, gladly, 1014.

g*l8eht. captured , taken, prisoner, |) 2 4 1 .

Gleawcestre. Gloucester, 577, 1038.

Gleawceastre. p2$g.

^Gleawanceaster. 577.

Gleaweoeaatre. 918. pi 58, 221.

Gleawecestrescire.Gloucestershire, 1 1 2 2 .

Oleuccestre. 1126.

Gleucestre. 1124, 11 27.

Gloucestre. ^264.

Gloweceastre. 11 19.

*gleawe. wise, learned, pi26l.

[lOOI.

*01istune. one of the CUrts, nr^ Exeter,

g'munde. rcmewibered, * minded,* 11 14.

g^munet. 1099.

•gnomung. voe, wailing, pia6A.

God. Deu8, j>i56, 169, 203.

Gode. d, 81, 797, 855, 963.

god. good, 913. j>203m.

goda. def. id, the good, j>84, 85.

godan. p2 23.

Goda. );>agn of Devon, 988.

godonnde. pi. ad^j. religions, 601.

godcundnm. 679.

goddera. honorum, guter, p20il.

•gode. ace. fem. 837.

gode. ». P203 tvfice.

godede. he endowed, pi 2^1, 187,

Godefreit^. £p. BeUh, pi^im,

Godefreith. id. 1130.

godefrilite.pl. godfearing, p32^

Godes. g. of God, 897. pi 26111, 2581.

godene, gen. pi. def. good, P32».

godra. indef. 871, 1001, 1010.

godre, id. 11 34.

•godre. gen. si^ig. fern. 860.

godum. dot. pl.p22im.

godne. occ. masc. indrf. good, 877.

godnesse. goodness, p2 23.

godode (hit), it was good times, 959.

Godrum. Danish king, 875, 89a

godspeL gospel, 11 22.

godapeUere. Evangelist, 63.

godswne. 890 »

godaunu. godson, 755, 890. P51.

♦Godulf. NHumbrian ancestor, 547.

•Godulfing. patronymic id. 547.

Godune (Galwala biscop), 693.

•Goduuine. 1053 «

Godwine. Bp. WifUon^ 984.

(heretoga), 993.

(Elfsiges bisceopes snnu), 1001.

Bp. Rochester (Flor.), pi 45.

ealdorman on Lindesige (C), pi 58.

eorl of Wessez, 1036-1053.

•Godwulfing. pair, above Woden, p'jo.

gol. 1064, error for

gold, gold, 418. P209.

golde. d. 1001.P171, iSol, 203, 209,

goldes. gen. P203. [„,!.

Gosfrei Bainard. pa33e.

Gosfrei»Mart«l. Geoffrey Martel, 1127.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

413

Gosfriti, Geottrej Bp.Coutanca, 1087.

*Gotan. Goths, 409.

Gotum. dot. pi. id. 409.

gradan. Lot. gradas, iteps, 10836.

gram, angry, pi jSh.

Grantabrycg. Cambridge, 10 10.

Grantabrycge. 10 10.

Orantanbryoge. j>79, 108.

•Grantebrycge. 875.

^gnedigne. ace. masc. greedy, pi 15.

grmdmceaae. greediness, pjiil.

grae&n. 85 a, 8. n. v

•grsege. grey, dun,piis.

graetao. gen. tall, great, 1017.

Graetecros. N L. = the great cross, p^ i m.

greatum. d. pi. great; magiiis,p5.

•Gregorius. (i) : 600.

Grenawic. Greenwich, j> 149, 155.

Grenewic. p 1 5 1 .

gretan. to greet, 1014.

grete. I greet, 675.

gretinge. greeting; salutatio, 675.

Griffin. Welsh king, io6^.pigo.

Griffines. gen. id. pigo.

*Grimbald (msesse preost). 903.

grimmum. d. sing.Jierce, obstinate, p$,

grimne. ace. masc. severe, 1005.

Grimkytel. Bp. in Sussex, 1045.

griU. truce, 100a, 1037. pi 73, 180.

griVas. P225.

gri«e. 1095.

griOes. pi8o.

griCede. he madehdspeace, i^yo.p 1 59 »

grii5ode. P172.

griOedon. pao7.

griiSodon. pi 35m.

*grundas. "this nether world," 937.

grundwalla. foundation, 654.

Grymcytel. 1038. See Grimkytel.

g'sawon. they saw, 11 04.

g*s8ette. pt. pi. occupied, P237.

g*seon. to see, 11 00.

g^sohte. he visited, P238.

g^sewen. seen, P243.

guidon. <^paic{(6U^W6ute), ioi8.p203.

*guma. man, 'groom,' 937.

*gumena. gen. pi. pi 14.

gungne. ace. masc young, 501.

Gunneres. NM. gen. 966.

*Ga)>lac. the hermit of Croyland, 714.

*%VLfi. fight, contest, pii$.

*guOe. d. battle; prselio, PI14.

guiSfiina. batiU'^sjie; ensign, p8i.

*GuCfer>es. NM. gen. 944.

GuCfnC. NHumhrian Icing, 927.

Gu'Slac. *ji^. See GQ))lac.

g* weald, power, administration, 11 07.

g'weariS. there happened, i iii .

gVinnan. dai.pl. contests, P241.

gVorhte. he wrought, 11 04.

g'wundade. wounded; vulnerati, 1083.

g'wunnen. pt. won, conquered, 1105.

g*wurdon. pi. of g'wear9, 1109.

♦gyfa. giver, pi 26.

gyfe. gift, p32m.

gjrfena pt. pi. given, 1 107.

gyld. tribute, pio^h.

gylda. pi ace. piSi^-

gyldan. to pay {as tribute), P151.

gylt. fault, *guilt,'p 1 78A. Schmid in voc.

gymeleBste, d. carelessness, pi s6. [26.

gymene.administration,procurai,tionem,

•Gyric (msesse preost). 963.

gyrde. rood (o//arMi),p2i8&. Schmid.

gyrnde. desired, begged, pi 80, 223^.

gymdon. p2.p225. [yearned]

gyme. earnestly, anxiously, 1083m.

GyrtJ. Harold^s brother, P203.

gysles, hostages, P2646.

gyt. yet, IQP9.P143.

gyuen. to give, p262m.

h2 — ham. home ; domum, ofiradc, pii^t,

habban. to have, 874, 877, 999.

habben. id. p2$6h,

habbanne. sup. id. piiSl.

habbene. id. 1093.

habbaO. we have, puib.

habbe. 3. pres. subj. 1031. P39W.

hacel. garm^ent, robe, pi2^m, Sts.n,

Hacun. Danish eorl,p2i4,

hadde («hsfde). 11 37.

hadden.pl. 1137.

had. office, consecration, 11 19.

hade. d. piiim,

hades. 1048.

hading, ordaining, p^Sh.

hadian. to ordain or consecrate, 1048.

hadode. 3. pret. 931.

hadod. pt. 1072.

414

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

hadode. pi. 1014, 1046.

fiodode. genitive pi. pt. cltrieaZ, 675.

hafde ( -hKfde). had, 656, 755.

hc^e 3. tubj. pre*, a^habcat, psgb.

hafen ( « habban). to have, pi^oh.

*hafoc. hawk, pii^-

^hagode. occasion suited, 918.

HagstaMee. 780, and

Hagust*d ee. 789, and

HagU9talde8<^^. 766 *»

Uagustaldesea. Hexham, 681. o/m)

Hagustaldesham. 685.

hakeles. vestments, 1070.

*haldanne. sup. to hold, 874.

•haldonne. id. 886.

halden, inf.(» healdan) to hold, p264m.

halechede.?ie consecrated^haXLovredtp a6 1 .

haleging. consecration, P38.

half, side, part, 675. [half]

halfe. P33, 87, 178.

Half dene. Danish king, 871.

halgs. m^c. def. adj. holy, 714, 814.

halgan. 876, 978, 1025.

halgan. g.pl. 675, and

halgane. p3zh, for

halgena. of the saints, 1083.

halge. holy, piogh.

halgede. he consecrated, hallowed, 1)259.

halgian. inf. to consecrate, 667.

halgod. pt. id. consecrated, 11 30.

halgodre. dot. fern. id. 1066.

halgode. pret. 1006, 1066. p^oL

balgodan. pl.id.j^i.

halgorode. holy-rood, ho\y-cross,pi 2^m.

halgum. dot. pi. » Sanctis, holy, pig.

hali. holy, piC^l.

halid6.p264b^

halidom. "halidam,** aocrerf df)ject,p26o,

haligdome. sanctuary, 1083.

halifemne. sainted woman, 639.

halig. holy, blessed, pug.

halige. fern. sing. 994.

haligra. gen. pi. sanctorum, 901.

halines. holiness, sanctity, 641.

lialre. adj. d.fem. whole, hale, ^187^

hals. neck, $al0, p26'ih.

halt («healde'5). holdeth, p^Sl.

hamelode. he mutilated, C1036.

hamulan. 1039, ^^

hamelan. ibid., see note.

*ham. n. home, hamlet, 901, ioot.
*ham (Kt)*domi. olkoi, 894. |»9««i>
haiii.(ulrfr6»domam,9lkoi^,79^t9i7?
hs,mtL. gen. pi. looi. pi 76. [ioi6.|»i83,
hamas. acc.pl. 937. [w8.

hames. id. 1087 A.
haroon. dat.pl. looi.
*hamora. g. pi, of hammers, 937.
Hamtun. Southampton, 981.
Hamtune. d. Southampton, 837, 994*
Hamtune. d. Northampton, 917. |)io6,
*Hamtuiisdr. Hampshire, lOOi. [107/.
Hamttbiaoire.(2. 755, 860, 1003. P95f.
Hamtunscyr. p8i. [X4a

Hamtunscjrre. 755.

Hamtoneacire. 860. ['048.

hamweard. homeward, 855, 885, 905,
^hamweardes.^en. adv.'gone away heme,'
hancred. cockerowing, 795. [jj91«.

hand (on), in ditionem, 882, 107 1.
hand, side, part, 851, 871.
handa.jp2. 641.P151. Rask (}ram. §83.
handa (set), d. sing, at the hand o^ T3
handa(on). in charge^ p 1 806. [605, 942.
handa (to), subject, pSjy 165, 180, 512.
handan. 1091.
hande.S^2, 11 27.
*hir. hoar, hoary, pi 14-
haran. hares; leporest ^fen,p922.
^Hardacnut. king of England, 1043.
Hardacnute. 1036.
Hardacnutes. 1052.1)165.
•HartSacnut. 1042.
harde. severe, cniel, 1 1 26.
hardlice. resolutely, pi 71 .
harme. mischiefs, p\ 78m.
«Hare]d. Danish eorl, 871.
Harold. E. ibid. [951.

Haroldes. Dan. kg, "Harald BbUand,^
Harold i. 1036, 1040.

iL king of England, 1066. pi 89.

. long of Norway, ptoi .

Harolde. j>2oi .

hasseton. roui'ers, JP183. Norsk hisetan.

hasewan. sombre, dun, dushy, pi 15.

Hataba^um. Hot Baths, Bath, 972.

hataC. tliey call, pi t&.

hataC. tre call, 892, 893.

*haten. pt. named, 755, 895.

hatte. was named, hight, 686. P3im.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

415

haue. have : habeo, habeat, 675. |>30,3 1,

haued. II S4* for [33.38-

haw!6 (» hard's ). hath, p^Sh,

haueUHe. poverty, ^38.

hauen. inf. to have, p^Sm.
^haiien. ye have, 675.

hauene. tup. rov lx<(^» 1117.

hawede. mw, viewed, 1003.

hKcoe. ? crosier (Thorpe), P209 twice.

httfde. had, 6«6, 755. pi 83.

luxfden. ptio^m

hffifdon. they had, |>2o8, a 18, &

♦hacfdun. id. 867, 885, 891.

Hefe. NL. 710.

^o/^ ( sheafod). head, py^m.

httfenan. ace. haven, 1031, 1090, of

*h8efene. 1031.

hsefhede. 886E, corrupt for heftnede, or

*hKftniede. slavery, 886.

haftneVe. custody, pi^im.

*hisft6clommiim. in captive chains, 942.

hfeftene. captivity, 1095/.

hsefbnunge. id. p22$l.

hcege. high,p3i^

Heehmund (biscop), 871.

hodden. 3. pi. pres. subj. hold, P31/.

hole. d. salvation, 855. Rask §102.

Helendes. of our Lord: Domini, 1086.

*hKle)>a. of men, 937.

hieleO. sing, man, pi26h.

hseleO. p2. men, 2>i26/.

•h«lo. salvation, 855.

halt (Bhealde0).holdeth, P33/.

hxmde. coivit, piiih.

Aarr (=■«»). before, piC^t. [107.

hflsrfest. ai^vmn, harvest, 1048. pi04,

hKrfeste. p220.

•hserfieeste. 877. P94.

^haerfestes. i>io7.

hcenus. the brains: ^XXti, piOih.

httse. command, pioyb, liit, 208A.

Hosten. Viking, 891, 892. p^i.

*Hm9teneB.pgU.

Ueestingan. Hastings, 1094, dot. of

HKstingas. loii.

hcet {for hdfc). commanded, 685.

haet. intrans. is caUed, hight, piS'
" *htet (mon), trans, they call, 891.

*hK]^en. heathen, 865.

*he>ene. 851.

*hKbenra. g. pi. 942. [680.

^HK^elda. Bishop's Hatfield (Herts),

HsOfelda. ibid. E.

*h8e>nan. nam. pi. def. heathen, 871.

♦hsB^ne. 832, 838, 851.

•h8e>num. dat. 838.

haeOen. 866.

hae'Sena. P223.

heSenan. 794.

haeOene. 832, 851, 852, 871.

hceued ( = heafod).head, pa62A.

he. 3. pron. 894, 905, 948, & oft,

hea. high, tcdl, noble, piiil.

^Heabryht (aldorman), 805. .

ffeabureahg (an igland), 686.

Heaca. Bp. Sussex, pi 93.

Headda. Abt. Peterbro\ 963. \p20sm.

heafde {for hefde). had, T072, 1131,

heafden. pi. id. 675, and

heafdon. iioi.

heafde. 6756. pi 23A, gen pi. of [1063.

heafod. head, chief, ^auVt, 792, ioi2,

heafod men. chief men, i ioi,^au^tmann.

heafod mannan. d. pi. p24ih.

heafedmenn. 1131.

heafdum. d. pi. Kt^aXcus, 1012.

heah. high, 778, 1001, 1002.

♦Heahmund (bisc), 871.

*Heahstan. Bp. London, 898.

healdene. p236m, for

healdenne. sup. to hold, 874. l>233, of

healdan. inf. ^altett, 1009, loia.

healden. id. TTiptty, 963,

heeUdon, id. ^povptTy, p22$h.

heaXdea(to).} forProtector,ioi6. [1036.

healdest. psealdest, pnedpuus (Gibs.),

healf. a(ii. half, 855, 901, 955.

healfre. (2. /em. 891.

healfum. d. pi. halves, 901.

healfe. d. side, 891, 894, 1014, 1025.

healfa, id. p^.

Healfdene. the Dane, 875, 876.

Healf denes. 878. [1^334.

heallegeweorc. work, of building Hall,

Heamstede. ? Finchamstead, 1 103.

Heanbyrig. NL. P39m.

heane. pi. low, poor, humble, pizol.

Heamri. 1104 =

Heanric. Henry, p22i.

ffeanrig. id, 1 102.

416

GLOSS ARIA L INDEX

Heanrige, d. ^230.

HeanrigeM. 9. p2^'j.

*heap. crowdf heap : ^auf, 973.

Hearberht. NM. NHumbrian, 778.

Heardberhtes. g, prob. mme person, 798.

Heardberht. (cUdorman), 805.

^heardes. g. adj. hard, tough, 93 7^

heardheort. hardhearUd, 10866. [158.

Ykdardlioe.retolulelp, 741, 100 1. piSBt

hearm. damage, harm, 994, 1004. ^140,

heanue. pi 96. [185.

Kearmes* 1090, ace. pi. or g. sing.

Ifeatfelde. pzg » HaetSfelda.

*hea>olinde. tpar-thieldt, 937.

Heca. Bp. Siusex, 1045.

Hedde. Bp. Winton, 6;6, f 703.

hefde, had, pa 64m.

kef den. pi. 1137.

hrfed («sheafod). head, |>262A.

liefelio.heavy,«en(m«; gravi8,868,io83.

^hefenum. d.pl. heavens: celis, 773.

hefig. heavy: gravis, P234.

hefige. |)24i.

hefigtime. adj. tad: molestuB, pi 69.

hefigtyme. P233.

hefigtymne. P233.

hefig tyma. ? id. or adj. and subst. looi.

hefilic(-hefelic).868.

heftningt. d. imprisonment , 1079 »

heftnunge. 1174.

hegge. hedge, 547.

keglice. highly, solemnly, p26^l.

hehhurh. fortified town, fortress, p$.

hehmesse. high-mass, p254^

^hehst. highest, 103 t.

•heht. he called, named, 688. [778.

Hela)>yniiim. d. pi. ? Ellerton (Gibs.),

held (sheold). he held,p253A.

hdden. pi. id. p2$il.

heldan. d. suzerainty, pi 346.

ffelige. Ely, 673.

helm, helmet, 1008.

helpe. help, aid, iiij.pio'jm.

hem. d. pi. to them, pi^oh.

hmged, hanged, P262.

hengen. they hanged, p263{.

Hengest. the Saxon chief, 449. pi 3.

*Hengestdttne. Hing8tonI>own(Com.),

Uengestesdune. ibid. E. [835.

hennefugeles, hen- fowls, 1131.

Henri. Henry, pa57.

Henric. P219.

Henrig. xio6.

Henries, gen. i x 40.

heo. she, 718.

heo. they, 718.

heofdon. they had, pi 3.

heofon. heaven, P255.

heofennm. 774.

heofenan. 1095.

heofonan. 1106.

heofanlice. heavenly, 1089.

heofenlic. 789.

heofonlic. 979.

heofonlica. 979.

heofonlice. 9S8.

heold. held, 565, 611, 755, 931.

heoldon. pL 877. P258.

•heoldun. id. 887.

heoldan. 877.

heolden. 1137.

heom. d. pi. them, 865, 871, 1014.

heonne. hence, 1103 =

heonon. 1104.

Heopwinesfleot. NL. P13.

heora. g. pi. of them, thtir, 794, 877.

heoran. id. 11 01.

heore. id. P264A.

heorda. he heard, p30fii.

*Heorotforda. d. Hertford, 913.

Ueortforde. 673.

Heortfordsdre. loi i.

heort. hart» htbd:, P222L

heortas. pi. id. P222L

heorotogas. generals, chirfs, p$2l.

heotike. d. hearth, 1048& [39^.

heot( s hehty hdt). heeommanded,psom,

^heowan. they hewed, 937 twice.

her. here; "this year," pj. 871 & oft.

her (for heora). their, p262t, 2646.

hercOoga. leader; ^6eqog, P36.

herseft^-*henefter. after eAit, pa366.

HerbeardeLosange.Bp.2^^/ortl, 1094.

herd. pt. heard, p2 566.

herdon. they heard, 851.

here, army, host; ^ttt, 837, 994, &c

A«re (b heora). their, p$gh.

*Herebryht. (aldorman), 838. (pii-

•&ereferj>.-5p. Winchest€r,Ss3' Stubbi,

Hereferff. id. ibid. E.

QLOSSARIAL INDEX

4li

*heiTe^emhTk. fugitives, 937^. •
Hereford, pi 78, 190.
Hereforda. 918, 1060.
Herefrid. ( asldortnan), ^33 A. [ 1 040.
heregeM. tribute to the (Danish) hotty
herehut$e. spoil, 8S5, 99.7, looi.
^^herehytS. id. cu;e. 894.
•herehy>e. id. dot. 885.
Hereman. Bp. 1043, 1077.1)177.
Heremoding. ti» genealogy, 855.
herereaf. spoU, 473, 584. .
heres. g. o/here, 874, 878, 1003.
herea.pl, id. pi 56.
heretogs. commander: ^(t^Og, 1003.
heretogan. 993, 1121. ^13.
heretogena. g.pl. 794. [(Thorpe), 787.
HereSalande. ? Uaurthaland, Norway
Hereward. t?ie outlaw, 1070.

Herewarde. 1971.

herfest. autumn: ^txh% pi4ch.

hergas. {pi. o/here), armiea, 87 r, 894.

^hergum. dai. 894 A.

•herga)*. foraging, 9 1 1 , 9 1 8. 1)9 1 .

•hergade. he ravaged, 875.

hergode. p22o.

hergedon. pi. 910, 1 00 1 .

hergodan. 7)149.

hergodon. 794, 905, 1087.

hergende. 876, pi-ea. part, of

hergian. inf. to harry, plunder, pi^i.

hergon. id. 1070.

hergung. devastation, 793.

hergnnga. pi 54.

hergunge. 994. [894.

•herige. d. eing. of here, 838, 851, 853,

♦heriges. gen. id. 937.

Hering. NM. 603.

Herode. dative, 1.

hersumie. obedicU : be he euhject, p3sl.

hersomnesae. d. mbmiesiontSiS, 1 131.

heme8t(= herfest) autumn^harveat, 1 1 26.

Hestingan. d. pi. Hastings, p20^t.

het. ffit^, 626, 777, 903. [hight]

hetelice. hotly,. acriter, p2^t.

hethen. heathen, piGil.

hettend. antagonists, 937.

h^ene.pl. cwi;. heathen, 85 T. p23, 257.

httSenra. gen. pi. 793.

heSenum. 616.

hefSenscipe. heathenc?ow, 634.

HeCfelda. Hatfield (W. Riding), 633.

heuenrice. the kingdom o/lieaven, p^Sb.

hi. thef/, 565, 891, 1064. pi 7 r, ao8.

♦Hibemia. Ireland, 891.

hid& hides (of land), PI9.

hidum. d. pi. ico8.

hidon. id. 1008.

hidde. pt. pi. hidden. 963L

hider. hither, 895, 1002, 1057.

hiderward. hitherward, 1085.

•hie. thetj, 577, 694, 855, 917.

*hieno ( = hine). him, 544, 700, 885.

♦hiera(«= heora). «heir,465,534, 7 18,875.

•hieran. pi. adj. higher, p95m.

•hierde( = hyrde). heard,835.p9i, 108.

♦hierdon. were subject, 851, 91a. pi 04.

hiere ( = hire), gen. fern, of \t,avTr}s,p8oh.

hig. they, PS It.

Higbald. Bp. Lindisfame, 780, 803.

Higbalde. 795.

•Higebryht. Abp. Lichfield, 785.

♦higegleawe. pi. adj. learned, pi 26/.

•Hii. lona, Icolnikill, 565, 716.

Hild. Abbess of Whitby, 680.

•hildering. war-hero, pi 14. [& oft.

him, d. sing, to him, oan^, 789, 855,

him. d. pi. to them, axnois, 85 r, 871.

himsylf. himself, p22%L fp^sS.

hindan. /ram 6ehind,()iri<rd«y, 877, 911,

hinde. hind : dama, p222l.

hine. a>cc. masc. him, 568, 865, &c.

•hio. she, 718. [pQi.

♦hiora( « heora). <heir,o/(hem,89 1,894,

♦hira. id. 887, 905, 917.

hire, accusative her, auriiv, 1127A.

bird, court: curia/ Dan, Hirde, IH7<.

hired, id. 1085, 1 104.

hirede. p22f.

his. ejus: his, its, 584, 755, 868,901.

hise. "i pi. id. 1070.

hit. it, 755, 860, 999, 103T.

hiue. 5ee-hive, p2$(m.

hiwan. household, family, 716, 757.

hiwes. g. of colour, hue, 1104.

hlafdige. lady, queen, pi ^g.

hlafes. pi. loaves, 852.

HlafmfiBSsazL Lammas, iioi. pio6.

hlammsessan. pi 42.

hiamsessc. 11 00.

hlaford. lord, 755. lOH P5»> »^7-

3 "

418

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

bUforde. />io7, 214.

hlAforde*. 1104.

hUefdiAD. aec. lady, pi 80/, 187, 0/

bhefdig. p2i4.

blsfdige. 918, 1 003.

hlefdige. 1003.

hlKwe. hill, eminence: "-low," pi^ol,

*hleKpen». couriers: ** -loopers,*' 889.

hleaperes. ibid. E. [to lesp]

hleop. ?ie ran, leapt, 10872.

*hlehhan. to laugh, pi 14.

*hleo. ihelter, refuge, 943.

Hlidaforda. Lidford (Devon), 997.

hlo)>. 6aiu2, troop, gang, 879.

hloO. t6wi. E.

*hlo)>am. d. pi. 894.

•HloJ>here. Bp.Westex, 670.

king of Kent, 685. ^

Hlothere. 670.

•HloMg. Lewis, Louis, guttoi^ 885.

*Hlo)>wige8. g. ibid,

HloOeringa. Lorraine, 1080.

hlutres. g. adj. clear, pure, lautft, 8(52.

(<7e)hnade8. g. coUiiion, pi 14. [? knead]

ho. high ground, 822, looi,

Hocneratune. Hokenorton (Oxon),9i 7.

Hoge. NL. 686.

*hold. as a title, 905.

*holdaf. pi. pi 04, 107.

holde. pi. adj. loyal, 1083.

holdaOas. oaths of allegiance, P219.

hold hlaford. liege lord, i o 1 4 .

holdsdpe. loyalty, honou/r, pioqm.

holme, d. island, 1025.

♦bond, hand, 853,871, 882, 937.

*honda. 887.

Honori*. Pope Honorius, 1125.

Uonorius. 653.

hoo (Clofes-), 822, s, ho.

hopiatS (we), we hope, 1089.

hopode. hoped, sperabat, pi42m.

hord. hoard, store, 418, 937. [p26o.

hordere. treasurer, friir«er,The8aurariuB,

horderwycan. treontry, P263.

horn. pi. boms, bugles, p2^6l.

hors. horse, {RoJ, 852, 994, 1076.

horse, d. 10486.

horta. g. pi. of horses, 91 7. pg^l, 157.

borsan. d. pi. ^23 4/ «

horsum. 891, 892. ^93.

Homi. the chieftahi, 449.
horsad. pi. wmmmied om hones, 881.
borsian. ii^. pi 4%, i$i.
hortodon. tkey fommd im hones, ^153.
*hor8>egD. horse-thane, pq$^ v^.
•HoweL " Da" kg. of If. WqUm, 9H.
*hramige.|)l. adj.fluaked^ 'kigk-JUmn,'

•HrttfTsang. paironymi€,SsS- [P«'5
hraOe. quickly, wpeedily^ 999. [ntber]
bralSost. superl. id. masi qviekly, p$it.
*hne. carcase, pus-
hnkUioe. suddenly, 876, 979.
hrecUioe. 876.
*hrcfii. raven, pi 15.
*breman. to exuit, glory, pi 14.
*Hreopadune. Repton, 755.
Hreopedune. id. 874, 875.
hreowlice. sadly, nUterably, p233».
Hrepingas. NL. P39m.
Hripum. Ripon, 785.
*Hroald. Danish eorl, 918.
Hrofeoeastre. Rochester, 885, 986.
Hrofesoeaatre. 604, 74i,8o2,839,«85.
HroOult of Burgundy, pS^.
•hrusan. swrface of the earth, pi 266.
hrySera. g. pi. oxen, cattle, 10 1 a.
hu. how, 963, 1070. pi45t 208.
Huda. e€UdormanQ)ofSurrey,Ss2,^SS'
♦huerf (eft), returned, 633.
Hugo (eorl of Ceastre), P230.
Hugo (eorl of Scrobscire), P230.
Hugo (Gerueises sunuX 11 24.
Hugon. ace. (Frendscan ceori), 1003.
Hulme. NL. P230.

Humbran muOe. mouth of H umber, 993.
Humbre. the Humber, 827.
Huna. g. pi, of the Huna, 443.
Hunberht (ealdorman), ^69.
hundes. hounds, p2$6l.
hund. hundred, 409, 852, 895, 911.
*hunde. 893.

hundeahtatis. 'eighty, looi. PI42I.
bundeahtatigum. d. p$t,
Hundeboge. NL.P253.
^bundnigentigon. d. 'ninety, 993.
bundnigontigum. id. 994.
hundred. " too," oentom, P336.
hundred, centuria, pi23(.
hundseofenti. 'seventy, P336.
hundtwelftig. E892, or

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

419

^huntwelfliges. g, sing, "no," 893.

•HunferJ>. Bp. Wintont 744.

•Hdoferhe. d, 754.

Hun&rCe. 754.

hunga;r. hunger, |>362.

hanger, id. pi 10,

hungor. 1082. pi 36, 117.

^hungre. d. pg2, 104.

Hangrie. Hungary,!) 233. ["3-

Huntandune. Huntingdon, pio6,io7,

Hu/ntenduneporteMntng^n-tovmtpi ii».

Huutadnnscire. Huntingdonshire, i o 1 1 .

Huntandunsdre. pi 54.

hufUen- inf. to hunt, hunting, P256Z.

huntes. hunters, huntsmfyi, p2s6l,

huntno'Se. n. hunting. excttmon, iioo.

hure ( = huru). any-how, p26ot.

hiis. house, PI96, 258A.

husan. (2. i?/. P247.

husas. pZ. ace. P246.

huse. d. ting. 1048&. p209^

hu8e$, houses, P3i2, 209^.

husbunda. houseAo/(2er,i048. [husband]

husbundon. d. and ace. ibid.

has carles, retainersy 1070.

Hussan. g. NM. 603.

hustinga. councUf 1012. [busting]

huOe. »poily 997.

hu0e( =» u5e).prrt. granted grace, pzom.

hwa. who, 1086.

^tcom. occ. whom, P250A.

hwar. where, P259.

htcoL what, something, 1070.

♦hwate. pZ. ewi;. keen, brave, acres, 937.

•hwa)>erre. whether, irorfpf , 894^.

hwaeCere. . p 1 54, «. Ceah h wseOere.

kwceiSre. d. either ^ both, 871.

•hwaer. where, 891. P94.

hw8e8.p222^, genitive of

hwsBt. what, 787.

hwsete. wheat, 1 1246.

hwsetes. gen. id. 1039.

Hweallaege. Whalley (Lane), 798.

hwearf. he turned hack, 584, 813.

*hwelc. which, p50^.

*hwelce. d. id. 874.

•hwenne. when, 1031.

hwere. where, p32^

Hwerwillon. Wherwell (Hants), pi8o^

hwet ( = hwa5t). what,pi4ie, 183*. ;

hwi^tkr. 1087Z, s. i>eahhwdkr.

hw€9ere. PI42I, s. \>eah hwf^krt.

hwl. why, 1070. p3oA.

*Hwiccium. d, pi. Huicdis, 800.

H wiccum. the people in Severn Vale, 800.

hwilc. which, P38, 51.

hwilce. p2i8.

hwiloes (cinnes). P38.

hwilcne. p22i.

hwile. tinu, while, 837, 894, 913, 994.

hwilon. dot. pi. id. 963 -i

^bwilum. <U times, 891. [whilome]

•hwit. white, pi 1 5.

*Hwitanwylle8.<7. Whitwell, Derb., 942.

*Hwitciricean. d, Whitchurch, looi.

Hwiteme. Whitehom, 762, 791.^19.

hwites. g. adj. white, 1 104.

Bwitsand.Wissant (near Calais), 1095.

hwonne. when, P30^.

♦hy. they, 993.

by. her; earn, pi8o2.

hyda. g. pi. of hides (of land), p2i8Z.

hyde. d. sing. 1083.

*hyde. hide, skin: corinin, 891.

hyder. hither, ^230.

Hygebald. NM. 710.

Hygeberht. Abp. Lichfidd, 777.

Hygebriht. irf. 785.

hyndan. they desecrated, 684.

hyra ( aheora). of them, 560.

hyre ( = hire). her, P229.

byrde. herd : gregem, pi^t.

♦hyrdes. g. keeper, controller, 973. [68 1 .

hyrdon. (cf. hierdon), were dependent,

hyred. court, 1114.

byrede. d. id. 1074. P229.

byrnesse. jurisdiction^ domain, 1087.

hyme. com^*, p26o<. [p^^S-

hymednebban. (bird of) homed beak,

hyrsumedon. they served,p22ol. [p2o8.

hyrsumnesse. obedience^jection,B 28,

Hyrtlingb*. Irlingboro' (Northampt.),

*hy)>a. spoils, 894^ [Gibs. P263.

•-hyj>e. haven, port, 785.

-hySe. 104 1.

Hy)>e. Hithe (Kent), P184.

/ and I. I ; ego, p262m.
iaf. he gave, p265^
iafen. pi. id. they gave,
3 H 2

137.

420

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

^laenbryht Abp. Cant. 790.
lanberht. id. 762, 785.
lanbriht. id. 785, 79a
iattward. gate- warden, ^332.
iauen ( ^iafen). they gave, 1)265.
itrde ( = eode). the icentf pi6e,h.
i»/(=iaf-geaf). he gave, 1127m.
icffen. pi. id. P254A.
immde ( = georndc). he detired, p2$6h.
iattt ( •■ geatte). he granted, pi^Qi.
io. I; ego, 905.1)31, 95, lu.
Icanhoe. 65^, ? Boston (Gibson).
Ida. founder of NH. dynasty, 547.
16ing. pat rony. id. 593, 670, 685, 73 ' •
y ( = Hii). lona,'lcolmkUl, 716.
icdtn. P262I, and

iedon. pie^ch (=eodon), they went,
lehinarc. a king in Scotland, 1031.*
•ielde. age i " ^tat." p^m.
*ieldestan. eldest : proceres, pi 04.
ieoi'nden{ = geomdon).(A«^rZ€nrf(i,p258
♦Ieo)>wel. Welsh king : " Idwal," 922.
lerrm. Jerusalem, ^25 7.
•ierre. angry: iratus, 584.
leruman. Bp. Mercia, psol.
iete. I grant, confirm, pS^h.
ietten. pi. id. they afirmed, p^im.
' iett ( =giet, get), yet, ^2566.
ifcl. evil, 1 1 24.
ifele. 1)203.

*igbuend. inhabitants, 973.
-ige. isle, island, 964. p8i.
•-igge. id. 7x6, 855.
♦iggatJ. islet : " eyot," 894Z.
igland. 'iland/ 895.^3, 38.
iglande. p3, 104.
•Iglea. 878, «. n.

li ( aa Hii). lona, Icolmkill, 729. pi 9*.
iiuen ( «>gifan). to give, P264I.
i\c. same; Scotch * ilk,* p26U.
Uca. id. def. 777, 852, 868.
Ucan. 495, 626, 866, 878.
iloe. 755- PM9-

ilces. P257. [p3.

imbe{ = ymbe, embe). <iboiU, in course of,
Immine (ealdorman), P33A.
in.prep. in, into,565,635, 73 1, 78 2, 868.
in. subst. inn, lodging^ piogm.
in com. he came home, 685.
incumen. inf. to come in,p209e.

Indea. India, 883.

Ine. king of Wessez, 688, 694. pi.

Ines. 7«^, 855-

in&ngen \>ef. p 1 2 a : cf. Cod. Dipt i. xIt.

infare. invasion, inroad, pi "jSh,

ingang. aUrance, pi 566.

Ingild. In^s hrotker, 718.

♦Ingilding. patrony. id. 855. p4.

*^"^* l«:47
•Ingmng./^^^*

Ingwald. Bp. Londgn, 731.

inn. adv. in-tcards, pi$$,

lime. adv. 491, 867, 868, 910. p^ol.

innae. id. piogb.

innan.prep. within : intra, 693. 789,868.

innon. id. 870.

inn for. he marched in, 107 1.

inn here, home- forces, pi 40.

innian.'to lodge, 1048.

insegle. seal, 1048.

intihte. invited, pi 2 1 .

into, into, 852, 876, 10 15.

♦Inweeres. g. Danish chirf, 878.

^inwidda. trickster, traitor, pi 14.

Inwona. Bp. 777.

lohan. Iohn,p245.

lohannes. Bp, York, 685.

loh's. the same, 721. [887.

loxian. the river ctnd vale of the Yonne.

letum. d. pi. lutes, P13.

Ircingafelda. 1

•Irdngafeldes^P'®'***-

iren. iron, P262.

*Irlande. Ireland, pi 04.

is. is ; est, 455, 457, 891, 893, &c.

Ispanie. Spain, P223.

it {^hit). it, P257A.

*It«rmon. 1

*Itermoning. J *'^*

Itbamar. Bp. Jtochester, P331.

ISamar. Bp. Bochetter, 655.

Judeus. Jews, P263.

iwde. evil, P259.

Juliea. gen. July, 1 11 5 .

•lulius. the month July, pia6.

iunga. young, p2 25.

iunge. P187.

lunies. of June, P243.

Junii. icf. p252.

iure. your, P32 twice.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

421

iu^tite. justice, 1 1 37. p26$h. [635.

lusto. Bp. Rochester, 604 ; Abp. Cant.,

Justum. id. 604.

Justus, id. pz^j Abp. Cant.

lutna (cynn). race of lutes, pi 3.

•IuJ>yttan. g. of Judith, 885.

Iweres a Inwieres. 878.

*Kadum. Caen ; Cadomum, 1070.

Kantwarabyrig. Canterbury, p^2.

* Kamiwareherig. 1070.

Karl. Charles, 812, 887.

Karle. 1 1 27.

Karles. 885.

Kasere. Csesar ; Emperor, 380. p$.

heie. key, ^33^.

Kenred. ** S. Humbrian king,*' 702.

Kentland. the land of Kent, 456.

KeimM. Ah.PeterV^p. WirU. 993.p1 23,

Ketering. NL. pi2 2. [I40

Kiseresburh. Cherbourg, 1091.

Kineburh. Mercian princess, p3g.

kinehelm. croitm, p22i.

kinerice. kin^jrc^om, pi 53.

king. king: rex, 963, 1040, 1066,1122.

kinge. 1017,1043, 11 24.

kinges. 777-l>"3-

kining. king: rex, 654.

kinnes — cynnes. of kind, 1)38.

*Kola. a king* 8 head-reeve, tool.

kjdde.heann(nmced,m<ide'knoyrn,pig6.

JCyndHtrges. p$o, gen. of

Kyneburh. pi 23.

kynecin |[ = cinn). royal family, p3.

kynekynne. P236.

kynehelm. crown, piog.

kynelice. royally, kin^like, p3 1 .

Kynegils. king of Wesaex, 611.

kynerice. kingdom, p$o.

Kynesuith. Mercian princess, P39.

KynesuiS. id. pi 23.

KynesiciiSes. g. id. p30.

kyng. king, P236, 251.

kyngas. piog.

kynge8.p25l.

kyning. king, 777, 878.

^kyningas. 577» 887.

•kynin^e. 785.

K3naric. king of Westex, 519, 552.

Kynsige. Abp. York, 1060.

la. lo, pio.

laoes. lakes, P3im.

ladlice. ugly, loathly : Fr. • laid,' P2562.

•laf. remnant, 867. P93.

lafe. id. 867.

*lafum (here-), romumte ofarmy,pi 14.

•lafan. d. pi. results, works(of. . .), 937A.

lafe (to -), remaining, 491, 973.^108^

lafe.occ.re/t<rt,6i6,633, loi 7, I037.pi52e.

Laferd (shlaford). lord, 1123.

laga. laws, p772l.

lages. id. p2$4h.

lage. id. 959 .P'9^» 236111.

lagon. they lay, pressed, pi6^.

lai{lKg). he lay, 1135.

LambhyOe. Lambeth, 1041.

LcanmcBssan. Lammas, p2 19.

Lmnma^se. id. 11 35.

land, land : terra, 787, 866, 874, &c.

lande. 794, 1031, 1070.

landes.' 1068. P3 !> 1 74.

landfolc. inhabikvnts, 1070. pi 71, 203.

Ijandfrazic. Abp. CmU. 1089. p2»8.

Landfrance. P223.

*Lanfranc. 1070.

landfyrd. local miiitia, looi.

landfyrde. p20i.

land here, l&nd-force, 933.

landheres. g. local force, pio^jm.

land leoda. g, pL the people of the land,

ULndleodan.pi87m. [1055.^108.

landleode. nom. pi. 917.

landleode. d. sing, pi 40m.

land sittende. occupier of land, p2 18^

lang. long, 892, 893. p3, 95.

langan. d. 1114.

Langbeardna lande. Lombardy, P87.

lange. adv. diu, 87i.pio62, 183A.

lange. adj. long, tall : procerus, p209m.

langfridiei. Qood Friday, P2632.

lang^uman. distant: longinquo, pi2i.

♦lareow, teacher : l^e^ter, 891.

I'lareowas. pi. id. 601.

larevoas. 60 r.

lastede (^). that lasted, p262m.

late. adv. late : sero, 867.

lator. later: serius, 1089.

•lajjra. g. pi. adj. of the enemy, 937^.

•la)>um. d. pi. <)i*jl. [loathe]

la1$. rcTpn^ant, pT4i, i78firicc.

422

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

•Lttodmn (Sant) 8.Lo(Noniiancl7), 890.

lauerdet {'^hlBioTdea), g. lord*!, p^BK.

lauerd. aee. P164A.

Lrarent'. 8. Lawrence, pi54-

lawed, laj, p^oh. \\emd]

ladloT tecteviythej led: diizeinmt,|>364A.

bedan. inf, pi^ih.

Ictden. id, 1126,

l»dde. he led, 603, 817, 887, 1078.

lAddon. pi. id, 418, 796. p2og,

•leden (hoc-), Latin, 891, i, n., ptSo,

Imtde. he left, p5o, 51 A.

IcBfdige. lady, pi 49.

Uefe. leare : Tenia, 1043.

lag. he lay, 755, 937- P5', i49. »8S-

lagde, he laid, pi 14.

laegdon. pi, id. 1064. pao9<. [rum, 973.

Legeoeastre. Chester; Castrom Legio-

Icegen, they lay, pii^b, 174^, for

*l8egon. psoh.

•laegnn. id, 937.

Lcgreceastre scire. Ldcestersh. 1087ft.

laegt. ]ightning, pa 19.

leehte. ?ie took captive, piyyh.

Icei. he lay, 777, 1127.

Iceide. he laid, p365m.

landen, pi, id. pi62m.

*l8ene. poor, miterahU, 975. [lean]

lamg { = leng). longer, too long : longius,

langten. Lent, 1 106. [P336A.

kengtene. 1093.

^laeranne. to teach : Uffttn, 565.

leerde. he ifutrueied, lectured, 104a.

liered. learned, profemoncU, pzo.

ISM. less, 641, 643, 901. P145.

*lfestan. to terve, follow, leiflen, 874.

laate. it lasted, 1112.

leesunge. leasing, falsehood, pi 5 7/.

Isswe. meadow, 'leasow,' 777.

laet (man . . ). they let, batdk, baffle, p^SZ-

laetan. pret. they let go, escape, P145.

lietre. more backward, 999.

laetsum. late, bcuihcard, 1089.

Iceuede (—laefde). he left,pi56Z.

loiuued. 1117 =

Isewed. lay, unprofessional, p256m.

laewede. pi. 1014, 1046.

laewedes. g. sing, piofih.

•lea. lea, plain : campus, 584.

leaddon («l8eddon). they led, ion.

leaf {=:\eof). dear, beloved, pto^k

le«fe. leare, permission, 901, 1048.

♦-leag. plMn, lea, 584.

••leaga. id, 508, 527.

Mease, -leas : ezperkes, 897. P104.

leaiweie. pi, adj, laj, loia. [lewd]

ledde. he led, 1x15.

lede. laid, pi 80m.

^Legaoeaster. Chester, ^93.

Legeoeastre. id, 1)154.

L^goeastre. id. looo.

legat. legate : legatua, j>38, 39.

legden. pi, they laid, pi 83m.

^legdon. id, 937I.

leide, he laid, pi$ih.

leidon, pi. pss,

lencten. sprtn^, JP143. [Lent]

leng. longer : ampliua, 409.

lengde. 3. s. pret. prolonged, P183.

♦lengest longest, 755, 894.

lengost id, P165.

lengre. longer : prolixius, pa 18/.

lengs. corrupt for longest, 755.

lengten. spring, lent, 11 40.

lengtene. looa.

leng^. d. length, 1123.

lented. pa 566, for

lenten. iiaa.i>a5o&.

lentenes. 1048.

Leo (iii). 814.

Leo (»▼)• 853-

Leo (ix). 1046, 1054.

leodbiscopes. country bishops, PS58A.

leodbV id. p2i8.

leodbisc'. id. pi $4.

leoda. g, pi. of men : gentiom, 975.

leode. people: itutt, 11046.

leodon. id. 1116.

leodum. d. pi. 855.

leodsdpe. people, nation, folk, 1014-

Leodwalding. patronymic, 731, 738.

leof. deary beloved, p$oh.

leofodan. they lived, p22im.

leofode. sing, id, 959, 988.

leofra. dearer, prrfered, lieCer, p50, 51-

leofre. id. 10 14.

•Leofric. NM. (at Whitchurch), looi

Leofric (eorl), 1036. P178I, 191.

Leofrices (eorles), pi 806.

Leofiric. Bp. Devon, 1044.

GLOSSAKIAL INDEX

423

Leofric (abbot of Barh), psoj.

Leofsig (ealdonnan), loos. *

^Leofwine (dnges heahgerefii), looi.

Leofwine. Abbot of Ely, loaa.

Leofwine. Harold's brother, pio^.

Leof^ne ' lange.' a monk at Peterbro*,

Leofwines. loio, 1017. [|>209m.

leoht. light, 789, 975.

*leohta. g. pi. of lights, 973.

leohte. pi 40m, i. n.

leohtlice. lightly, pi 42 tmce.

leoma. light: lamen, 891, 1106.

leoman. P242.

leon. pa33 (?ileon).

Leon. gen. Leo iii, 813.

Iieone. dot. id. 797.

leot (=let). he did let, 85a, 963. P39.

Uoue (-leofe). dear: MthtX, psoh.

lerede, learned, P336.

let he let : nvit : locavit,7 7 7, 1 042,p 1 Sol.

lett. id. piiSh.

letan. pi. thej let, left, pi 15, iSoh.

lete. 7. pres, tuhf. id. psSm.

teten (at), inf. let out, ^264^

leton. they guened. Judged, pa 34, s. n,

leue. leave: Tenia, 1127^.

libbaa. to live, 901. p27im.

libbendum. d. part, living : viventi, 979.

\io.body,eorp9e: 2^(^,641,716,855,860.

Iiioetfelda. Lichfield, 731, 716.

liogan. to lie (dead), 901, 755, %. n. *

' to lie i^ harbour, 1009.

lichama. corpse: 8ei(^nain, pi 49*

lichaman. 1012, ii2i.2>i75«

♦lides. g. ship's, 937/ & b,

*Lidwicciam. d.pl. Armoricans, 855.

*Lidwiccam. id. Bretagne, 918.

Lidwicum. id. 910.

lien. inf. (=liqi;an), to lie, P262A.

lif. life, 975, p32^

life. 978, 979. pi4S, 187.

lifes. g. 709. PI55. NB. P232/.

lifes(fangan). (wyp€af,totakeahjejp7^2t.

lifede. he lived, P2Q3Z.

lifode. 616. P187.

lifedon. pi. P143.

*lifgendam. d, part. pres. 718 a

lifigendum. E. ibid.

Lifing. Abp. Cant. 1013.

^Ligeraceastre. Leicester, 917. pi 06.

^Ligoraceastre. ui. 917.

li^. lieth : jacet, 792, 796, 962. P51&.

ligg^S. id. p^ih.

liggen. they lie, p3im.

liggoM, id. ibid.

lihtede. lighted, piS^t.

lihtunge. lightning, 1 1 18.

Lilian, ace. NHumbricm thane, 626.

*Limenema>an. Portus Letnanis, 893,

LiminemuSan. id. E. ibid, [pgim, 94.

limes, limbs, piGih^

limn. pi. neut, p727h.

lin. for liggen, pint.

Line. Lincoln, 1132.

LincoP. 1137.
.LincoUan. 627.

Lincolne. 11 30.

Lincolnascire. Lincolnshire, 1064.

Lincolne scire, pi 54.

*Lindcylene. 942. [ pi 5 ' •

Lindesige. Lindsey (Line), 993, 1013,

Ijindesae. 838, 873, 874.

Lindisse. 627.

Lindissi. 678. [sey, 67S

Lindiswamm. d. pi. the people of Lind-

lAndiaSaren^ffoly Island, 793. [995

Lindisfama. 7 79, 803 . ^Haligealond' Fl.

^lising. loosing : 'solutio* (Asser), 878.

litel. little, p3i, 265m.

litelne. ace. masc. id. 1005.

litlan and litlan. by little & little, 1 1 la

litle. 937, 988, 1009.

littelre. d. fern. p222l. [10706.

litles hwat. small matter{s) : Stitmi^Uit,

Utsmawna. g. pi. mariners, 1047.

litsmen. n. pi. pi 75.

li^smen. sAipmen, 1036.

•li>. lieth, 855, 888.

liC. 893, s.n., 963.

liO. navcd armament, 1069. P183, 21a.

Hue. d. (for life), life, p3om.

liuede. he lived, P265Z.

liuode. id. p2S1t.

liuen. to live, P263A.

lAmng. Abp. Cant. 1020. [1044.

' Liuing. Bp.Wor^. k Dev. & Comw. 1 038,

loo. lo ! lookl 1031. PI42&.

locade. he looked, 755.

•locuCe. ibid. ff.

locen. to look to, look after, p258^.

424

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

loeoH. inf. look at, imped, 9636.

Lodeshac. NL. '* Lnd's oak" ? P39M.

LodewU. Looifl, Lewis, 1124.

Idf. glaiy, praise, 959. pi26A, 143.

lofa. d. 855.

Loherenge. Lorraine, 1 136.

lond. land, 709, 787, 866. P39.

•londe* d, 887, 894, 100 1.

Sondes, g. 855.

•londom. d. pi. 887. [887.

*Longbeardna. g. pi. of the Lombards,

Monge. adv. long: diu, 871.

Losange. Bp. Thdford, 1094.

loaedan. they were matched, 1 1 ao.

Lo'Sen. Danish commander, 1046.

Lo)>ene. Lothian, ^254.

LotSene. id. 10916.

low'lote. ps2t.

louien, we approve, p^ib.

Lucas miessan. S. Luke*s day, 1 1 19.

*Lncamon (cynges gereia), py6<.

luddor. loud, dear, p^ob.

Ijudeoan. ace. Mercian king, 825.

lufan. love, 891, pi 26m.

lufe (ic). / appraw,'^32A.

lufedon. tEey loved, p2ict.

lufode. he loved, 959.

lufian. inf. love, piiot.

Uifelice. adv. kindly, 1083.

Lufgeard. NL.p39tA.

Lunden. London, 731, 992.

*Lundenburg. 851, 886, s.n.

Lunden burh. 886, 1077. P23.

*Lundenbyrg. 457, 912.

Ijundenbyriff . 456, 604, 7 1 8, 87 2, 992.

Lundene.839,883.pi48, 159,183, 185.

Lundexine. 839, 898. P234.

Lundone. psol [p^So.

Lunge uile. Longueville (Normandy),

forluron. they lost, 1 102.

Luuaine. d. Louvain, 11 21.

luue. love, p263^

luuen. love, 777. p3o<.

lutiede. he loved, 654, 656, 777.

luueden. pL P263.

lyf. ccmobium; Dan. Munkeliv, 718.

lyfe. d. life : h vitA, 693.

lyfes. p. id. 634.

lyfode. he lived, pi 39.

•Lygan. the river Lea, 895 twice.

*Lygean. ui. 915.

*Lygeanburg. LeightonBuzzoni.'SP-

Lygeanbyrig. id. ibid. £.

lyiing. loosing: solotio, p8i.

lyt. litUe, 755.

lytel. little, p*34.

•lyUe. 755,871.878-

m. abbrev.=monk, pi 93.

m6 more, 1001,1043. P5'»95>99 *"•

•Maccbethu. 'Macbeth/ F91.

maeed.pt. made, piOzk^

macod. p2osm.

macode. he made, 963.

macedon. they made, P75 =

macodon. pi 87.

maeen. inf. to make, 963.

macunge. s. making, dealing, pr-^B.

madmas. treasures^ PI40.

madman, d. pi. id, 11 10. [pz23^

madmehus. treatwre-house, treasury,

*Maelinmun. Irish anchorite, 891.

mags. g. pi. danmnen, 942. p$i.

magas. n. pi. kinsfolk, 979.

magan. gen. fern, kinswoman, P2366.

magum. d. pi. kin, 823.

magon. ict. p5im. [pi5^

Magesaeton. d. pi. Herefordshire-meo,

Mabald. "queen Molde," P247.

Mahalde. id, 11 19. P236&.

Mahtild. Matilda, 1083.

Males, of May (month), 1080.

makode (->maoode). 963.

maked. pt. made : factum, 1137.

makede. ^263, 2652.

makeden' pi6sh.

makedon. P230.

maket. maketh, P263Z.

mal. speech, apology, pi 87m.

male. d. terms, bargain^ piioh.

Malcolmes. g. king of Scotland, P2366.

*Malculme. another Scots king, 945.

Malduit NM.p263m.

Malueisin. Castle of — , 1095.

Mameceaster. Manchester^ pi 10.

man. s. man, ^anxi : homo, 1005. P33I.

man. man: Fr. 'on/ 455, 678, 1055.

*mann. id. 1006.

manbryne. conflagration, fire, 962.

*mancwealm. plague, 66^.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

425

maaoweftlnu 664, 963. [237^-

maiieg».|)/.a<;c.inany,9 1 o, 1 1 1 1 .pao9A,

manige. 1104.1)341.

mane^. 1108.P333A.

maniga. 584.

manegan. d. pi. ii3i«

manegum. P165.

mani, many, p262m, 363111.

manie. id. p26im,

manigfeald. manifold : maltiplez,p34i.

manigfeald^ 641.

nifaldliee- pi. adj. repeated, p26$l.
D. man : homo, p 1 5 4 .
manna, g. pi. 66r, 784, 979. |>i07.
manne. id. P103Z.
jnannaB. d. pi. loS'jl. pi 78m «
maamTiin. loB^.pio'jk, ijSt.
mnmon. id. pudh.
*Mannan (eorl). pio7f.
manncjrnn. mankind, P151.
manncynnes. gen. p 1 5 1 .
Mannie. Maine: Cenomannia, ^343.
mannoden. they manned, 1087m.
manneden. homage: homagium, 11 15.
manred. id. IT37.
Mans. Le Mans (Maine), 1073.
mansleht. slaughter of men, 793.
manslihtas. pi. 1104.
manslihtum. d. pi. 994.
mara. more, pi j, 106.
maran. ace. 994. ^35. [364A.

mare, more, greater, 1048. pio6, 115,
mar. id. P364A. [' Oeldreehnung,*

marc. 1 103. pio^l,22im,223l : T.Schmid
Margareta. queen of Scotland, p^ith.
Margaretan. a^. id. pio^.
Margarita, the same, piigh.
Mairgarite. gen. pi$^. [874.

Marian (Sea — drioean). g. 8. Marjr^s,
Mariae (nativitas See — ). 8ep. 8: ^354.
Marie (assomptio See — ). Aug. 15 : piio.
Harinufl. the Pope, 883. ;>84, 85.
market, market, pi 3 3.
markete. piiib.
Mart'. 1154-

Martin. Abbot Peterboro', piS^t.
Martinmaesaedaeg. 1099, and [1021.
Martin' mssean. Nor. m : Martinmass,
Martineamamaii.9i3»9i9.pio4«io8,
Mariinfumoutan. pi4om. [?34m*

Martine (See). St. Martm's (Cant.), 106 1 .
Martini (Octab' Sci— ). Nov. 18: 1 114.
martires. g. martyr, PI47.
maftyre. pi. pt62.
Maserfeld. NL. 641, gee note.
Maurici' » Mawricia«. BpLondon,pi43.
^Manridus. ^449, error for Martianus.
*Mazimianas ■■ the Emp. Maximus, 38 1 .
^mscan. ofitoords, pi 14, e.f.n.
m'edwe. meadow, 777. [pso, 51.

mng. relative, kvntman, 740, 754, 963,
•mtepk. g. pi. id. pi 14.
^maegas. pi. psom.
«maegum. d. pi. 755, 833.
m»ge. d. eing. 648, 755, 1048.
*maege. nibj.prei. 3. may, can, 103 1,
maegen. force, host, 1004.
mageet* .mightiest, moet powerful .p3 tit.
Ma»gla. son of Port, 501.
mortsmaeg. may, can, pio^.
fiun—maeg. relative, coutin, 710, 736.
mcBJ. id. p2$6h,

mmi. ttcmdard, emblem, 773.1)1332.
Maelbie>e. a Scottish king, 1 031.
Malcolm, king of Scotland, 1031.
•Maeldune. e^.Maldon (.£SMex),9i3,930,
-maelum. iS^folcmaelnm. [993.pi07»fi.
man. men, 1120.
mandon. they meant, 1083.
maene.

maBnic. many, 937. P233L
maenige. pi, 798.
maenigfealde. pi. manifold, p)33^
manifealde. id. pi^qt.
maenigfealdlice.p^acf/.multiplicee, i IQ4.
maenu. company, band, ptigl.
maera. great, distinguished, pi 27.
maere. glorious, magnijicent, ptttm,
Maerednne. 871, a. n. [231m.

Maerlebeorge. Marlboro' (Wilts), 1 1 10.
Maerleswegen. NM. p304.
maersces. g. marsh, pi 43m.
maersode. he magnijied,.g'jg.
^Maer^afimma. Source of marvels,
Msaae. Meuse river, 88 3. [p 1 36m.
meBasan . mas8,/(ca<twZ,90 1 , 10 14.1)159.
maesseae&n. ere of festival, pi 51.
maesseaefen. 11 19.
maesseaefne. P230.
maessedaeg. mass-day, festival, P339.

31

426

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

roxBsehakeles. maBS-veatmenU, 107a

^msssepreost. sacerdoa, 565, 66 x.

^maesseprioste. 669.

msssode. he performed mass, 1022.

msest. most, md^tly, oimost, 603. j>i45*

xnfl98ts.(2e/. m.u2. 911, nil. [187.

msdBtan. 47, 878.

marten, utmost ^ pii^.

mcBtton. p234m.

xnfl98te. |>4^), 104.

^miestra. gen, pi. id. 894111.

maestene. mast, acorns, 11 16.

maete. meat, pi4cb.

M«teme. Alarne R. 887.

matton. they met, 885.

me (for man), pron. |>253«i, 2626.

■t'meahte. (he) might, 877. p4l.

*meahten. pi. pg$.

*meahton. ^104. [pi53*

Mealdelmesbyrig. Malmesbury (Wilts),

Mearca. Mercians, pi^m.

MearcredesbomansteSe. NL. 48.;E.

*Mearcr8Bdcsburnanst«9e. id. ibid. 7C.

mecwt «B msest. |)2 5 1 &.

*mecum. d. pi. with blade*, 93 7^

Medeshamstede. Peterboro', 852, 963,

Mede»wail.{nameofa)vie\\,(i^^, [i>95>

Medewsegan. Med way R. 999. [123.

Medewsege. pi 5 7.

meffi. family, tribe, pi^.

m€(fSum. d. pi. ibid.

*mehte. (he) might, 894. p^4, 98, 106.

*mehten. 911.

*mehton. pgi.

m«/=mael. token, ensign, 7T4» piib.

mele. d. p^im.

Malcolm, king of Scots, 1072. ^204.

Melcolme. ^229.

Melcolmes. ^229.

Mellant. Meulan on Seine, pi $1 1.

Mellent. id. p 247.

Mellite. Bp. London, 604. [913*

^Memeran.Mimran or MaranR.( Herts),

men. homini or homines, 530,675, 838.

menn. id.pi^s* 203-

menne. pi^oh.

Meraatune. Merton (Surrey), 755.

•Merce. Mercia, 853.

♦Merdum. d. ^/. » Merciis, 716.

Mercom. 731.

*Mercna. g. pi. 655, 905. pio6.

•mere, sea, P95/, 115.

Merehwit. Bp. Somerset, 1032.

Merelade. NL. pi 22.

meres, meres or pools, p3i thrice.

•Meresige. Mersea (Essex), 895.

•Meretune. PMerton cn-Marden^; i , ia.

mergen. morrow, looi twice, 10 12.

*Mersc. Romnej-Marah (Kent}, 796.

Merscware. inhabitants of id. 796E.

•Merscwarom. men of the Fens, 83^

Merwala. a Mercian prince, pjct.

msesse. mass, fesiircU, 827.

messa. id. 82 7 E.

messedan, mass-day, 1123.

mest. most, p 2 50/.

meste («mR8te). tcfniost, P223A.

mete, meat, 891, 894. ^225.

metes. P157, 183.

metelieste. d, Utde ofmeat,pg2l.

metian. to supply teith meat, P148I.

•Metodes. g. Creator, pi 26.

metsod. pt. provisioned, pi 41.

metsoden. they provisioned, 1087,

metsnnga. provisions, pi 49, 184.

metsunge. 994, 1002.

♦mette. met, 877.

metton. pi. 755, 868, 885. [^252.

mioel. much, great; mickle, 664, 877.

•mioela. def. 962.

•mida. id. p9im.

micele. 11 27.

micde. 1 1 24.

•miodne. ace. mcMC. s. 835, 85 1,885,91 7.

•miclne. pgil, see note.

•micelre. 855, 887, 973.

*mida. pi. 885.

•micle. dot. or abL sing. 823, 875.

♦micle. aecfem. 867, 871.

•micle, nom. neut. 671.

♦micle. pi. ace. m. 877. p8om.

•miclum. 755, 878, 882.

Michad'msesse. 1119.

Michaelesmesse. 1126. P254.

mid. tcith: mxt, 845, 853, 918, 978.

mideaUe. aXtogOher, 892, 893. P96.

middan. adj. dat. mid, middle, 1 1 14.

^middangeardes. g. the icorld, 4, 655.

middan eardes. id. n.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

427

middai..mid-dAyf r 1 35.

JMiddal Engla. 651.

Middel Seaze. 657,1111. [894, 1 05 2 .

Middeltnne. MiItoii( Royal), KefU,S^ 2 ,

MiltonAbbas,i)or«e^ 964.

midfestene. Mid-Lentt 1047.

noidlenctene. 1055.

midlengtene. 1094.

mtdntmer. 1131.

midiumeres. P1S2. [pio6.

*inidduin (snmere). midsummer, 898,

middesumeran. midsummer^ 1097.

midne (sumor). pi 40.

midne (winter). 878.

midwint'cUn. Chrigtmat-dAj, 1154.

middan wintrsn . /> 1 40.

middeswintres. midwinter, i.e. Chriit-

middewintres. pf40. [mas, $2^.

mide winter. 762.

midewint'. pa 25.

midewintra. 1103.

midewintre. p2i8.

middewardan (on), in medio — ,p2^6m,

middewarde. ^209.

mide (wseron). with, piS'jl.

mid)>an. thereupon^ ^65.

♦midwyrhta. co operator, 945.

♦Mierce. 655, 868, 872.

•AJiercna. 657, 796, 851, 868.

^Miercnalond. 877.

*Miercnarioe. 827.

mihta. BwdfittSf miracles, p 1 4 7 . [might]

mihte. could, was abU, 797, 994, looi,

mihton. pi. id. 418, 1070. pi 80.

mihien. piiS.

mila. miles, 891, 892, 896. ^3.

mile, P3I.

milce. TMrqfy compasHon, P257A.

miltse. id. 1083.

mildheortnisse. mercy, 994.

mildhertnesse. P209.

Mildred. Bp. Worcester, 772.

•Milred. id. 772.

mine.profi.p(M«.my,mine:meine,pi 23A.

minre. 675.

miniiere, minters, 1125.

minstra. monasteries, 963.

minstre. 675, 686, 777. P123.

mihst^. P263.

mint, was minded, meant, p263A.

miracles, p^d^l.

Mircena. 704.

misbead. he misgoverned, 1083.

misdaeda. misdeeds, 959. pi 21.

misdon. v. id. p26i.

mislic. widely, Axigrantly, 1071.

mislice. divers, various, pi 69.

mislicum. pi 69. [jud^teit-

mistnkian. to punish wrongly, 1083,

mittan. measures, ? barrels, 852, s. n.

^mittinge. meeting, p 11 4. [p 1 26m .

mode. d. mood, mind, spirit, 1087/,

moder. mother, 1075. P265.

modor. 639, 994. P165.

modrian. materteree, pi^^h.

moldan. mould, earth, 975. p2 2if.

Moll. NH. king, 759, 761. [877.

men. indef. pron. 519^ 544, 584, 685,

mona. moon, 195, 734, 827.

monan. 11 06.

mone. 11 35.

Monendaig. Monday, p258f.

Moneniht. Monday night, 1131.

mona)). month, 855, 871, 894.

*monotJ. pi26t.

moii)>e. 868, 885.

monOe. 1013, 1080.

monOas. 678.

mon)>um. p2i8^

•monig. many, 853, 895. pio7.

•monige. pi. 477, 584, 838, 905.

*monna. gen. pi. 'of men,* 787, 882.

^monnan. ace. sing.^virum, 501.

*monniim. d. pi. 838, 894.

monude. he a(2monished, 1042. .

mor. more, 1 132.

morum. moors, 565 a,

moran. p232^.

Morsel (of Beebbaburh), p229^.

Moreal. id. p232m.

Morcsr. 1015.

Morcares. P152.

Morkere. 1064, 1071. p 20 r.

Mortoin (Will'm of), 1 1 05.

Moretoin. uf. 1104.

^morfsestenum. moor-fastnesses, 878.

morfestenum. id. E878.

morgen. mom, morning, p5 1.

•morgenne. 755.

•morgen tid. morning-tide, 937'»>'

426

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

mKSse d(ti id.p26s-

maessehakel^s. uiBas-vettmentt, 107a

^msessepreost. aaeerdos, 565, 661.

*mK88eprio8te. 669.

meessode. ?i£ performed mass, 1022.

maest. most, mciMly, oimost, 603. j>i

nuests. def, m. id. git, mi.

msdstan. 47, 878.

m€ei>ten, utmost, ^225^. pzSh.

mcetUm, p334m.

miBste. p^fj, 104. X

•mKstra. gen. pi ^er,685,686,687.

mKstene. mas* >^%^^

maete. meat .^^'7. 108.

moWo ^^<um,i>io8<.
J^ ^«^k pro^tcted, 1037.
^^ (Hugo). 1)25 1 5.

^tfBCce8.pi49* *50.

^ttneoaa. 716, 852, 963.

inoneoa. 963, 973, 984.

inuneoaii. P3 8, 208.

munik\ p263m.

munekea. P262I. •

muneke. 777.

munuohade. monk-hood.

mimec hades man. r^^ti/arw, P250A.

mnnec hades men. regidwrt, pi^om.

muntea. of the mountain (Alps), 887.

Mnntgumni (? n for r). Montgomery,

Must. nr. Crowland,pi23t. [pt^'it.

*mu>a. mouth, embouchure, 893.

mn9a. ibid. E.

*mu)>an. 867, 893. P104.

muSan. 892, 893.

mn)>e. 794, 892.

mycel. greatt 798, 866, 934.

♦mycla. 761.

myccla. 76/.

myocle. 867.

mycele. 823, 877, 993.

mycle. 871.

myceles. PI42.

mycelre. pi^o.

myoelne. 654, 851.

mycclum. 755. 855. P79, 8f.

myclum. 882.

Mercom. ^^
•Mer^ mid), p'jg.
*^ y^for nuhte). P162I. [sharp, 937-
Aensoearpan. mill- (i.e. grMBUme)-
myneter. minter, monetarius,pi22.
*mynst«r. monastery, 673.
mjixsteT. 565, 654, 851. P190.
mynst*. P263A.
mynstr*. 1 1 32.
mynatre. 964. p26o.
mynstres. p22a
mynstra. 1070.
mynstren, d. pi. 1093.
mynte. was minded, meant, 616.
Myranheafod. * Mare's head,* loio.
Myroe. 774, 796, 868, 942.
Myroean. 796, 868, loi 7.
Myroena. 874, 910, 1007.
Myrcene. 868.^516.
Myrcom. 716.
•Myrceon. pi 26.

myrringe. marring, deitruetionf ^233^
mytUicean ( « mislicom). 1 1 20.

nm. not, nor, 10016, 1083^.^3, 31A&6.

nadrei. adders, ^262^

Na&nan. gen, NM.P154.

naht. nought, not, 1016, 1072. pi 40.

tiahtlice. fuUle : nihilif 979.

nahtscipe. nothingnen, feebUnen, piy

^nahte. ought not, p^o8h,

nam. he took : W^m, 787, 867, 872.

namon. pL 800, 845, 866.

namen. id. 1124A.

naina.name: IWawe, 5o8,794> 87i,8ya

nama.p 1 23/, for^

naman. 959. pi 26/.

name. 688.

namcufflice. nominatim, p2^6h,

nan. none, no, 868, 887, 963.

nane. 654. p7 7, 122.

nanes. p38.

nanre. 876.P148.

*nanum. 937.

nssnne. 443- pa47-

nareu. narrow, p2624.

Natal' Dni. OhriUmag, 1121.

Natiuitei$. id. nod.

♦Natanleod. Britieh prince, 508, ». n.

Nazaleod. £. ibid.

nafi
nat!

•na

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

429

none-the-less, pi45<-
>ne-the-more,|>255.

>re, PI04.
r, i>95m.
508.

, addew, 773.
not, 897. P233.
. pi. id. 1009.
.xre. never, 409, 756, 994. ^234.
^negled. nailed, pi 1 5.
nah (—neah). nigh, 999.
naht (=mht). night, J969.
xmnig. not any : nullus, 418. ^50, 51.
nnre. were not, 755, 1014.
nnron. pi. id. 1003, 1070.
lUM. was not, 975. pi 9, 86, 178.
Nsesse. Denge Ness (Kent),pi83, 184.
fUEt (s-neat). harited eaitle, neat, 85 a.
fuewre {^nmfre). never, p262t.
ne. neg. paHtcUf 868, 1154.
neafe (snefit). nephew, P245A.
neah. nigh, 895, 1000. pi 77.
neahAebiiras(h/org). neighbours, II 00.
•Neatanleaga. ?Netley, 508.
^neaweste. neighbowhoodf 924. P94.
neawiste. id. pi^ol.
nede. abl. need, Ardyiqi, 937. pi 54.
nedes. <tdv. 'ofneeatity,' piSot.
nefa. nephew, 670, 789.
nefiud. 1 1 16.
neftim. d. pi. 534.
nrfe, iiS2.pi$im, 2$8m.
neues. nephews, r 1 37 .
nrfdon ( = naefdon). they had not, 443.
nefra (^nsefre). never, p 2 58 A.
n^. id. p20$m. [236^.

neh (-neah). near, 465, 1031. PI97,
nehst. next, nearest, p8iA.
nella)>. nolunt, 605.
•nemde. / have named, 905. P95.
*nemna]>. they caU, name, 973.
•nemneh. appellat, 519, 584.
nemned. pi. 508, 794.
Nen.TheNene or Neii(JVbrtAanif ),p 1 2 a.
Neod (S'). S. Neots (Umitgdns.), 1 13a.
neode. need, 906, 104a. P38.
fMf ( -nies). not-was, pi 9.

neure (=n«fre). never, pa6am.

neuua. new, pa63A.

nextan (set-), at last, paai6. [pi^Bl.

Nicholaes(S'). S.Nicholas' day; Dec.6:

Nioolaus (papa). 1059.

*niehst. nighest, next, 894A. p8oA.

^niehstum. proximit, 918. pio6&.

^nihstum. id. piojh.

Niel. NH. prince, 921.

nigon. nine, 855, 898. p4, 183.

*nigonum. dcU. id, pg^fn.

nigonOe. ninth, 634.

niht. night, 688, 871, 878, 1004.

nihta. gen. pi. pi 8cm.

nihtan. iioi.

nihte. 1077.

nihtea. adv. 876. P93, 104, 106.

*nihtam. 901.

niman. to take: ne^men,p236^

nimon. id.pi$2t.

nimen. id. pa54&.

nime. capiat^ recipiat, p$St.

nimende. pt. p^2m.

Nimia. pi9sNynias, Bd. E. H. iii. 4.

nis. is-not, 1104&.

niO. etwyjealousy, malice: 9{eib, pa 2 2/.

^niOweorca. g.pL works ofapite, 973.

*niOa. g. pi. of men : hominum, 973.

ni9er. down: ttieber, loia. [nether]

niwa. new, 1066.

niwan. dcU, 79a.

Niwanmynstre. {at Winchester), 964.

*niwena. P95f».

niwade. he renewed, pi96<.

niwianne. eup. 785.

no' Sept*. Nones of September, pa 5 7 A.

noht. nought, 81. pa 5 7^

*nolsss. no-less, P96A.

nolde. he would not, 1 1 14. p 187.

noldon. pi. 755, 876, 963.

noldan. ui.p5i.

*nom. he obtained : tial^m, 837.

*noina. name : 9la]ne, 794.

non*. Nones, pa34A.

nontid. noon-tide, pa64<.

Normandige. Normandy^ 1074. p24i>

Normandiges. iioi.

Normandig. p34it.

Nonnandie.pa5i.

Normandi*. 1 137*

430

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

Normand*. 113a.

Norrena. Norsk, pioi.

Narhihamtwiu, NorUuunptoii, 1 113.

Norhiwic Norwich, 1112.

Noruuic. id. pi6'^m.

•nor>. north, 823. ^91 A.

norS. 828, 853, 910, 1 131. [203^

nori>Bn.d parte tepUntrionaliyp6i, 106,

nor|>anweard. p^.

norOeast. 1122.

nor^aneastan. ^243.

*Nor]>anhymbra. 547, 867, 876.

Nor)>anhyinbre. 867.

Norffhymbra. 761.

Nortniymbmin. 794.

Nor9hyiDbran. 1095.

•NorJ>hymbre. 867, 873.

*nor^rran. northerly, 922.

*nor^ra0. 913.

•nor>ema. northern, 890, 937.

nofSeme. 890.^195.

NorVburh. Northboroogh (Nerthants),

Nor^folc. 1075. \PS^^ & '•

Nor0folce. 1075. pi 18m.

NorGman (Leofwines sunu). 1017.

*Nor)>men. 924. piiS'

Iforffmaima. 787, 9376.

NorOmuOan. 1)185, see note.

♦NorJ»Wala8.Wale8,8a8,853.p65,«./.w.

NorCWalum. 997.

Nor0 Wealan. p 1 90.

•Norl)Weala8. 918.

NorSWeaUs. 828, 852.

•NorJ>Weallcyn. 922.

♦Nor)>Wealum. 922.

norOweard. northward, pi 54.

*nor>weardes. 894.

nor^west. 1095.1)243.

NorCwic. Norwich, 1004, 1075, ^<^7'

Norwaege. Norway, pio^.

Norweg^mn. 1028.

noia. noses, p^i5i.

No)>]ielm. Abp. Cant. 736.

nouther. neither, ^262^

nowUierwardes. ohZatiS^f^ piftih.

nu. now, 519, 905,979.2)13.

numen. taken: genommett, piil.

Nun {rtlativt o/Ine). 710.

nwn. nuns, 963.

nunna. 963.

•nnnnan. d. tmg. 1398.

njde. ofneetanty, 942. ^141.

njste. wist-not, 787. P171.

nyston. pi. id. 1083.

nystan. 1)178.

nytt. wefid : 9hl$ : xp^^t^h I009-

^nytwyr^oste. mott ^fideni^ P95^

nyxt. nigfaest, 103 1. |)I43.

nyztan (rt-). nua: Ivcira, 994-J)M4*

0 (qwui o'). on, 1 131.
0€ ("«ac). hut, py> twice, 32.
♦Ocging. 731.
•Oda.887.

Odan. Bp. 1082, 1087. 1)225.
Oddan (eorl). piSi.
of. prqi. 733, 836, 867, 880, 891, &C.
ofdred. terrified, piblt. [dread]
ofeode. had bargained, P235, «. n.
ofer. OTer, after, 670, 800, 891, 917.
ofercom. he overcame, |)203<.
*ofercoman. j)^. id. PII5.
^ofereode. he over-ran, 993.
of^rferde. he came upon, pi $7.
ofer fore, transfretaret, 11 05.
oferforon. they met with, oVeT-to(A,piiT-
ofergan. over-run, 1070: pt. lOii.
'I'oferhergade. he ravaged, 905, 933.
^oferhergeada. id. 6;6.
*oferhergeade. id. 796, 865.
*oferhergeadon. pi, id. 832.
oferhergode. 676, 796, 945.
oferhergodon. 832.
*ofermedan. arrogant, 750.
oferswiHe. oxerpowered,conquered,p4l.
oferswiOe. ^tp9icirtpuraov, p22ot,
0£b. ( I ) genealogical patriarch, ^626r

(2) NH. prince, 617.

(3) king of Essex, 709.

(4>kingof Mercia, 777^792»+794.

OfQui. 787, 836. [796, 836. PS2'

•Offing. 626, 755.
offaran. to overtake, pi 5 7*
offsred. 'afeard,* 1131.
•offeoU (hine). tlew him$e]f, 962.
•offoron. they overtook, 91 1. |>92L
offerde. ?ie overtook, PI58I.
offrede. he offered, pi 236, I49.
ofiridan. to overtake, 877. P98.
ofscnde. he sent /or, pijBh, «. n.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

431

lot, I loo.

j. escaped, dipped, 1055.

e. BlMJn, 656, 789.

.617,789.

loo, 822, f079, 1083.

871.

465.651.^51.

. 800,822, 867, 871.

reth,p253m.

0, 792, 1002.

OOf.
. lOOl.

.71,755,878.

they slew, 568, 1083.

3-

stabbed, 626, 755.
*rfossu9, 2, 3. [stick]
lo stab, 626. [sting]
pt, 948. [stung]

755,871, 937, Ac.
ler : pluries, 11 14.
p. 894, 1009, 1016.
n't. oftenest, 959.
ttoned, 34.

oppresseruHt, 1012. [87.

oheT\times, repeatedly, pS6,
it — ). it offended, 1 1 27A.
. anuued, p26it.
. id. p26^t.
rl). 918.
ibid,

ig). 1028. [pi 59.

Iney Island (nr. Gloncester),
>i4»874, 99a» 1045. &oA
I bow in obeisance, 9 79.Q) i o6^
bout: prep. 1104: ac2r. 917,
i. prep. P171 : adv, 1001.

853, 855. p2.

5. whole, continuous, 937m.
lie. /ormida6/e, f 100.
, they dreaded, pi49^
fonnd, P228A. [i>9i/.

pt. received, welcomed, 10 14,
5 too*, 47, 639, 794, 827.
. pi' id. 633, 653.

5»9-

'. trf. 878. p8i.
Lde. pt, fighting on, 871.
^ore, 1116. p93<.
they attacked, 1095. P107.

*onfunden. they discovered, 755.
onitindon. id. P50, 5I^
ongan. Ae 6egan, 597, 673, 685.
♦ongon. id. 597, 654, 673.
ongean( 1 )agaih:rur«u«, 7 7 7, 1 067.P 1 78^.

(2)against : adversus,ioi o.pi 48,

ongeanward. pi23t. [165,185.

ongeat. he became atvare, 755.

ongefeaht.matntainec^(i^)6^fight.p223^

•Ongelcyn. The English Nation, 901.

Ongelcynnes. 885.

•Ongolcynnes. 816.

*ongen. against, P95 frwaongean (i).

ongeon* again, p357A«Bongean (2).

*onget (»ongeat). perceived*

ongunnan. they began, 654.

ow^unnen. id. p^oh.

ong^unnen. pt. 656. pg^h.

ongytan. to perceive, 979.

onhagode. it pleased (them)^ 9 1 8, 1 01 6.

onlede. laid to his charge, piSom.

on Icgden . they laid on (imposts), pi 83m.

onleide. he imposed, P251A.

onlocodan. we looked on, p22iA.

onmang|>ain|>e. interea . . . dum, 1105.

*onmunden. thty minded, cared about,

*Onna. king of E. Anglia, 654. [psol.

onne. one : unum, p262h.

onoh. enough, p262h.

*onridon. they rode on {raids), P76.

onriden. id, ibid. p77.

^onsended. sent on (a mission), 430.

onsette. lie ptU on, 1022.

ousting, claim, 777. p^ih, ssl,

ontendan. to kindle, set on fire, 994.

*onwalde. ditione, imperio, 901.

♦onwoc. rose, sprung, 547. [awoke]

openlice. openly, P262.

openlicor. m^jre openly, 11 c6.

openum. dot. sing, m^amfesty p2oU.

opa. strand, short, 495, 514.

•oran. dai. id. p2.

•Ordbirht. Abbot of Chertsey, 964.

•Ofdheh. "king's thane," P926.

Ordolfes.^. FounderofTavistockAbbey,

or£ eoft^e^p 1 96. [997*

orfe. pi 83.

orfes. P169.

orfcwalm. mwrrain, 1131.

orfcwealm. id. 1054. P239.

432

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

orfcwealme. 1)219.

ormKte. immerue, looi, 11 14.

ormaetne. f ii3*

orm«t«. 1 138.

ormsetro* 1090.

ormwt^ca,prodigiou$,tremmdau8,i 1 17.

onreste. combat, pi^Si, & tee note.

Osbeam (eorl). 871.

•Osbryht. NH. kiog, 867.

Osbriht. E, ibid,

Osoytel. a Danish prince, p78, 79.

"hold." 905.

OthifS, NH. prince, 633.
Osgar (abb*), pi 33911.
Osgot Clapa. 1044.
Oslao (or Oslaf). 568.

NH. prince, 61 7.

ealdorman, 966.1? 1 23^, 1 26m, 127.

Oslaf. aldormon, 568.

NH. prince, 617.

Osmod. progenitor of Offa, p^i.

aldormon, 833.

^Osmoding. son of Osmod, p$2.
Osmnnd. Bp. Sanun, 1099.
Oared. NH. king, 705, 716.

NH. king, 789. 792.

Oario. NH. prince, 634.

NH. king, 716, 729, 731.

- aMorman, p$o, 51.
-»— aldorman of Dorset, 845.

aldorman of Hampshire^ 860.

Osrices. 643.

OstriOe (^^Iredes cwen). je>395.

OstryOe. NH. qaeen, 697.

Osulf. NH. king:, 757.

Osauald. NH. king, 641. Fp^4*

Oswald. NH. king, 617, 634, 641,642,

- "se »|)eling," 728, 730.

Abp. York, 993. pi 23/.

Oawaldea. 827, 992.
"^Osweo. NH. king, 670.
^Osweoing. 685.

Otwi. id. p3oe, 32^

- 1010.

Oswine. king of Deira, 643, 651.

761, see note.

♦Oswio«Osweo or Oswiu. 670.
Oswin. NH. king,6i 7i64i,667,67ap65.
Ofwold. NH. king, 635.

Oswudu. NH. prince, 617.

other, other : altemm, P264&.

othre. pi. id. P264A. [774-

Ottaiiforda.Oabrd(iir.5epenoolsi),773'

oi>.npto,until: ttijiie, 189, 682, 755,868.

o^anr. the eecond : alter, P65.

•o|»er. other : alter, 709, 794, 885.

o)>eme. 796, 887, 1063.

•olwra- P95, 107.

*o>eni.p9i.

•oJ>re. 687, 851, 917, 1070.

•^o^res. 876.

•oJ>ni. 875.

*o)>ram. 871, 894,901.

*o)>flagon. ejftked ihfiT flight, pxo7^

♦oHewde. apptartd, 678, 719, 773-

♦o)>|>Kt «ii*a, 755, 878, 885.

•oJ>J>e.or, 597. 89>»894-

o». up fo, vxAiX: tuque, 755, 871,901.

oObterst. eaeopfd, II 01.

cSer. other, 709, 794, 901, 963.

o'Seme. 1048.

oOra. looi, 1010. P183, 196.

otKran. 984. pi 7*4.

o«ie. 798, 998. pi4a, 203.

oGres. 796,1017. pi 54.

oi$ru.p95, 22a.

o'Snun. 871.

oWe. or, 167, 685, 9CI.

otrSet. untilt P226A.

*oi$wand. escaped, p^^L

On. En (Normandy), p2$o twice.

ou^ (-ofer). OTer,pS56m, 165A.

oueriUkon. P262I, tee note.

ou)>er. or, p32ti».

ovUSer. id. 777- PS®*.

oxe. oz : Od^fe, pai8(.

Oznaford. Ozford,9f 0,91 1,10 1 8^9148.

Oxeneford. 1137.

Oxnefoida. P143.

Oxonaforda. 1015.

Ozenford. 1 154. P265A.

Paccelade. NL. m the Fem, psim.

«.padan. pi 1 5m, $. n. [' Paddock.'

padee. toad$,p262 : cf. Glos. H. Cokridgs

^Faflan. Pftvia, 888.

pais, peace, p26i.

^Palladius. 430.

*Pall]g. NM. looi.

Palmee Svnendan. Palm Sunday, in >•

OLOSSARIAL INDEX

433

rhe Pope, 814.
815, I02«, 1054.

92$lh.

ibid.

m. Popedom, P253.

me. 1)247.

I. Paris, 886, 887. pBj.

il' (aepapa). 11 15.

laliB. Pope Pascal i, 815, 816.

sf. EatUr, 1112. [pioil, t.n.

iiliamme.Pto9eDham(Northant8),

lambard. Bp. Durham, p^Slh,

u Paston nr. Peterboro', Qibs.,

n. Pavia, 888. [pittU

S. Paul*s (London), pi^om,

e. Bp. 627.

urn. 625.

QUB. 601, 625, 627, 644.

>. ro6et, palls, pi2il,

ond. The Peak of Derbyshire, 924.

i. king of Mercia^ 654, 655, 675.

in.653.

ro. g. pi. pennies, 1083.

nc. park, indowrtj 918, 9. n.

$. Rob. Peche ; Bp. Chester, 1123.

>dan. R. Parret {Somerset), 845,

dan. id. 658, 845. [^35, 92.

isea. Pevensey (/SuMea;),|} i %^iwice.

isa, id. iioi.

J. The Picts, P79.

ine. Bp. Whitem, 776.

in (Rogger). P230A.

I. Poiton, p257^.

re. 1127. [380.

9 (gedwild). Pelagios's (heresy),

EU king of Mercia, 626, 658.

an. 628, 645.

ag. 654, 704.

inges. 716.

I. pennies, 777, 1039.

IS. 1 124.

1 1 24.

"5-

»8te8. 1104. piSj,

»ste.|>25i.

x>8ten. 1 107. [«. n.

htsteort. The Land's End, 997,

\Ma. The Picts, 44 3. 5^5, 59 7, 875-

h<5. Pinho (nr. Exeter), 1001.

Peonnho. id. ibid. E. [658. ^35.

Peoxmum. Pen or Penzlewood (Som.),
Peonnan. id.pi^^.
Persa. Pari8i[an]onim, 660.
Perscoran. Pershore, P223.
Petr*. Abbot of Glugny, p2$g.
Petres (tnetse). 1131.
Peuenesea. Perensey, 1)174.
Philipp' de Braose. ^243.
Philippe de Brans, t 1 1 2.
Pihtum. Picts, 681.
pilum. piles, potts, pS*
Pincanheale. Find)ale( Dorh.), Ingr. 788.
pined, tortured, p262tf 263/.
pineden. they tortured, ^263^.
pining, torture, pi6^l.
♦Pippenes. 885.
flantede. he planted, ^26301.
pleagode. he played, p222h.
•plegan. pUy, 937.
^plegodan. they played, plyed, pii$t*
ploges. ploughs, 1131.
p*ma= prima. 1099.
Port, the mythic adventurer, 501.
Port. Portland, 837.
port, town, pi 44m.
porte. |)3im.

*Portesmu]». Portsmouth, 501.
PortesmuOa. E. ibid.
Portesmu9an. 1 loi .
PortesmuSe. p2$ i .
portioe. porch, aisle, 738, 1072.
Portlande. Portland (Dorset), piS^m.
•Portlocan. Porlock (Somerset), 1)104.
portmen. citizens, p20'jt.
* Posentesbyrg. Pontesbury (Salop),66 1 .
Posentesbyrig. E. ibid.
Prssn (Eadbryht). kg. Kent, 794, 796.
preost. priest, 710, 903, 1032.
preosta. g-pl* 605.
preostes. P262I.
prestan («preostum). p22gh.
prior. 1 107.
priores. 11 39.
prisune. prison, 1 1 1 2.
|>*suii. prison, 1137.
p'uilegies. privileges, JP263A.
processions. 1)254.
I p'cession. prooessioa, 1154.
p*uo8t «* provost. p203m.
3 K

434

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

*Pry fetes flodmn. ? Privet, Hantt, 755.

Pryftesflodan. E. ibid,

Poille. Apulis, |>333m.

punda. pounds, 1002, 10I8. ^151.

punde. 777.

^pondum. 918. [Rille, pi sib.

Punt Aldemer. Pont Andemer on the

Puntiw. Ponthiea, 1120.

Pusa. Abt. Medesbamstede, 777.

Putta. Bp. Rochester, psgb.

•Pybbing. 626, 755.

♦Pybing. 716.

Pyhtas. Picts, 699, 710. ;>3, i3» 43-

Pyhhrni. 565.

Pyhtisc. adj. Pictish, pS,

Pyhtwine. Bp. Wbitern, 76a.

quarteme. jail, priiw, p762h.

rctchcrUeget. chainiy p262h.

Raculf. Reculver, 669.

Racolfe. 692.

rad. rode, 787, 800, 894, 917, 1123.

rada. raids, 1777.

*rade. u2. 871.

radliee (? — hrsedlice). toon, p2$6l.

^radost. quickett, psot.

Raggewilh. NL. p^ i m.

Ramaaie. Ramsay, 1 1 54.

Randolf. Earl of Chester, ^264!.

Randtdf. Bp. Durham, p2$*jh.

rang (—ranc). hM, gallant , 975.

raocne. ace. id.pi^o. [rank]

Bawrndf. Bp. Durham, 1 101.

Hayinulfe. id. 1099.

•ra|>e. quickly, twm, 917. pio6h.

ra«e. id. B991, 10x3, 1038 vP^SS* i8o<.

ratJor. quicker, iooner,pi 42, 1 74 .[rather]

^ralSost. quickest, 905.

rajd. counsel, 'rede :' (Ratl^, 991. p3, 30,

nedas. pi. 979. [x78m.

neda. 1043.

raede. 1070.P180A.

nedesmenn. counsellors, 1039.

nedan. to deliberate, pi^h.

radon, id. to take measures, plan, pi jSl.

redde (sgervdde). coumeUed, 959,

neddon. 1075. [P144A.

rssdleas. xaii^ioi, pi42h.

rsedlicost. most advisable, pi 41.

^rtedehere. ^mountedhott, 891.

*R«edend. Rtder^ Chvemor, pi 26m.

Il(edingan. Reading (Berks), pj^o.

roedon. inf. read : legere, piqlk.

•Raedwald. EAngliaii king, 827.

nefen. raven, |>8xA.

rKf. robe, pi 23 A. [iiit

rcifunffa. plwnderingsj momwitR^ti

rcefUic. spoliation, pibih,

rcBuede. plundered, pi^it. [6cresfed]

raueden. they stripped, P262I.

rcBueres. robbers, rovers, P2626.

■^Raegenolde. NH. kinglet, 941.

Reins. Rheims, 1119.

rvpling. prisoner, captive, pHsb, t- s.

rvpton. they captured, seized, bowsd,

rspon. threaped, 1089. [1089.

rcerde. he reared up, 959.

read, red, 773, 774. P209A.

Beadinflruxn. Reading(Berks),87 1,872.

Hedingum. 872.

Reding*. p26ih.

reafes. robes, 1070.

reafian. to plunder, loSjl.

reaflac. plundering, 793.

reccent. ruler, 975.

♦Reculf. Reculver, 669.

red (-rsed). advice, p^ck.

Reduers. (Balduin de), p26l.

Redwald. EAnglian king, P65.

rrfen. to furnish with hangings, pib^h.

Begnald. 924, 944.

Regnold. 923.

regol. rule : regula, p25om.

regul. 963.

regule. p22i.

reU'^ein. keeper of the robes, p26o.

reinas. rains, 1116.

renas. id. 11 17.

reine. rain, 1 1 1 7. [1046.

Remei (See). Ch. of S. Renii in Rheims,

Remis. Rheims, I046.

rennet, runneth, p3i.

reoimeV. t<l.pi23.

rentes, rents, P263A.

Reoda. leader of Irish Scotti, p3.

Reodwalde. 617.

Reopandune. Repton (Derbysh.), pSB-

reowan. they rowed, pi 74.

reowlic. ru^^, woful, piio.

GL0S8ARIAL INDEX

435

cor. comp, id. piio.
vb, resteth, 96a.
K 738.

. 716. 738. 1>I9-

. rest, repoM, pi 19m.

d, p32h.
'^rnfie, 793.

t( i-reafbde).Af j>/t(n<fefvc{,p265m.
I. prince, iiao.
" etri of Cheiter, 1 1 so.
le. |)I49.
les. 1000, 1017.

^>ngd<m, 593,68s»85S,874'P 2,87.
9' ^58, 7S5» 784, 8ai. p5om.
u 12. [rich]

dj. great, tf^uentitU^ 654, 777,
>. comp. 654.

>. rnott powerful, to8p, [richest]
n. to rule, 597.
ie. 534, 588, 670, 855. pa.
n. Kentish princess, 604.
1. to ride, 901.
. they rode, 871, 994. P50.
id. IH3.P77.
u p2S6l.
[e.pt. 1 1 14.
Ira. ^. pi. p2i8.

B. troopers, riders, 1090. dlittfT.
. knight :Si\iUx,p2i^.
I. RyhaU (Rntl.), pi2zh.
\di. direct, 784. p3i, 516.
P31A.
. P2366.

ite : ritns, pa lot.
ight,jiM<fc«,pa36<, 250/.
paso/.

. rights ft rites, pa 58t.
Hum. honorable, p2s6.
J. piaa.

e. ieewndum regulam, X083A.
or. more according to law, 1014.
. 6sa.

P236.
a. 627.

snesse. righteotitness, paaot.
L brim, e(%fe, cooj«,99i, 994. P95.
raefte. tdenee of numiber, pi a6l.
• ctnuUed, P76, 77.
n. pi5a.
I. 973-

Rin. Rhine, 88;.
Rine. P87.
rina. courte, p^L

*ring ( = rinc). hero, champion, pi 14,
ringden. they rmng {the helU), 1 131.
•ripes. g, reaping, P94.
Ripam. Ripon, P45. •
risen, they rose,p26i.
rixade. he ruled, paaa.
rixian. to rulct 597.
rixan. id. p26sfn,
rixiendnm. pa3.
«rix8ade. 955.
Rodbeard. pa33.
Rodbearde. 1094.
Rodbeardes. pai8.
Bodbert. 1050. pi 87.
Rodbriht (eorl). pa 10.
Rodb't. 1 140.
Rodb'tes.pi87.

Rodbyrd. 1048. [123, 209.

rode. t^€fii6^fii of the Cro9s,SsS' P85,
roden. pi. p2og.

♦rodera. the tiky, Jtrmament, pia6.
^rodemm. P126.

Rofeceastre. Rochester, 731, 802.
Jlofetcaatre, 740, 839.
Rofescestre. 633. P33.
Rog*. (Canceler), 1137, t. n.
Roger (eorl). 1075.
Rogere. 1087.
Rogeres. pa 25.

Roggef- p23oh, [ p263m.

Rogingham. Rockingham (Northants),
rohton. they recked, eared, 891 .P250.
rohten. P209.
rohtan. paao.
rohte. paao.
Rollo. 876.
Rom. Rome, 937.
Romana. Romanorum, 409. p^l.
Bomaaa biso. 736.
Romana borh. 409.
Bomaae. Romani, 409, 418, 797.
^Romaniscan. Romish, 650.
HomaTiiHOft. 690, 69a.
Borne. 709, 721, 728, 737, 853, 855,
•Romebnrg. 409. [874, 888, &c.

Rome scot Peter's pence, paso.
Romgeeceot, P232.
3 k2

426

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

mxBseYuLkeUs, mtOB-veBtments, 107a

*mKssepreo8t. sacerdoa, 565, 661.

^maesseprioste. 669.

miessode. he performed mass, 102a.

maest. most, mcfstljy (Umost, 603. pi 45*

manU^def.m. id. gi I, II 1 1. [187.

msetan. 47, 878.

mce^ten. utmost, p22^.

nicutan. pi^^m,

mmste. p4fy, 104.

*mK8tra. gen. pi. id. 894m.

msestene. mast, ticoms, 11 16.

msete. meat, pi4cb.

Mateme. Alarne R. 887.

nuetton. they met, 885.

me (for man), pron. |)i53m, 2626.

*meahte. (he) might, 877. p4l.

^meahten. pi. pg$,

^meahton. ^104. [pi53'

Af ealdelmesbyrig. Malmeflbury (Wilts),

Mearca, Mercians, pi 3m.

MearcredesbomansteCe. NL. 48,;E.

^Mearcmdesburnanstseffe. id. ibid. 7C.

meatt ^ meest. pi 5 1 b.

^mecum. d. pi. with bUtdes, 937/.

Medeshamstede. Peterboro', 852, 963,

Medetw(el.{nameofa)we\l,6$4. [pgSi

Medewcegan. Medway R. 999. [123.

Medewsege. pi 5 7.

m£fffS. family, tribe, pi 3.

mef/}Sum. d. pi. ibid.

*mehte. (he) might, 894. P94, 98, 106.

*mehten. 911.

*mehton. p9i.

mel=mm\. token j ensign, 774.p326.

mde. d. P31WI.

Melcolm. king of Scots, 1072. P204.

Melcolme. P229.

Melcolmes. pa 29.

Mellant. Meulan on Seineyp2$il.

Mellent. ui.p 24 7.

Mellite. Bp. London, 604. [913.

^Memeran.Mimran or MaranR.( Herts),

men. homini or homines, 530,675, 838.

menn. u2.p 145, 203.

m^nnt. p2$oh.

Merantune. Merton (Surrey), 755.

•Merce. Mercia, 853.

*Merdnm. d. pi. « Merciis, 7 1 6.

Mercam. 73 '*

♦Mercna. g. pi. 655, 905. pi 06.

•mere. #fa, P95^iiS-

Merehwit. Bp. Somerset, 1032.

Merelade. NL. pi 3 2.

meres, meres or pooU, p3i thrice.

•Meresige. Mersea (Essex), 895.

*Meretune.?MertonorMarden,87i.i.a>

mergen. morrow, looi twice, 1012.

"^Mersc. Romney-Marsh (Kent), 796.

Merscware. inhabitants of id. 796E.

•Merscwamm. men of the Fens, 838.

Merwala. a Mercian prince, pjct.

mKSse. mass, /estira/, 827.

messa. id. 82 7 E.

messedcti, mass-day, 1122.

me^t. most, p 2 50/.

mtcsie (smseste). tc^most, P223A.

mete, meat, 891, 894. P225.

metes, pi 5 7, 183.

metelieste. d. lade of m>ea$f pgiL

metian. to supply with meat, pi48<.

•Metodes. g. Creator, pi 26.

metsod. pt. provisioned, PI41.

metsoden. they provisioned, 1087.

metsunga. provisions, pi 49, 184.

metsunge. 994, 1002.

•mette. met, 877.

metton. pi. 755, 868, 885. |>25i.

mioel. much, great; mickle, 664, 877,

•mioela. def. 962.

*micla. id.pgim.

micele. 1127.

miccle. 11 24.

•micelne. ace. m<uc. s. 835, 85 1 ,885,9 1 7.

*miclne. pg2l, see note,

•micelre. 855, 887, 973.

♦mida. pi. 885.

•micle. dot. or abl. sing. 823, 875.

*micle. ace fern. 867, 871.

•micle. nom. neut. 671.

♦micle. pi. ace. m. 877. p8om.

♦miclum. 755, 878, 882.

Michael'msesse. 1119.

Michaelesmesse. 11 26. P254.

mid. with: mit, 845, 853, 918, 978.

midealle. altogether, 892, 893. P96.

middan. adj. dot. mid, middle, in 4.

♦middangeardes. g, the tcorld, 4, 655.

middan eardes. tc^. 11 .

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

427

middai. mid-day, 1 1 35 .
JM idd«l Engla. 651.
Middal8eaze.657, III I. [894,1051.
Middeltiiiie.Miltoti(Royal),A'fn/,892,

AIiltoDAbba8,i>or«f/ 964.

midfestene. Mid-Zen^, 1047.

inidlenctene. 1055.

midlengteDe. 1094.

midtnmer. 1131.

midtwmertt. pi^t, [pio6.

*midduin (snmere). midsummer, 898,

middesomenui. midsummer, 1097.

midne (ramor). pi 40.

midne (winter). 878.

midwint*d€ti. Chrittm<u-dBLj, 1154.

middanwintran. pi 40,

middaswintres. midwinter, i.e. Chrui-

middewintres. pf40. [ma«, 827.

mide winter. 762.

midewint*. P225.

midewintra. 1103.

midewintre. piiS.

middewardan (on), in medio — ,p236w,

middewarde. ^209.

mide (wmron). with, piSyl.

mid)>an. thereupon^ p6^.

♦midwyrhta. co operator, 945.

♦Mierce. 655. 868, 87a.

•Miercna. 657, 796, 851, 868.

*MiercnaIond. 877.

*Miercnarioe. 827.

mihta. 9vpdfi€ts, miraclet, pi 47. [might]

xnihte. covld, %oa$ ahU, 797, 994, loof ,

mihton. pi. id. 418, 1070. pi8o.

mihien. p2i8.

mila. miles, 891, 892, 896. p3.

mile. P3I.

milee. mercy, companion, P257A.

miltse. id. 1083.

mildheortnisse. mercy, 994.

mOdbertnesse. P209.

Mildred. Bp. Worcester, 772.

•Mib«d. id. 773.

mine. pttm. poM.my,mine:ineine,p f 23A.

minre. 675.

minitere. minters, 1125.

minstra. monasteries, 963.

minstre. 675, 686, 777. P123.

miAsf. P263.

mint, was minded, meent, piS^k.

miracles. piO^I.

Mircena. 704.

misbead. he misf/oremed, 1083.

misdaeda. misdeeds, 959. pi 21.

misdon. r. id. p76i.

mislic. ttidefy, vagrantJy, 107 1.

mislice. divers, various, pi 69.

mislicum. pi 69. [jiic^ten-

mistukian. to punish wrongly, 1083,

mittan. measures, ? barrels, 852, s. n.

*mittinge. meeting, 2)114. [pi76m.

mode. d. mood, mind, spirit, 1087/,

moder. mother, 1075. p 2 65.

modor. 639, 994. pi 65.

modrian. matertene, pi^^h.

moldan. mould, earth, 975. p22if.

Moll. NH. king, 759, 761. [877.

mon. indef. pron. 519 544, 584, 685,

mona. moon, 195, 734, 827.

monan. 11 06.

mone. 1135.

Monmdaiff. Monday, p258^

Moneniht. Monday night, 113 1.

mona)). month, 855, 871, 894.

•monoC. pi26£.

monhe. 868, 885.

moD0e. 1 01 3, io8o.

monOas. 678.

mon)>um. p2i8^.

•monig. many, 853, 895. pioy.

•monige. pi. 477, 584, 838, 905.

*monna. gen. pi. 'of men,' 787, 882.

*monnan. ace. sing.^virum, 501.

*monnum. d. pi. 838, 894.

monude. he admonished, 1042. .

mor. more, 1 133.

momm. moors, 565 a.

moran. P232A.

Morsel (of Bsebbaburh), piigh.

Moreal. id. pi^im.

Morcser. 1015.

Morcares. 2)152.

Morkere. 1064, 1071. p 20 r.

Mortoin (Will'm of), 1105.

Moretoin. u2. 1104.

*morf«estenum. moor-&stnesses, 878.

morfestenum. id. E878.

morgen. mom, morning, p5 1 .

*morgenne. 755.

*morgentid. morning-tide, 937m.

312

428

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

motte. iibi liceret, 626, (must, pi4i.

moston. might bepermiUed, 1064. pz,

moaim, id, |>35oA.

mote, may be allowed, p3am.

moten (we, hi), liceat (nobis, illis), p32t.

mot. meeting, mote, p^gh.

matea. courU, pleas, piBi^-

MiUMk (aldonnan). 82 a.

mvge (for m«ge> may, can, paSA.

mvkte, pret. id. 1004-

mukkm. 992.

Mul. CeftdwalU'8brother,685,686,687.

mundbor*. /Micron, protector, ^2, g'j^.

*mnndbonn. 823. i>io7, 108.

mvndbunn (sic), £823.

mvndbjrde. protection, pioSt.

mvndode. he protected, 1037.

Mnndford (Hugo). ^25 16.

manec. monk, p$$, 169, 163TO.

mwMC. 963.

mnnece. piSj.

muneoes. P149, 250.

muneoM. 716, 852, 963.

muneoa. 963, 973, ^4.

muneoAii. P38, ao8.

mu'nek\ p26zm,

munekei. P262I. •

muneke. 777.

munuohftda. monk-hood.

manec hades man. regularie, pi^oh.

mnnechadesmen. regulan, p2$om.

muntes. of the mountain (Alps), 887.

Muntgumni (? n for r). Montgomery,

Must. nr. Crowland,pi23t. [p2Z2t.

*mu)>a. mouth, emhouchure, 893.

mu9a. ibid. E.

•mu)>an. 867, 893. P104.

muSaxL 892, 893.

mu)>e. 794, 892.

myoel. great, 798, 866, 934.

♦mycla. 761.

myccla. 76/.

myocle. 867.

myoele. 823, 877, 993.

mycle. 871.

myceles. PI42.

mycelre. ^230.

myceUie. 654, 851.

mycclum. 755. 855. ^79, 81.

mycluoL 882.

mycehn, p230<.

myd {for mid). P79.

myhte (for mibte). pi62{. [sharp, 937.

mylenscearpan. mill- (i.e. grinMone}-

myneter. minter, monetariua, pi22.

*mynstaer. monastery, 673.

mrnaXer. 565, 654, 851. P190.

mynst*. P263A.

mynstr^. 1132.

mynstre. 964. p26o.

mynstres. p22a

mynstra. 1070.

mynitren, d. pi. 1093.

mynte. was minded, meant, 616.

Myranheafod. 'Mare's head,* 10 10.

Myroe. 774, 796,868,942.

Myroean. 796, 868, loi 7.

Myroena. 874, 910, 1007.

Myrcene. 868.P516.

Myrcum. 716.

♦Myrceon. pi 26.

myrringe. marring, detirmetiom, P233/.

myitlicean ( « mislicam). 1 1 20.

n*. not, nor, f00i6, 1083^.^3, 31A&6.

nadrei. adders, P262A.

Na&nan. gen, NM. pi 54.

naht. nought, not, 1016, 1072. pt40.

nahtlioe. futile : nihili, 979.

nahtscipe. nothingness, feebleness, pis-

*nahte. ought not, p2oSk,

nam. he took : no^m, 787, 867, 872.

luunon. pL 800, 845, 866.

namen, id. 1124A.

nama. name : 9tamt, 508, 794, 87i,8ya

nama. pi23^ for

namaa. 959. pi 26/.

name. 688.

namcutnice. nominatim, P256A.

nan. none, no, 868, 887, 963.

nane. 654. p77, 122.

nanes. p38.

nanre. 876.P148.

*nanum. 937.

xuBxme. 443. P247.

nareu. narrow, P262&.

Natal' Dili. Christmas, 1121.

NatiuiteV. id, 1 106.

•Natanleod. British prince, 508, s. a.

Nazaleod. £. ibid.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

429

I no.

|)I49-

ifl. none-the-less, pi45^-

a. none-tbe-more, p2$$.

. nothing, P133.

r. nowhere, ^104.

er. neither, |>95m.

^Uog. NL. 508.

in. tnake$, adden, 773.

I. had not, 897. 11233.

a. jp/. ui. 1009.

. nerer, 409, 756, 994. p2M-

sd. nailed, |)i 15.

»neah). nigh, 999.

[ = niht). night, p6g.

;. not any : nuUuBy 418. p^o, 51.

were not, 755, 1014.
i,pl, id. 1003, 1070.
iras not, 975. ptg, 86, 178.
). Denge Nese (Kent), jp 183, 184.
^neat). hotHed eattk, neat, 85 a.

(i-nsfire). never, piS^t
g.partide, 868,1154.
( = ne&). nephew, p24th.

nigh, 895, 1000. pi 77.
ebiira8(h/or g). neighbours, t 100.
anleaga. PNetley, 508.
este. neigb(o«rAood, 934. |>94.
ite. id, pi^ol,

abl need, Myiq^, 937. PI54.

adv, *of neceatityt p26ot.
nephew, 670, 789.

1 1 16.

a. d. pi. 534.
[132.^351111, 358111.

nephews,! 1 37.

t ( =n«efdon). they bad not, 443.
(ensefre). never, P258A.

id, pio^m. [336m.

>neah). near, 465, 1031. PI97,
. next, nearest, p8iA.
. nolunt, 605.

le. / have named, 905. pt^$,
ia)>. ihtjf caU, name, 973.
iej>. aj^ellat, 519, 584.
led. pt. 508, 794.
rheNene OT'Seu(Ncrtha$U$)fP 1 3 3.
(S*). S. Neots (Unntgdns.), 1 133.
. need, 906, 1043. P38.
-Atet). not-was, pi 9.

neitrt (»nKfre). never, p26afii.

neuuce, new, P363A.

nextan (tet-), at last, piiib. [pisBl.

Nicholaes(S'). S.Nicholas' day; Dec.6:

Nicolaos (papa). 1059.

'niebst. nigbest, next, 894A. p9oh,

*niebstum. proximis, 918. pio6&.

^ibstam. id. piojh.

Niel. NH. prince, Q3I.

nigon. nine, 855, 898. p4, 183.

*nigonam. dcU. id, pgsm.

nigontSe. ninth, 634.

niht. night, 688, 871, 878, 1004.

nibta. gen. pi. pi 8cm.

nihtan. iioi.

nihte. 1077.

nihtes. adv. 876. P93, 104, 106.

*nihtiun. 901.

niman. to take: nel^meit,p336/.

nimon. id.piS'^t.

nimen. id. P254&.

nime. capiatt recipiaty p^St.

nimende. pt. P33m.

Nimia. pi9»Nynias, Bd. E. H. iii. 4.

nis. is-not, 1104&.

niO. ewvy,jeahuigy malice: ^tit, p272l.

*ni9weorca. g. pL works of spite, 973.

*ni0a. g. pi. of men : homimim, 973.

niOer. down: tlieber, 1013. [nether]

niwa. new, 1066.

niwan. dtU. 793.

Niwanmynstre. {at Winchester), 964.

*niwena. P95m.

niwade. he renewed, pi96<.

niwianne. tup. 785.

no' Sept*. Nones of September, p3 5 7A.

noht. nonght, 81. p357r

*nol8Bs. no-less, P96A.

nolde. be would not, 11I4.P187.

noldon. pi. 755, 876, 963.

noldan. ui.p5i.

"^nom. he obtained : naffta, 837.

*noina. name : fRante, 794.

non'. Nones, P334A.

nontid. noon-tide, pa64<.

Normandige. Normandy^ 1074. P241.

Normandiges. 1 loi.

Normandig. P24U.

Normandie.p35i.

Normandi*. 1 137.

440

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

slsge. thunder, 1118. [sledge hammer'}

ilagnai. oxen for slaughter, 853.

slsp. sleepi XI31.

Slcpperne. Dormitory, pi^S.

slaetinge. leiUing game^ P'^'^sK «. n.

slean. (to) slajjpiaat.

sleht. slaughter, 839.

•^. slept, 1135.1)163^

fiepefi. (to) sleep, pi6'im.

Sliowaforda. Sleaford (Line.)* 85?.

•slog, slew, 746.1)104. f(^(u0.

■logon, pi, id, 699, 823. P75.

sloge. pasa.

9loghet% = slogon. 1 138.

sloh. slew, 633, 746.

mnagende, considering, 1090..

smeade. (he) mediUUed, 959.

smeagexme. to deliberate, P141.

smeagnnga. eonJtrivancee, 979.

smeate. beaten, piogh.

smoke, icainf6f, fiimaa, pi62.

smoked, pibi.

snaccuin. ships, pioi,

snakes. P262,

Snawdune. Snowdon, pi^^h.

snawe. snow : ^d^nee, 1115.

snsedde. he took food, 1048.

*Snotengaham. Nottingham, 868.

Snotingahftm. id. 868, 922, 924, 942.

Snotingabamscire. pi 54.

Snotingham. 868.

Snotinghamscire. 1064.

*8notor. dever, pi 26111.

Soccabyrig. ? Sockbum (Durham), P57.

socne. right of search, pi 22,

softe. soft, mild, 1137.

•sohtan. they sought, 922.

*sohte. 894.

Bohton. 867. P107, 115.

•or. solidos : khiUings, pi^yn.

somne (»t-,to-). iw\ rh aM, 905, 1016.

somnian. to assemble, pi54i*

son. soon, p2$6l—

sons. 667, 797, 885, 948, 1057.

sone, id. 11 23.

•Sondwic. Sandwich, 851.

sorhfoll. sorrowful, XI12.

sotscipe. folly, 1)263.

sotlice. foolishly^ 1 137.

soCan (to-), for a sooth, 1085.

•oOes. of truth, pa 28.

*soi$boran. pillars of truth, pii6l.

•otSfeste. trustworthy, P253.

spac. spake, 264m.

Spair. Spalding, 1154.

Sparhafoc. 1048. pi 8a

sparode. spared, p22i&.

spec, spoke, 1048. pi2oh.

•psBoe. speech : oraiio, p266m, 11811.

spncon. (we) spake, p223fa.

jpec. spake,pi74.

specaV. (we) speak, p22iA.

sp«ddon. (they) sped, P245.

spedde. p3om.

speonan. they drew, allured, 1075.

spilde. pt, deprived, mvJUJUUed, P253A.

spUt, spoilt, destroyed, P254.

spiwenne. to spew, vomit, 1003.

spree (he) spoke, 1083 A. fpra^.

spraeoe. speech. P251A.

■prsBCon. we spoke, 891, 1009.

spreae, 1131.

q^reoan. 797.p2o8.

sprece. 1x14.

sprecende. 1123.

tprteon. 654,674. pi»3-

spure (ibt-). bracket, rest, P2094.

Btafiw. writings, 167 ; (stares, xioi.

staL stall, ^fieSf 678, 727, 796.

stall, id. 779.

stali. stole, P264/.

standan. to stand, pi 786.

•stande. suX^, id. 1031.

' Standard.*Battleof the — , 1 1 38. [i 781^

Btane. stone : saaeumy 603. p25, M,

Btane. Staines (Middlesex), 993. pi 43*

stanen. stones: testicuU, 1x25.

stanes, id. P253A.

Stanford. Stamford,942 .p3 1 , 1 23, 264^.

Stanforda. pi 54*

Stanforde. 1070.

•stanwealle. stone- wall, PI07I.

*sta)>e. bankjshore: terrajlrma,pi2,^.

*sta8ole./rmam«fi<: emp4mtta^pi2tL

stmt, staff (pastoral), 1094.

Staeffordsdre. Staffordalure, pi 54*

stselherge. a marauding paHy^pidSm.

stselhergum. plundervng bands, p^sk-

St8engfordesbrycge.Stmfird Bdge,pi03f .

BtssOe. bank, shore, dry land, 485, 794-

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

431

t. shot, iioo.

$uhj. escaped^ ilippedt 1055.
t. pi, sUin, 656, 789.
I. id. 617, 789.
>e. 800, 822, 1079, 1083.
tra. 871.

9x1.465,651.1)51.
sne. 800, 822, 867, 871.
8layeth,p253m.

650, 79a* 1002.
m. 100 f.
inn. 1001.

46. 71, 755. 878.
m. they slew, 568, 1083.

P183..

. he stabbed, 626, 755.
I. p(rfo$nu, 2, 3. [stick]
in. to stab, 626. [sting]
en. pt. 948. [stung]

^n> 755, 87*, 9.^7» Ac.
>ftener : pluries, 1 1 14.
comp. 894, 1009, 1016.
superl. oftenest, 959.
kL stcnedf 34.

Ion. oppresserunt, 10 12. [87.
lice, oftentimes, repeatedly, pS6,
i (hit — ). it offended, 1 1 27A.
red. amazed, p26it.
Ired. id. ^264^
(eorl). 918.
E.ibid.

yning). 1028. [pi 59.

3. Alney Island (nr. Gloncester),
;p. 614, 874, 992, 1045, & oft.
n.tohowinobeisance,g'jg.[pio6l,
a. about: prep, 1104: adv. 917,
n. td. prep. P171 : adr. 1001.
ind, 853, 855. pz.
ague. tt'Ao^, continuoui, 937m.
lendlic. /ormu2a&^ iioo.
don. they dreaded, pi4gt.
. he found, p228A. Ipgil-

ien.pt. received, welcomed, 1014,
r A< tooi, 47, 639, 794, 827.
fon. pi. id. 633, 653.
pm. 519.
inf. id. 878. p8i.
Ltende. pt. fighting on, 871.
n. 6efore, 1116. P93^
>n. they attacked^ 1095. P107.

*onfanden. they discovered, 755.
onitindon. id. P50, 5 if.
ongan. he 6«gan, 597, 673, 685.
♦ongon. irf. 597, 654, 673.
ongean(i )agaih:rurtu«,777, 1067.p1 781.

(2)again8t : adver8us,io\ o.pi 48,

ongeanward. pi23^ [165,185.

ongeat. he became atoare, 755.

ongefeaht.mafntain€c^(t/)6^fight.p^23^

^Ongelcyn. TJie English Nation, 901.

Ongelcynnes. 885.

*Ongolcynnes. 816.

*ongen. against, P95 frw^ongean (i).

ongeon. again, |>257Asongean (2).

*onget (songeat). perceived.

ongunnan. they began, 654.

ongunnen. id. p^oh.

on8:uimen. pt, 656. pg^h.

ongytan. to perceive, 979.

onhagode. it pleated (them), 9 1 8, f 01 6.

onlede. laid to his charge, piSom.

on Icgden . they laid on (imposts), p 1 83m.

onleide. he imposed, pi^ih.

onlocodan. we looked on, piiih.

onmang|>ani|>e. interea . . , dum, 1105.

*onmunden. thty minded, cared cU>outt

*Onna. king of E. Anglia, 654. [psol,

onne. one : unum, p262h.

onoh. enough, p262A.

*onridon. they rode on (raids), p'j6.

onriden. id. ibid. pyy.

^onsended. sent on (a mission) y 430.

onsette. he put on, 1022.

ousting, claim, 777. P31A, 33/.

ontendan. to kindle, set onjire, 994.

*onwalde. ditione, imperio, 901.

♦onwoc. rose, sprung, 547. [awoke]

openlice. openly, P262.

openlicor. more openly, 1 ic6.

openum. dai. sing, manifest^ ptoSl.

ora. strand, shore, 495, 514.

*oran. d<U. id. pi.

•Ordbirht. Abbot of Chertsey, 964.

•Ofdheh. "king's thane," P926.

Ordulfes.^. FounderofTavistockAbbey,

ort cattle, pi g6. [997-

orfe. pi 83.

orfes. 1)169.

orfcwalm. murrain, 1131.

orfcwealm. id. 1054. P239.

442

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

somum. 875, 913. P95, 104.

Sana, gen, sing, pi 65.

■una. sons, 477> 501, 688. pi 3m, 91 2.

sunan, sons, 501.

twie. 1064, 1 140.

tunes, P32.

sunnan.^. B\na,iiklov, 7 73, 884,963 ,1013.

Sunnanefen. eve of Sunday, loii.

aanne. (Sonne, 538, 664, 733, 879, 937.

sunnebeam. son-beam, 678.

snnnondeg. Snnday, 963.

Bunu. son : ^ol^n, 790, 813, 901, 1014.

tuor, swore, P364.

suoren. they swore, 1 1 37.

snster. sister, 604.

sa)>. south, 85 1 . p7$,

8u>an. yoT6$fy, 817, 910, 918.

8a)>anweard. south-ward, p3.

*8u)>healfe. south side, pios.

Sn|>hynibrum. Southhumbrians, 641.

♦Su|)rige. Surrey, 7aa, 823, 851.

•Sujwigea. 836, 855.

*Su|>rigiuni. 853.

*Su|>rigum. P107.

*Su|>Seaxe. South Saxons, 722, 823.

*Su|>Seazna. gen, 827, 836, 855.

8u0. south, 851, 1038. pi 9.

8u'5an. yrom south, 697. pi 3, 149.

sulSewearde. meridionalemf p^.

SufJfolc. Suffolk, 1075.

suffhealfe. south ride, 922, 997. pi 55.

SutlThvmbrarice. Mercia, 702.

SutSrege. Surrey, 722.

SuCrig. id, 823, loi 1.

SuVrigan. p67.

Su9rige. 851.

Su9rigean. P7I.

Su'Srigum. 852.

auSrixnan. south cocut, 1009. P9^'

BuOBeaxe. Sussex, 607, 722, 823.

SuSSeaxena. 661.

SuVSeaxna. 827. p6 7.

SuCSeaxscian. @ubf&(^f{f(^en, 1009.

Bu9Beaxuin. 998. P95, 142.

^suOstsOe. south coast, pgsh.

suiSweast. south-west, P234.

Buffwest. P243.

suyhen. they betrayed, P264A.

tuythe ^BwifSe, very, greatly, p264<.

suySe. id. 1137.

,so,as.473»797.877»878p3^»5'-
swahwaswa. whoso, pi 23.
swahwerswa, wheresoever, pi 3.
swahwilce . . . swa. whidisoever, 874*
swin. swine-Aert^, 755.
Bwaaawio. Swanage, 877.
swang. scourged, p2$.
swarte. Uaek: ^dftoaxi^ 1122.P256.
swaawa. so as, 675. pi 08, 123, 201.
SwaOeode. The Swedes, 1025.
SwKgn. Sweyn ; Danish king, P109.
Sw8pgenes.p2i4.
Swsegnes. 1069.

Swegen. 994, 1003, 1013, 1070.
Swegene. pi 48.
Swegn. 1070. pi 7 2.
awealt. died^ 2, 3.
^sweartan. 62adk, swarthy, pi 15.
*Swebdsging. 560.
swein ^ swtf n. swine-Aerd, p2 5 7^.
^swelce. likewise, Wee as, 47, 734-
swencean. to urge, force, oppress,pi 2 2«*
swencte. 999.

siren^. it^ured, harassed, pt$ll
Sweon. The Swedes, 1025.
sweord. sword, p33i.
^sweorda. enriumt 937<>
*sweordes. gen, gladU^pus.
*8weo8tor. sister, 888.
sweren, to swear, take oaih, 1 1 27t.
eirerene. sup, id. pi^^h,
*8werunge. swearing, p2o8^ [pi^ih.
sweOolode. relenied, was paei/Ud, S«ci6
swica. traitor, 1055.
swican. prodiiores, P214.
swikes. traitors, piti,
swicdome. treason, 1014, 111 8. pi 78.
swicon. prodebant, 1 118.
*Swifneh. an Irish teacher, 891.
*8wiftran. swifter : velociores, P95A.
swilc. such : talis, tantus, pi42t,
awiloe. 734, 937. pi4a.
swin. swine, 1 1 31 .
swincfull. toilsome, painful, P219.
Smneshcrfed, P39m, &
Swinesheafde, Swineshead (Hunt.), 777.
•swij>e. vald^, very, 501.P50A, 91 A.
*swi}x)r. magis, 897.
*swi|>08t. maxim^, ▼ehementi88ijn^897'
swi>u8t. P95.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

443

■wi0e. 917.^219.

•witfor. p2ig.

iwiOocl. 959.

•SwiSulf. Bp. Rochester, 897.

■wor. swore, 874.^108.

sworan. they swore, P236.

■woron. id. 876, 877. pi 19.

•swofltor. sister, 658.

^swostur. sisters, 718.

swnlte. ikould die, 1091111.

swulton. mcrertfUur, 1086.

iwuUen, peribant, 1131.

*swiimmon. swam, ^104.

swuster. sister, 697. P204.

swustor. 888. ^35.

swnstra. 718.

twuHre. py> twice.

swyster. pi8o.

swntelaO. demonttraUt, p 1 47 .

swylc such, 1086.

swyloe. a* iff itaoM^l, 1 1 1 7.

swyloere.sach,8o woftd (gravantis). 1086.

swylces. id. 1086.

sw7)>e. exceedingly f 11 19.

swySe. id. 654, 963.

swySoet. tuperl. 1 1 19.
AwySnm. more powerful, pi 11.

jy = sie. ea, ilia, 547.

•Syhtrices. gen. NH. king, 944.

syUL self, looi, 1080.

sylfik ipewn, pi 84.

syl&n. 1048.

tj\fe.pi23, I44» 15^-

sylfum. 867, 99a.

syllen. to give, provide, pi4'' [>«U]

tylure. silver, p2 6 it.

9yhber.id.lt^^.

aymble. continually, 597.

8ymle.p5i.

*8ynderlice. ieparaUly, pi 08.

syndon. they art, 979.

synlioe. sin/uny,^32oA.

synna. woB^ptioL

synoS. synod, 1046.

syrewian. tee besyrewi^.

syrewrenceas.treocA^roiacIea/injrt^pi 45*

eyOun. afterwwrde : potteot, p263l.

syV. tnarch, pateage, looi.

jytkitk 'tUne:* Ft. foii, pfjg.

tyfk. journey : itinere, pi 2 1 .

sylvan, thereupon, 1086.
syO^Mai. id. 1077.
jyOOoft. 1087.
*syx. six, 901.

T. p354:sThurstan, Abp. York,
tocfn. to take, P256111.
tacna. portenU, tokens, P242.
tacne(rode-).«t^o/<A« (TOM, p39^i 23^.
Tamer mnOan. mouth of Tamar, 997.
*Tamewor|>ige, Tarn worth, 922.
*Tantun. Taanton, 733.

*taperKx. a axe, 1031.

Tatwine. Abp. Cant. 731.
Uecm. to take, capture,p iS^m.
Tixdhdlde. Theobald, 11 16.
taehte. 1023, tee note,
tallen. tell, enwnerate, piogm.
Tsomeae. Thames, 892. pio6, 2 10.
tsetforan. beforehand, pijSl.
Tstwa. 1 g
Tactwaing. r*^'
te. the, 1 132. P264A, 265^.
teali. drew, 167. piS^h. [tug]
tealde. he told, said, pi 74*
tealdon. they pronounced, pi^ot.
tealdon. we told, 1086. .
team, warranty-jurisdiction, pi 3 2.
Tefingstoce. Tavistock, 997.
♦Tegntun. iTtfl^tteignton, 1001.
♦tela, very, 943.
tellan. to account, p222b.
tellanne. to tell, recount, p2i86.
telle. tell,p3i82.
tellen. to tell, p263m.
Temesan. Thames, p 143, 144.
Temeae. 823, 851, 871, 879, 891.
Tenercebrai. Tinchebrai, p34f.
Tenet.Thanet,85 1 ,853,853,865.pi 7 1.
Tenetland. id. 969.
tenn. ten, Uica, 1 1 31.
tenserie a oenserie. chirf rent, p362m.
Teodbald. Theobald, Abp. Cant. ^264!.
teolkm. tell, soy, p2 20I. [2 2 2i».

teonan. Aorm, injwry,disgrace, pi 07m,
•teo|>an. tenth: dedmam (partem), 855.
neo)»e. tenth : se^tit ifyiXb), 855, 955*
teotSan. tenth : Umdrrip {f^pi^a), 855.
t€ple=Temple. p257m.
thare. there, p263A.
3l2

444

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

tkarof, thereof, 1 137.

the. art. dtf. the, 1132. ^262111.

Theodbald. NH. prince, 603.

Theodoras. Abp. Cant. 690. P33.

Theophsnie. Epiphany, f 1 18.

ther, there, 1 137.

Thomas. Abp. York, 1070.

see Thomas messe. Deer. 21st: P247.

Thorp, near Peterborough, pi 22 twiet.

thre. three, 694.

throte. throat, |}262.

thu. thou, j)262m.

Tibba (Saint — ) . 1)1236.

ttd. tiine,hour, * tide, '540, 7 74,8 79.J9 1 49.

tide. 654, 759 ,Pi40. '49-

tidum. 380.

tidde (—tiVode). he grcmted, pi^oh.

tidde (hit), it 6etid, brfell, 1123.

til, uf^til, Jf«f 0^,1137.

Tilberht. Bp. Hexham, 780.

titiap. to till, jp234m.

tilianne. 1092.

tiled. cttUivatedy piSim,

tilede. P2626.

•tilgende. tilling, 876.

tiligende. id. ibid. E.

tilode. pi 40.

til9. tilth, ^235.

tiltJa. |)234.

tima. time, 852. 1775.

timaa. 1009. pi 45, 152, 208.

time. 654, 675.

*timbran. to^ild, 654. P95.

*timbrede. 722.

^timbredon. P95.

Tinan. river Tyne, 792, 875.

TinemutSan. Tynemouth, 1095.

♦tir. glory, renown, 937, pi 26.

titfode. granted, auenUd, pi 74.

Tiwtesdege. Tuesdiiy, 1104.

to- Jttr 625, 704, 877, 921, 1006.

to. too : mmi», plui (zqwiy 1004, 1042.

tobeot. beat ahovA, diepersed, pi47t.

Tobian. ace. of

Tobias. Bp. Rochester, 727.

tobrsd. pt. spread abroad, 979.

tobrecan. break «p, pi77.

tohrecdi, breaketh, infringeth, p^Sl.

♦tobrKcon. they brake in pieces, pgil.

tobrocen. broken into, 409.

tobrocene. pi. tmaehed, 794.

to brocon. 993 « to brocen .

tobrokene. P254.

tobngon. submitted, 1063.

t6c. took, 1127m.

tocan. pi. id.

*t6 com. (trrived, p 1 06A.

tocuman. reach, catch, 1064.

*tocumen. pt. arrived, pgim.

todseld. he divided, 10 17.

todsBlde. divided itself, 885.

todsldon. they divided, 12. P230.

^todieldnn. id. ibid.

todesled. pt. 709. P87.

to deled. P265.

todeld. 1137.

^todrsefed. dispersed, pi 26m.

todnefede. P209.

todrefodon. P209.

toeodon. they separated, pi 56.

♦Tofeceastre. To wcester, p 1 06 1. [1012.

toferde. dispersed {in aU directiom),

toflotan. pt. washed away, p234^

•to for. dispersed itself, 897.

to for, prep, before, 1 127m.

toforan. 6efore, 1012, 101 $.p$2l, 20SI

toforen. ii^^vtoy (8foC), 9636. p3o6.

togadere. together, 654 »

togaedere. 993, 998, looi. pi 52, 178.

togcBnes. against : obviatn, 1138.

togeanea. against,835, 993, 1030,1064.

•togeboren. born to (it), 887.

•togebugon. submitted to {him), 901.

togebugen. id. 1 11 9.

to ge cyrde. came over to {him), hS6, s. n.

togedere. together, 999.

togedore. id. p$.

togefaren. arrived, pgih. [^86,87.

tofi^halffode. pt. consecrated there-to,

*togenes. tovnrds, 911.

•togewicod. camped by, nigh, P94A.

♦Toglos (eorl). PI07.

to habban. inf advance, pretend, piigh.

toheawan. inf. hew in pieces, 1004.

tohwearf. departed, broke up, p23om.

tohwarfon. they parted^ 827. P152,

toliggdi. belongeth, p$gm. [159.

toll. joU : toll, pi 22, 1 231.

Tonebricge. Tonbridge, P225.

*tonumen. splits divided, 894.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

445

toHedon. they ccut (missiles), 1083m.
Tom'. Thoraey (Cambridgesh.), 1154*
toscjiifton. to diitribute, p2iSh.
to somne. together, 1 001 .
Tostig (eorl). 1064. pi 74.
Tostige. pi 90.
toswiSe. decidedly y pill.
totihtinge. inttigoHoUy ^231.
totweamde. separated, 1 1 37111.
to)>ohte. looked to, 1004.
tojnvsc. dashed about, P142. [thresh]
toward, versus, p$tm.
towardes. towards, p2$o.
toward* 1083.
toweard. 1083m.
toweardan. fulwre, p2 19.
towcerp. 722*= [722.

to wearp. threw down, demolished, 639,
toumrpon, to dismantle, pi 27.
trsndel. disk (of moon), 1 1 10. [trundle]
tregienne. to harass, 1 104.
tremede. should settle, secure, piS'jh.
Trentan. R. Trent, 679, 1013.
^Treontan. id. 934.
treothes. troths, pledges, 1137.
*treowa. pledges, 894^.
treowe. trec'timber, 626.
treowwsstman. tree-fruits, p2^g.
treowwestmas. id. P243.
tresor. treasure, 1137.
Treueris. Treves : XxXtx, 1046.
treuthe, obligation, fidelity, 1137. [truth]
treuthes. troths, vows, pledges, p2(i^h.
tmoedon. ihey deceived, 1090.
tmoode. failed, disappointed, p26o.
Tnimbriht. Bp. Hexham, 681.
Tnimwine. Bp. Whitem, 681.
truwude. trusted, 1043.
trymede. should extablish, 430.
trymedon. arrayed, pi 786.
trywe. true, trustworthy, ^235.
trywleasne. traitorous, 1094.
trywOan. pledges, 1095.
•tu. two, 882, 885, 887,894. J)94,9S, 96.
*tua. twice, 709.^84.
*tuaem. duobus, 534, 87 1^
Tuda (biscop).664.p3o, 33. [833,883.
*tiiegen. two, 'twain' (mofc), 568, 822,
•taelftanniht. Twelfth Night, 878.
tu^n. they tugged, drew, 892, 893,895 ,
[P174.

tiin. town, 777, 979.^122, 309.

tuna. P151.

tunas. 571, 584.

tune. 787, 867. P92. 3a»n.

tunes. P254.

Tunberht. Bp. Lichfield, ^69.

tungan. tongue, 797.

*tungon. id. 797.

tunge, id. p32m.

tungel-witegan. attrologers : magi, 2.

*tungel>witgan. 2.

♦tungol. luminary, celetiial body, 93 7m .

tunnan. tuns, 852.

tunscipe. town-popii2a^i<m, ^262/.

tur. tower, ^234.

ture. P236.

turas. towers, 11 17.

•Turcesiege. Torksey, 873.

Turcesige. id- ibid.

turfum. turfs : cespitibus, 189.

Turold. Abt. Peterborough, ^2096.

Turolde. id. 1 070.

♦tuun. town, 777.

♦tuwwa. twice, 894.

twa. two, 852, 882, 885. P92, 156.

twam. duobus, 871, 887, 894, 92^.

•twKm. id. 871.

twsegenatwegen. 822, 871.P203.

twcelf. twelve, 852.

twealfmonS. twelve-month, P257A.

<tr«/an. 729= [918.

twegen. two (nuuc), 495, 871, 889,

*twegra. duorum, 984.

•twelf. twelve, 894.

twelfe. P252.

twelfta. twelfth, 1066.

twelf niht. Twelfth Night, 1125.

twenti. twenty, 694. P209.

twentigan. twentiefA, 1086.

♦Tweoxneam. Christichurch (Hants),

twiges. twice, 11 20. [90 1 , t . n.

twyfealdlic. two-fold, d^yuhle, 11 20.

tyd. time, 693. [tide]

«y<^- 759. 997- P32.

tydde = tyVode. granted, p3 1 6.

tylienne. to procure, pi 83m.

tyma. time,p250.

tyman. P236.

tyme. P169.

tymbrade. built, 722.

446

QLOSSARIAL INDEX

nymbnume. to bwild, 669. 3iinin<t.

tymbrianne. id. ibid. E.

♦tyn. ten, 973.

Hjrf. »ee etteltyrf .

tyrwigende. harcuting, pis^-

ty[>ian. to grant, psih.

tyOian. P33.

ty«e.p3i, 38* "3-

tytfode. 963.

Tywetdofi. Tue«d»y, it 22,

)» (a.>Kt). that: bo^&baf, 1064, 1070.

H. ar«. 457, 919, 1070.

H^ adv. then, there, 4571628, 853, 911,

H (=|>»m). X084, 1 104. [997.

M6*. th' abbot, 1 154.

Mange, permierion, pSjt. [ 1 74^.

>aiii. ciot. the, that,867,ioa3. j>76j 1 07A,

Wtti. u2. 1031. P30, 93, 169, 208.

^an, thanfp264h. [sure, 883.

tianoes (Godes — ). of Qod'egood plea-

pane (for >am). 1 1 27m.

panka. id. voluntarily, p26$h.

>anne. than, |>i78t, 265I.

>anne. then, p26it.

>anon. thenee, 547. pio6, 148, 171.

hur. there, 877, 1020, 1031.P264A.

♦|>ara. flf. !>/. T«i' : bm[n], P92, 94, 98,99*

>are. d. fern, pg^t. [107.

pare, there, P264Z.

pna. these, 1104, 11 30. [those]

pat, that, p262h.

)Mt0a. when, ae : quom, 1083m.

pa (»J>e). indecL rel. which, 1 104.

>Kgn. thane : minister regis, 988.

>8Bgna8. thanes: ministri regis, 1015,

>Kgne. pzol. ^ [P77.

posh i'^peeh). though, 1)87, 165, 178.

*>«m. rf, rois, 887, 894, 901, 917.

>aene. ace. maec. r6y, 991.

pesr. there, 679, 755, 777, 800, 871.

>>era. g. pi, rm¥, 1012, ioi4> pi^S*

|»KrKft6r. thereafter, 1122.

pene. g. & d.feia. 855, 876, 1059.

poirfe. need: [9lot^]t>urtt, 874.

pcerle. exceedingly : yehementer, 1)234.

>nmode. *^ forfeited 1, i. j. |>olode/'

)>Kr on. thereon, 1 102. [(Thori)e), 1 1 1 9.

pofrrihte, thereright,/or(Ai0it&,p236m.

[>ierto. thereto^ betides, 1102.

[>Krtoeacan. moreover, 1091. [pioi.

pmB. term whence of time» 853,855,871,

)isM.^ffi.art.8i3,878,io32,io67.i)}io.

iMst. that, 633, 671, 792, 853.p25a

Pe. inded, rd. 41 7» 634, 871, 1013.

Poah. though, 755, 867, 885. plS^.

peahhweSer. neverthdeu, 10872, fw

)>eab hwsOere. ^142^.

pear (-|>Kr). there, 877. p258ii».

J>earf. need, 959. ,

|>earfe. 874. pi 41.

>eawas. mannen : mores, pi 2it.

)>eawe. tort, fathion : moribus, 61 fi.

|>egn. thane : minister regis, 465, 755^

pegnMB,pl.id. 755-P9»» ««'• [PSh 95-

pegae. 874.

•beh ( «)>eah). 894, 905. P99.

*)?elwBle.'ThelwaU (Cheshire), pi 10.

[>e mare. oZI the more : eoampliora,pi77*

)« ma N-ony more than, 1 009, 1 o 1 6.p 1 40*

*penA (-B^egna). ministrorom, 897.

Peo{»wo). *, 1087.

Jwod. [} the eh^f] people. Sis.

>»ooda.6o3, 975*l'i49-

[>eodan. P233.

|>eode. 627, 654, 794, 867, 959.

*|>eoden. chief, prince, 942.

)>eodford. Thetford, 1010.

peodforda. 06^. 870, 1004.

[leodland. }the civiUged world, 959.

*|?eodor. Abp. Cant. 670.

*|?eodorius. id, 680, 690.

•peodorus. id, 668.

[>eodscipe. territorial dependency, pi4*«

)>eodscipes. pi 78. [148-

*>eod8cyx>e. 922.

*))eodam. people, /oM;, 937/.

peohB. robhert, thieves, 1 102.

peonen, thene«, P3i/.

)>eonestmen. retaitiert, pzsh, s,n.

>eonon. thencf, p3lm. ,

peora, their, PI3I.

peoB, f, this : aJBrti : biefe, 979.

peotcm ( »>isam). this t roir^ p236f.

piperice. th' Empress, p264fii.

per, there, 456. ps,

pere ('mpmre), 456. §p3om.

per^\ thereafter, 1140. p264f.

perinne. therein, ^262.

I»e8. m. nom, dem, th's, 627.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

447

». or*. 592, 963, 1043. P77.

U. grew dark, 11 40.

)8, 876, 963, 1007. P32.

in. iervitude, 963. 1)209.

m. id, 675.

%n. to serve, pi9$m.

]>j). on that : eo (Lat.), 823^

I. to accept, PS U.

u thickly, 1095.

thither, 755, 894, 1154.P51.
by, thine, pii^h.
j;fer|>ing. PS^*-
ferHng* £■ *bid. [i33» 3o8.

thing, things, 963. pss, 38, 39,

g.pl. 1014.P173, 185.
1. d. pi. rebus, 112 1. P234, 2486.

piiS.

1. d. pi, piScl.
.id.p22p= ,

in.pi59» 169.
lis, 852.^104,154.
oblq. P236A.

S'w. 1>3» 23*-

ace. 9IUMC. 851, 1009. pi 44.
06^. 1 1 13.
g.pH. 1 1 18.
. 692.
885. PI49.
1086.
[108-

. 875P»45-
n. they thought, p225/i.
. he thought, 626.
a. pio6h, [p26i.

eihere\><U. notieithttanding that,
to endure, P264I,
ten, toe suffered, p26$t.
s )Kmne).then, 38 i,688,894A&m.
»|>am). 1002. P2582.
n. thence, 584, 905. pio6.
es (Godes — ). Dei numine, 897.
aec. mase. 755, 837, 860, 90(5.
aaN* o^y more than, 755.
;«>onne). 455-l>M4, US*
5. then, 755, 994, looi. P95.
n. thencf, 547, 891.
(Gunneres snnu). 966.
e. had occasion : bitrfte, pt M-
un. pi. id. PII4.

pomeie. Thomey (Camb.), p203m.

porode (eorl). 992.

^orpes. villages, 9636.

\h>\>. though, p26 1.

\>o)>wjdher€. nevertheless, P265Z.

ifofnoethere. P263.

*)>raga. period of time, 942.

Iveo. three, P94, 254.

)>re. id. i f 24.

[>rengde. forced, jammed, P262A.

•J>rep. thorp, 455.

Mdda. third, 686. P64, 65.

\>ne. three, 891.

*)>rim. d. three: tribus, 897, 993.

*)>ritiga. thirty, p8om.

•fridges. 893.

\mtti. P256/.

Mttiga. 852.

Mttigum. p8im.

)>riwa. thrice, piiim. [p3 1 m.

prokonholt. Trokenhole (Cam.), Qibs.,

[>rowade. suffered, 62.

)>rowod. pt. put to death, pi 23m.

[>rowode. 62.
.[>rowodon. pi. id. 69.

)>rowude. no, 885.

hry. three, pjgt, 203.

\>rpn. rpiat, 1008.

)>u. thou, p262m.

)nlhes. thumbs, p262^

|»uhte. it seemed, pi 65.

Nr (=>urh). through, P263.

purcylle. d. eorl of EAnglia, 1017.

purcytel (eorl). P104. [10 10.

(Myranheafbd).(Equ8e Caput),

(Nafanan sunu). pi 54.

•purferjj (eorl). p 107.

)>ut1i. through, pi 51, 167.

]nirhc. id. p264b. [pi^ih.

)>urh sme^e.penetrated with his insight,

[>urhteah. he carried through, 167.

purstane. Abbot of Glastonbury, 1083.

>us. thus, P33» x^3i 143'

)>u8end. thousand,^ I, ioo2,ioo7.pi5i.

huenda. gen. xtXioSdi^, 71, 694, 871?,

*)>usendo. 33, 614, 648. [9^'-

*)>u8endu. 4, 508.

Vwamessa. obedience, p6sh.

|>y. ahl. eo, 815, 836, 867. p75, 7^.

►yder. thither, pi74^

448

GLOBSARIAL INDEX

f^y6ermtudj(mtk€pa»tag€i}dthBi,pi4tL
^jmwaa (Hela — ). thorns, 778.
•>yi. this, 906.

|»jBet (gcaret ). [in] this year* 1 1 16.

(yysBes. hujna, p22ob,

)>ysiim (gemang — ). inter hcc, 1001.

0 ( » Oct), eonj. that, |>265m.

«». oH. 885.

6a. eon;. thei», |>io66, 142k, 7Sok.

'Sa'Sa. icA<ii, P19.

'Sam. deU. 994, 1075.

6an. id, 11 17.

'Sancod. thanked, |>3o6.

'Sanon. thenc€, 993. P219.

Oara. g. pi. art. r&w, 871, 905.

•tJare. oldq. {for fimre), 1031.

•«a8. jffn. (-►«8), p2o86.

Oas. this, these, 785.

t^vne ( — Cone). T^r, ^157.

0sr. there, 679, 789.

iSserlyaer. tehert, 789.

Osrefter. thereafter, p 24 1<.

Oswe. o&Z. Tp&T^f,794, 800,922. pi i8^

8ses. rovy 100 1. pi9<.

Ce. indecL rd. ; Fr. 'qne :* "^CtC , p237.

■8«. modem def, art. 'the,' 963. ^31.

8eah. yet, though : hod^, 867.

'Seahhwae'Sere. nevertheleu, pi 54.

Rear ( = "K8Br). there, P257A.

"Segn. thane, 626.

'Segnas. pi. p30.

fSeines, id. 1127.

Oeodde (under-), subjected, 852.

0eode. (2. peop/c ; genti, 10 14.

•Ceoden. lord, ruler, 973.

Deodforda. Thetford, 870.

Seodscipe. the mUUary tenant ly, P140A.

Geodscipes. gen. pi 42 A.

tJeos. fern, this, pi 42m..

fieotee. gen. neut. p2S'}t.

*f^wsi.g.pl.Bervant8: 8ervorum,pi 26A.

•*eron. thereon, 882.

fkra. g.pl. (-t5iBra).pi8om.

•Sere (""Swre). 867, looi.

*ere {for 'Ssera). 654.

tier to. thereto, 'at themt* p^itn.

tJes (-Cbbs). 1045.

«et(«Cast). p3iA.

9eudom. 9erviee, j

iSider. thither, 1135.

^ioddom (under-), pi. tubieett, n/*

"Bis. this, j>25o. [fragmt, 107a

'5iaan. pt2$L

Cisea. gen,, pi^iob.

tSiifk. 1103 =

Oisum. 1084.

tHastiin. id. 993, 1090.

Oone. aec. mate, art, 871, 10016.

Sonne, then, psit.

fire, three, jiafi.

*(Sreat. crowd, gatkering, 973.

Orowode. paasos est : fwmBt, PS5A.

Ouhte. visum est : ISmcci^ P95"^

8urh. through : per, 250A,

Durstan. Abp. York, pa5 U.

8us. thus, P3i2.

*8nsend. thousand, 973.

Oysra. of these, 1 1 20.

*Oysum. To^v, 897.

*Ualentines. Rom. Emperor, 449.
uenden. they thought, weened, 1 137.
Uercel. Veroelli, pi 77.
uerrien. to fnake war on, p26isk
Uescam. Fecamp, 1091.
*ufan. tumOtP, pi 10, 8. n.
Ufegeat. son of Wul%eat, PI40.
^ufeweardum. np-ward, upper, P95.
ufon. on top, 1 89.
ufor. higher up, 881, 883, 8. n.
Uhtred (eorl). 1013.
Uiana. Vienne, 1119.
Uictor (papa), pi 91.
uigilia. vigil, ere, 1121.
*Uirgilius (abbud). 903.
Uitalianus (papa), p^^.
Ulf. Bp. Dorchester, pi 75, 187.
Ulfcytel. eorl of EAnglia, loio.
UlfkyteL id. 1004.
*umhe. about : itft^l, pioS.
UnsHunferK 744.
unarimedlioe. innumerable, 584.
unarimacUice. P151.
*unarimedlico. 473.
unarimenlicu. id, ibid. E.
unase(^ndlic. impouible to say, pi 45*
unasecgendlioe. indetcribable, 994, 997*
unateallendlioe. incalctUable, puih.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

449

^unbefohtene. unfoQgbten, 911.
onoiftdpe. 47, Mufooi-^ote,
ancaOnL unknown, 1106. [nnoouth]
Undalnm. Onndle, P45.
nn^dep. thaUaWf P262.
under *»xai6em. 540.
under. tu6, 604, 653, 688. pioa.
imdBr. inter: tttltft, 865,876,901,1004.
underfangam, reeeiwd, P239, 350!,
underfiingen.i)a37,isfi,254<. [7$ih^
nnderfeng. tuscepit, 785. P197.
tmdarfexicoxL sutceperutU, 867.
nnderfeagen. id, ptiom, [PI48.

undergeat. perceived: cognovit, 1004,
undam. 9 o'clock a. m., 538, 540, 1 1 aa.
underne. 538.

underncSen. underneath, ptogk.
underttanden. to understand, 1)251 As
underetandene, tvp. iiijL
under^cedde. eubject : subditi, pig.
underfed, ting, id. p^ib.
under^eden, subigere, 113a.
under^eoddan, pt. jpaxam.
iinder)>eodde. ke tubdued, 47.
under)>eodde. pt, pi, id, morigeri, 959.
*ander^eoded. 933.
under^eodnjrsse. mAmiteioHf p35 itn.
undo, open : reseret^ ^33/.
tind^n. to undo, coMioelf pi^ol,
undyde. jp33m, $. n.
unearhne. wndauntedf P140I.
•une'^lice. inconvementlyt pg^l.
VLDfti6,commotionf quarrel, 1001,1134.
unfri0a.|>i78.
tmfri'Se. 905, 994. pi 06m.
unfriOflota. hoetUe fleet, 1000.
unfritShere. hottile army, pi 42m.
unfriSehere. 1007.
*ufigeanre. unprepared, pio6h.
ungebroenode. unimpaired, 64 1.
^ungecyndne. aee, not having natural
ViTif!s6.eTnA.unmoleatedyp2%2t,[rig)Ufi6'j,
ungefealioe. unhappily, P53, 53.
ungeAwKmes. distention, 1083.
ungeleaflic incredible, pi 65.
ungelimp. mitfortune, piig,
ungelimpe. P337.
ungelimpee. 1086.
ungemKte. extraordinary, 11 15.
^ungemetlic. enormous, 867.

ungemetlica. immente, pt^i.

ungemef . 867.

ungerim. vnthout i»iiffii6er, loio.

ungerime. P251.

ungerisenlioe. dithonorably, pi53l.

ungesaeltJa. v>oet, miteriet, PI45.

ungetrywOan. treachery, treaton, iioi.

ungewcdera. unteeuonable weather,

ungewederan. P334. [PHS*

ungewyderu. Ungetoittet, pi 69.

ungewiderunge. 1086.

ungewilL ditpleating, pa 34.

ungewiUe. 1 1 aa

ungyld. irregular impoif, pa 35.

ungyldan. P334.

ungylde. pa36.

unheanlioe. tpiritedly, 755.

*unie)ielice. painfully, 878.

Uniu'aal. CUniversalis, Bp.Lond. 1 1 30.

•Unlaf«Anlaf. 993.

unlaga. lawless laws, psaoia.

unlagagelde. illegal taxes, pa a 7.

unletan, to unloose, pa 336.

*unlytel. much, no Uttle, pio6.

unne. indulterit, pi 69.

unnfriSscipa. hottile ships, pi 73.

unnitSing. not a ' nithing,' pa 26.

unnlMtnces. involuntarily, 1055.

unred. evil countel, pi 57.

unraede. p2a9.

unredes. P145.

unreode. 1075.

unriht. wrong: Unted^t, 107a.

unrihte. 833. pi 85.

unrihtUce. wrongfully, loaa.

unrihtum. unrigh^/W, iZUoit, 755.

^unrim. iurffpiBfiw, 937.

*unryhte. iigurU, 833.

*unryhtum. iniquit, 755.

unssehte. enmity, p2$om,

unsdldig. innocent : unfd^utbi^ pi 87.

*unscrydan. to unrobe, p3o6.

unseht. ditcord, pi 87.

unsehte. 1106.

unsibbe. unqmet, pBj,

unsida. immoralitiet : Unftttcttr piai.

^unstilnesse. ditturbanee, 755.

unstillnessa. p5i.

uiMi9teai». unharmed, piSoh,

untellendlio^. indescribable, pt62t,

3^

450

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

nntidgewidcrm. wuttmmMe wmikar,
untriwtSe. trtamm, p«23&. [pi3i/.

. iufirmiiy^ PS^
e.pi70.
. 1091, «ef noU.
un^vokm. P265&.
vnthnoet. 1048.
im^Murfe. damage, karm^ 107$.
*im|>wn>c». dit$ensi4m, 867.
«M0«yenieMe. 867.

UMWBI

*iuiwe«xefL not ^roini up, |>ia6.
anwedemm. frad we«tlier, ^169.
nnwiadome. indi$ertti<m, 1083.
unwisoin. nnwiM, foolUk, 874.
imwnefte. Aaltiertd, crazy, pi^ik^ 9. m.
onwreft. iaaecurty piiob.
unwTCfte. /«<«/<, |>36cl, «. «.
unybeliot. adfp. im dutreat, 878.
up. f>rfp. 860, 883, 891, 894, 918, 978.
apthofon. raited, aphove, p2^,
tiparas. op-rose, pi 361.
*apbeooman. came to land, pi 15.
upbestttl. stole a march inland, 865.
tipeodon. vent ap the country, 998.
upgang. inland march, pi 43.
apganges. landing, pi 71. [309.

uppsap. looi, 1013, 1069. P104, 103,
appahebban. to upheare, exalt, ptiib,
nppan. upon, piiol.
uppon. id. 978, 1048, 1083. pa3i/.
uppa. iim, pgsl, n6, 157.
Urban'. Pope, p233^.
Urbanes. P157.
ure. our, pi 3, 133, 145.
iire6.iiof^; iifArr4po¥, p27^,
umon. they ran, 755. p5i, 174.
us. no8 : ^fMs, 605.
Usan. R. Ouse, loio.
tit. out, 617, 891, 985. pio6, 155, aoi.
utadon. to put out, P231A.
utadiaf. droye out, 109a.
utadnefdon. they 'driyed' out, pa 39.
utadrifen. driyen out, 591, 59a.
*uta£u-en. gone out, p9im.
ut aflymde. yi<^(m<, 944.
utan. g^mB^v, 755, 894.PIO4, 106, 107.
utanwearduxn. extimo, 89a, 893.

^Qtascufoii. thoye out, P96. [paiSL

utaspyrian. to 'speer' out : Dan. fpct^

*utbrengan. bring out, P94.

titdragan. drag out, 1083.

*utdnefde. draye out, p86.

ate. out :/orw, 8940^ 895.^104^,140^

utene. 99a, tee note.

*uter. outer, P95fi».

uteweardum. exterioriy P95/.

utforan. to tet forth, 905.

utflemde. in exilium ejqmlterat, 715.

*utfbron. marched out, 894A,

utgan. to go out, io83».

*utgewat. got away, pi 14^.

uthere. foreign army, 1009. P14011.

uthlupon. took fight, decamped, 1071.

atlaga. outlaws, 107a ^187^.

utlagas. id. pjo^m.

utlagan. id. 1071.

utlaget. outlaws, 1070.

utlagede. outlawed, 10 14.

utlagode. 1055, *o^-

utlagodon. 1064.

utlah. ezlex, pi 80.

utlsendiace. outlandish, p 1 2 1 .

uton. ab extra: l^tftfcr, 755, 885.P15S.

utone. id. pi 56.

*uto0reowou. rowed away, P96.

*utraesde. rushed out, 755.

utresde. id, ibid.

dtwikingan. tea-rovert, P335.

•ujjon. eoncederent, p5om.

uCon. id. ibid.

u0e. 1043.

*uOwitan. taget, px 1 5 .

uuan. wan, won : adeptut ett, pa63«.

uuard. &ctus est : toatb, 1135.

uuare. esset, XI35.

uuaren. 1137.

uweren. fuerunt, ptSit.

*uuKron. they were, paA.

uueron. pa6a5.

wierre. war : guerre, P164I.

uuerte. worse : pejus, pa6aiii.

*Uuihtgar. 544.

*uuintra. annorum, pa.

•uui>. againtt, with, 597, 750, 755.

uuolde. i04Kiio'w, 113a.

*uuoldan. they would, p8om,

uurecce. wretched, 1137. pa6a.

GLOSSARTAL INDEX

4.51

uureidt. <ueu9ed, 1132.

uwythen. they twisted^ titrained, p36i.

*Uzfretixig. 560.

Vhtrede (eorl). 1)154.
Vithele (abbode). Vitelis, 1076.
Vlf (b'). 1025. pi 77.
Vndehu Oundle, pi 22.
Vssn. R. Ouse, 1069.

W.- William (Rufus), 1098, 1 100.
wi(. wo: fBt%p222b.
•wace. weak, frail, 975.
' Wagele. 664, see note.
wala. wo, alas, 999.
•Wala. Walanomm, 823.
Walana. id. 605, 614.
Walaa. Welsh, 552, 571, 597. p5.
Walaram of Mellant. ^251/.
Waloelin. Bp. Winchester, 1098.
Walchere. Bp. Durham, 1080.
•Waldend. Ruler, pi 26.
•Waldendes. gen. id, pi 26,
Waldhere. Bp. London?, |>396.
Waleram (eorl). 11 24.
Waleri. S. Yaleri, 1090.
Wales. Wales, Camlmay P250&, 25 1^

Walingford. p26$.

Walingefbrde. 1126.

Walon. P230I «

*Walum. Britannis, 495.

Walt'nile. Abbot Peterboro*. 1154.

Waltan. NL. pi 22.

Wal>eof (eorl). 1070, 1075.

Wal9eaf. 1069.

wan. warred, 597.

wann. id, 1095.

wana. wanting : minttt, 972.

wandode. pi 83m, $ee note.

waniende. waning : deficlem, p2^2t.

wanode. d^ecit, I no.

wansia)>. diminUheth^ p^tm.

wansie. minuat, psim.

war. aware, 1 140. P264/.

war. where, J92626.

ware. id. p26sm.

waren. were, P262I.

wamian. to warn, 993.

wartts'weufS.factvs ett : toarb, 1 140.

warth. id. iy4ptro, p26lt.
wariS. id. 881.
•warn, populue, pi 59.
-waruzn. d. pi. 838, 852.
waa. erat, 632, 794, 827, 853. P2626.
wat. I wot : olSa : novi : VOt\^, pi2h.
wateres. waters, p3iA.
wairet. id, pi22.
Wattenile. 1 1 24, se« note,
wn. we : no9, 1090.
Wsebheard. king of Kent, 692.
•WsBced. Watchet (Somersets.), P104.
Wsdingastrsete. Watling-street, 1013.
wadde. bond, covenant: foedere, 1014.
wseder. weather : ^Better, pi 83.
wsedera. in 7.

*wsg. bore: gestabat,pi26m.
•WsBgdwging. 560.
wsege. way : viA, itinere, p233m.
wsbI. tHaughter, carnage, 654, 67 f , 833,
waelisce. foreign, pi 78m, s. n. [867.
wcell, well : ben^, pi2ot,
Wselsoes. Welsh, pi 78.
wnlaliht. sUiughter, 839, 871.
w»latowe. battle-Jleld, 837, 860, 883.
wainde. went, proceeded, pi 51,
wandan- pi. id, pi 40m.
wcendon. inf. id. pi 74.
wamdon. they weened, ihoughl, 1070.
Wcentan. of Venta » Winchester, 731.
•waepen gewrizles.cronn^ o/wpns,pi 14.
wsspna. weapons :2hrA«i'iarmorum,9i 7,
wsepnoD. SirXoif : armis, p222m. [107 1.
wspmen. men, mo^, P251&.
weer. were : esset, P257A.
wssran. they were, 755. p2o8, 259.
Wserburh (Ceolredes cwen). 782.
iMsrd:=wear9. »arb, Ii54.p265m.
wardedon. kept guard, p22$l.
wasre. were: esset, 167, 734, 836, 91 7,
wserede. exercitu, 823. [1013.

weeren. erant, 785.
weeres. weirs, pi 22.
Wserham. Werham, 784, 876, 979, 1 1 13.
t0aTA9a>weai^. toaTb, 833.
Waeringsdre. Warwickshire, 10 16.
^Wiennunding. 626, 755.
wcerod. army, 999.

wasron. they were, 418, 787, 855, 994.
irorrsd. Worse, 979.
3 m2

452

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

wcBTH, worse, p76ih.

waerCeres. 565, tee foGt-naU.

iraf* = wearK. 4y4Mro, 617, 687, 784.

wnrom. men : ▼irisi taf^pmrt, P19. [867.

•wsnui. they were, 690, 718, 755, 823,

WM. was, 627, 871, 963.1)81.

iMBst. west, 799.

loastan. dat, drf. 709.

wBSton. from the west, |>I52.

wKStmm. fractaum, 1 105. J>339-

waestmas. P243.

wBstman. fructibiis, P239.

wBstmum. id. pi6g.

WcuUnvnttre. ^219.

Wattmynttft. 1091.

Watt Seam, 868.

WcatSeaxna, 688, 750.

ITflprt FTea^. 835, $eefoot*wAe.

WKtar. water, p3i, 95.

*h¥8etera. aquarum,|>i26.

wKtere. d 9mg, pi 56.

WKteres. pi7i.

^waeterfkstenne. water-fiMtness, 894.

Wstlingastnete. Watling-street, 1013.

Wsttellebame. NL. P39m,

wax. waxed, grew, 656. pi 87.

we. DOS, 891, 892, 905. p68.

WealA. WaUorum, 710, 823, 924.

Wealan. 1081.

"Wealaa. 682. P79, i8a

wealcan. pi 65, see note,

weiad. <The Weald,' 892, 893. S)a(b.

wealda. d. id. 892, 893, 894.

*wealde. u2. PI15.

wealde. he swayed, p2$om, [wield]

wealden. 9up. gu tiHiUen, p25i^

•Wealhgefera. P96, see note,

Wealingforda. WaUingford, p 1 4 1 , 1 48.

weall. waU,pio7, 189*

weallan. to well up, httbble, tpring, 1 100.

weallande. /orei^par^, 1040.

weallas. walls, 963.

wealle. 547, 963. pi 23.

*WeaUes. P115, eeev.l,

weall stowe. Jield of battle, 1025.

*Wealtbam. Bishops Waltham, 100 1.

Wealon. Wales, p233^.

•Wealum. p2, 104.

Wealwnda. 8 78, see note. [p 1 26I.

weard. guardian; ctistos, 1043, '070,

-weard. -ward, |>I42(, 143, 154, 178I.

-w»ardM.-waids :ioart<,894,i io6^i-

wearp. east : toarf, 1055. P9^ ^43^

•wearl>. toarb, 465, 654, 687, 800, 871.

wearV. id, 948.

wearffaD. /oiU, pi 2 1 .

treas. was, P87.

weati. west, j»87.

weatteman, western, pi 48.

WeastSeazum. 560.

weattward. westward, 892.

weax, waxed, grew : tmd^, PH^^'

Wecoedport. Watdiet, 9)87, 997.

Wecta. son of Woden, P13.

wedbroGeres. p3o«, see note,

wedde. dat, pignore, P'B9'

weder. weather : SEDetter, 794. P«74-

wederes. tempettaUs, P234.

wedemnge. tempetUUe, pii^.

Wedmor. Wedmore (Somersets.), p8im-

wefod. altar, 1123.P254&

weg. way, 901. P94, 95, 104, 223*.

weges. P154.

WBLsat^pgib: hcM,6'j$:pror$u$,t90i'

well. 1042.

wela. wealth, p22o6.

welisce. foreign, Welsh, pi78Ri.

well, cadet, ttraget^ 671.

^wellwiUenda. benevolent, 984.

Welmesfbrde. NL. p^ i ,

wdneK, well-nigh, 1 132.

wendan. they twmed, went, 905. p25 1'*

wendon. id, 885, 895, xooo, 1016, 1048.

wende. s«ii^. id. 895, 1045. P91A, 148-

wende. he altered, P263111.

*h¥ende. weened, ihpught, 911.

wendon. pi. 994. p203m.

toenden. id. they thought, p26^.

•WendelssB. The Mediterranean, 885.

weofede. altar, 1127.

weofode. id. 1083. P236.

Weohstan (ealdorman). 800.

weold. twayed, 1092.

weoldan. toere mostert, 1107.

weolde. reigned over, 1039.

weoU. welled, ^nisAecf; $caiwri^>at,ptlS'

•Weolnd. Weland R. pio'gl,

*weorca. Mkmv, pi 14,

weoroe. work : corv^, ^234/.

weoroean. to make, build, 1 114.

GLOSSARUL INDEX

453

weoroenne. 9wp. to work, ^343.

weorket. works, p26sm.

weored. force, army, pi$.

weorod. 380.

*weorode. 937.

iMor0 (swearV). toaxt, pisSk.

weorfSaD. ylyp^ffStu, 1090.

weortfast. worthiest, 1>234<.

*weor>nefl8e. magnificence : dignitate,

*weor^8dpe. virtute, 942. [855.

weorOsdpe. pi $6,

weor>u8te. ^m^otm, 876. pSoL

weorOoste. id. pSitih.

weort^e. he honored, 959. p8im.

^eorffude. id, pSol.

weonild[>eadom. eecular Mirviee, 963.

weox. waxed, grew, ^2306.

*Weoztaii (aldorman). 800.

wepan. weep, 1086.

wependlic. kurymabilie, piiom,

wepna. weapons, 1064.

wepnode. armati, piogim.

wer. man: vir, iur/ip, 716.

wera. it^ptty, 457, 508.

weras. men, pi 45.

werce, work,jJ3om.

vere. euet, p^t-

♦werede. defended, 755.

werede. exercitu, 878. j>77.

weres. weirs, |>3i^

♦wergan. inf. defend, piojt, [877.

Werbazn. Warehaiii(Dor8.), 784, 876,

Werhtred (abb'). p6g.

werian. defend, pi 44.

♦werig. weary, 937. [pii2.

Wermingtun. Warmington nr* Oundle,

werode. he defended, 755. pi 55.

werode. arpdr^, 1004.

weron. were: erant, 876.

wertcipe. diplomacy, piiim, tee note.

^ertfeode. mankind, pi 26I.

iwt (=wajs). 675, 755, 963, 1055.

*Wes8eaxan. 670.

•Wesseazna. 643, 827, 836. p2.

*We8seaxum. 560, 611.

west. 823, 877. P9I, 94.

westan./r9i» the west, 709, 11 o6.pi 54.

^Wester&lcning. 560.

westig. waste, duert, pi 3.

wesUaag. (/ram east to) west, 892,893.

westme. fruit, 1125. [966.

Westmoringa. of the West-Moor-mai,

Westmynstre. 1039, io^> io^«

*westre. wta^, deserted, P93.

•WestSeaxe. 514, 871.

West Seaxna. gen. pi. 994. P83.

•WeetSeaxiim.597,634,878. [835.P63.

WestWalas. Welsh o/ComwaU, 813,

westweard. west-ward, 891. pi 83.

westwearde. 813. P63.

wetere. water, p5.

•We>mor. Wedmore, 878.

Hfexan. wax, grow, 999.

Wibbanduna. 568 =

•Wibbandone. Wimbledon, 568.

wicci. wicked, P2646.

^wioenga. of Vikings, 879, 885.

widiiga. id. 879, 885. pi 07.

•Wicganbeorge. Wembory??, 851.

Wicgeanbeorge. id. ibid. £.

*wicgefera. p95< ; aee note, p32i.

wician. to lodge, 1048.

*wicode. he lay, camped, P94, 102.

♦wicodon. pi. id. pgib. [887. p8i.

wioam. d. pi. encampment : castris,878,

wid. with,p264m.

wide, widely; latfe, 959, 975>994> «o>«»

widuten. without, P2642. [ pi5 1 •

*wiecan. weeks : ®c(^en, 878.

•Wieht. Isle 0/ Wight, 686.

*Wiehteealond. 534.

*-wiellon. wells, 924. [145.

wlf.wo«an: 9Beib,io75.p3, 91, 93,98,

wifiin. mulieribus, P233A.

wifcy)>>e. woman's company, 755.

wifcy^Gan. id. 755E.

wife. 616. pi 52, 204.

wifes. P51.

•wiftun. P91.

*WiferJ> (►egn). psoh.

Wifei^. ibid, E.

•Wig. WS. progenitor, p2.

Wigbriht. WS. bishop, 812.

•Wigbryht. id. 812.

wige. battle, contest, pi 48.

♦wiges. flf. 937. pi 1 5.

Wigeraceastre. Worcester, 992.

WigferC (= Wig>en 5C). BUhop, 833.

•wiggendra. of fighters : proeliantiam,

Wigheard (preost). 942. [942.

454

GLOSSABIAL INDEX

•Wlgbic. 552, 597, ^SS-
•Wi^ii^iMftr. pta6, «. «.
Wiglaf. UBS of Merck. 825, 8a8.
Wiyorcmttrt. Worceitar, ii^o.

Mixatewh. 1058.
tcfertLftpfwmr,pi 15.
•Wig)«a. Biibop,833.(-Wigfiet«B.)
TVibi. /«lf 0/ Wight. 661, looi. P9S*
•WOitecAkMid. 550. [183.

WDttcmr. ^/mt im^^wftmt, 514, 544-
Wlhlsare. (2a/. 554.
•Wihtgmrabjrg.C«8tello'WiktKar/544.
WihtgarMbing. CtfteUo WOitgBri, 550.
Wibtgansbjrig. mI. 544.
^WibtfWKsbyrg. ui 530.
Wiktgibes. $wii. geoealogie name, pi 3.
WihtteiML /«2eo/ Wight, 530^ loot.
WihtUnde. 998. pi 40^ 1 49.
•WihtlKgixkg. painmywUe, 616. [66 1 .
•Wihtwann. "Victiii«|-(B€d. L 15),
Wihtwanun. eormpUy E. ibid.
"WQitred. king of Kent, 691, 694, 725.
Wihtred (abb*). P69.
•Wiigjrf. 825-

•Wilaf ( - Wiglaf). khig of Meraa,828.
wikingan. tea-nnven, p^lS.
Wilberht (aeUloniian). p.?3A.
— — another, ibid.
wilde. p/. wild, 963/.
wildefyr. wild-fire, 1032.
wile. ▼olo,p3i^
wile, velit, yolnerit, p387.
wiU». wilea: astntiK.p257.
•WilferK Bp. York, 664.
WilfertJ. id. 664, 678, 709.
•Wilferl»ee. 661.

WilferC {teoiwnga). Bp. York, 685, 744.
WilfH>. 678, 685.
Wilgilsing. 560.
♦Wilisce. Welsh, 465.
willan. will: arbitriam, P152, 241111.
willes. P234.
wille. I will, p3ie.
WiUolm (i). 107a, 1079. Paoo.
Willelmes. P234.
WiU'm.pi8oi.
WiU'me. paoi.
•wiUon (Hwer-). pi 80.
Wil«8Bte. WiltjAVre mm. 800.
•WlUatan. 800, 878.

800.
WillMeie.p8i.
Wibc Wdih, pz*
Wihce. 465. [n-

WHtane. «i. Wilton, 96a, 994, 1005. ffi,
IJ^ltimaoire. 89S, 994, 1003. pi53>
wiaian. woman, p2659».
wimen^p/. ii37«
wfmineB. p25 r.
*Wimbaman. Wimborae, 961.
Winbumnn. 718, 871,901.
win. wine: Sfttt, 1012.
Wina. Bp. London, p3o2; Stabbt^pj^
Winceaaf . Winchester, P236.
WlnoeMtre.io32,iaf5, 1053.p14S.114-
Winoeaatreleodan. Windiotar ^
Winoedre. P256. [p\^

wind, wind, pi42.
windas. winda, 1114.
Windlesofra. Windsor, 1126.
Windksoran. P194.
WimdUnmrt, 1127.
Wine. Bp. 660. p33«/ Stabbt,p3.
Winfrid. Bp. Merda, P336.
wingeardas. Tineyarda, 1073.
winitxrd. yineyard, P363.
winnaa. to fight, 685.
winngsade. fightimg, 835, 878. p8i.
«tiMiof». tn/. win, 1070.
•wifit— winter. 855.
winf. ici. 1115.

•Wintaoeastre. Winchester, 703.
Wintaaoeastre. 718, 754* 755. 855»
Wintanceastixi. 641, 963. [86a

•Winteceaatre. 908. P95.
winter, hiems, 765, 836, 851, 1019.
^wintergeteles. tale of winters, 973.
wintersstu. winter qHortertt 886.
winter settl. id. P143.
wintersetle. 866.

•winfaeU. 868, 872. [704, S/^-

wintra. winters, 6a6, 654, 694, 703,
wintre.pi23, 187.
wintre8.p232.
wintmin. 1054.

*Wintanoeastre.Winchester,643. [654'
Winwidfelda. near Leeds (Beda iii. 94)}
•wiotan. cowMeUon, 755, 853, 868.
'Wippedeafleota. t. e. Wippedi tranato-
wirce. {that they) work, p3om. [rinm FL

[4«5.

QLOSSARIAL INDEX

455

wircean. inf. to work, make, 1008.

tffircen. id, 963^

wiroende (waeron). were working, 994.

•Wirheale. Wirral (Cheah.), 895.

•Wirhealum. 1)93.

wis. wise, p^^l, 126m, 203m.

wise. pi. piSj, 264.

wisan. n. manneTf wise, looi.

triw. id. 675.

Wisebec. Wisbeach, p^i.

wisdom. tapierUia, 979.

wislice. wisely, 959.

wistan. they wist, Jbneir, p209m.

wiste. ting. id. 1003, 1043.

wistfall. cibiplenus: fruitful, 11 12.

witan (be-), v. tfutmc^, govern, pi 49.

wit«n. y4poitr€t, 755, 868, 9 1 1, 978, &c.

witena. g. pi. id. 90 f , 1002, 1 036. j»i 78.

witon. 979.

wite. penalty f doom, j>32m, 38^.

witegunge. propkecy, 605.

witenne. nipine: to he knovm, pi 81.

Tr»«em«. Wbitehom (Galloway), 762.

•Witham. Witham (Essex). 913.

Witlesmere. Wittleaeymere, p^i, 122.

witnes. witnesses, |)3 2m.

witnesse. id. P32A & I, 39911.

witodiioe. certainly: Itoax, pa 2 2m.

Witting, genealogical, pi 3.

*wi)>. with, /or, o^attut, towarde : itrrl,

•Wi>a. Guido, 887. [495,568, 628,&c.

wi«. 870, 963, 993, 1047. P^9f 8'» 85*

Wi«a. Guido, P87. [183.

wiVseftan. beJUnd, 1047. pi 836. [aft]

wiOcwsedon. gainmyed, p22im.

wiOcwseO. 1 119.

wiiS eicct6en. p2$om.

wi'Sfeaht. fought againtt, pi 56.

•witSgefeaht. id. 894^.

'witSgefohton. pi. id. tool

wi'5 innan. within : domi, 1114.

wilS inne. id. pibo.

wiOleeg. he resitted, pi 73, 187.

wiO stent, withstandeth, p3nt.

wiOstodon. they withstood, looi.

wi'Sstoden.p209.

wiVtrywsodon.pZt^A^ tAnrtroth,972.

wiOutan. without: fori$f 1114.

w^uten. u2. P260.

wi'5 nton. except, p^^it.

wi90anj>e. eo pacto ut . ., M rf. ., pj$.
wifSerntden.adverse^hottiUti ioi.)oibet.
Wi^reeecutre scire. Worcestersh. 1087.
toi^re wines, enemies: inimici, 1124.
Wi'Srington. Wirington nr. Peterboro',
wiue (to-), in nzorem, ^263/. [pi 22.
•wlance. proiul : superbi, pi 1 5.
Wlenoiiig. son of idle, 477.
Wlfric. Abt. S. Augostine's, 1046.
*wlitig. beautiful, 975.
Wocingas. Woking (Surrey), 777.
Wodne. dot. Woden, Odin, pi 3. [pi.
•Wodening. 547, 5S«»56o,626,75S,855,
^Woddesbeorge. Wanborongh, 715.
Wodnesbeorge.i{|.nr.Swindon,592,7i5.
Tro<ine«det. Wednesday, 1 123.
woge (mid — ). indecorously, 1102.
wolcne. n. & d. welkin, 11 22.
woldberendlic. pestilential, 1086.
wolda. he would, pi^t.
woldan. pi. id. P233.
w«)ldo. 877, 878, 1014. P33<,144,I97.
woldehe noldehe. yel invitam, 1114.
wolden. 654, 874.
woldon. 874. pi 56.
♦won. contested, contended, 597. [won]
•worct (ge-)=geworht. wrought, pgit.
word, vox, 1055, §n«ir«, pi 73.
worde. 661, looa, 1014. ps2, 123.
wordum. 634.

♦wordsnotor. word-skilled, pi 26m.
worhte. wrought, 565, 878, 892, 913.
worhton. 885. P94, 106, 234.
♦worhtun. id. pgi.

Worr (aldormon). 800. [ter, looi.
•Wor«ige. Worthy, 3 m. NE. Winches-
woi^odon. they honored, worshipped,
worulde. world, pa36. [975*

*wniCQ. vengeance : Siadft, pi26l,
wrange. wrong: injurift, 11 24^.
wrat. wrote, 84, 87.
wra'S. adj. wrath : iratus, P2032.
WT8BC. wreaked, revenged, 755.
^wrseccea. a banished man: exsul, 722.
wrecsi'Se. banishment: ezsilio, 793.
wrsegde. discovered, bewrajed, 1069.
wreoan. (to) revenge, 979. piojm.
wreoca. exsul, 722.

wrecceburh. quasi Wretch boro'. P203.
wreccesiO. 658—

456

QLOSSABIAL INDEX

•wreea. hunitkment : eutlio, 658.

wreoon. wTctchcd, 'poor^* 1083.

wreeea. id, 1086.

wreeee. id. pi6o, 36ifli k L

wraoooL id. 1 1046.

wreMcAed. wreUhedneu, pa6a/.

WreoeiuL <A« iitxm^jif/ (GodX 979-

wreeon. inf. fmnisk, wreak, 1090.

wregde (for-), oecuted, 1009.

wregdan (for-), impeaeked, pijSL

wrences. triek$, deviea, pis6t.

writ (Bgewrit). icriptam: 'writ,* 1)33.

writan. to write, p^i^.

write. p2$o,

vorita, writings, 963/.

wrogen (ofer*). covered over, pt%U.

wroht. wrought, 675, 963.

wrchUn. they wrought, 654. i>i 78.

wucA. weeks, 1004*

wucan. 887, 1039, 1060. p8i.

t(m«e. iioa.

*wiicen«. 1066.

wueon. iii8»

wucmn. p9^*

wudA. woods, 685, 709, 852, 891, 963.

vmdan. pa 34.

urtMias. pas5.

KMides. pa56.

wudu. wood, 477, 709, 891, 89a.

Wadestoke. Woodstock, 1123.

Wudiham. Odiham (Hants), 11 16.

*waldorfiBstlioe. ipUndidly, 167.

•wulf. wolf: Input, pi 15.

Walfeah. son of Walfgeat,pi40<.

Wolfelm. Abp. Cant. 925, 927.

Walfere. king of Merda, 656.

Wnlfgar. Abb. of Abingdon, 989. pi 59.

Wnlfgeate.ci.minister of iEGehred^ 1 40.

Wulfheard (aldorman). 823, 837.

(Friesa). P96.

Wulfhare. king of Mercia, 657, 66f,

Abp.York,892. [675,963.

(bisoeopes "Segn). looi.

WaUho'S . father of God wine, 1 009 twice.
Wulfred. Abp. Cant. 803, 81 a.
■ ealdorman of Hants, P95.

Wulfrede. d. NM. 852.
WulfHo. king's horse-thane, P96.

sonofLeofwine,ioio. [1061.

— Abbot St. Augustine's, 1043,

Wnl£rig^ Abbot, PI58.
-WnUistMi (i). Abp. Tack, 956.

a deacon, 963.

(ii). Abp. York, 1023.

(be-), wont, aenutomed, looi.

wmuMla. dweU, 755, 855.
wnndan. wounds : Tufaieribas, 1 1 19^-
wumder. Uramffe fiUn^ ^2621^
wunderiioe. wonderfv/, pa632.
*wunderieca. 773.
Wundford. 1114, aee Ermta.
wundode (for-), pt. (badly) wouidcd,
wundor. mtroelet, 64 1 . [882. P96.

wundoriic UluttriotiM, 639.
wundorhoe. pi. monMrouB^ 774.
wundredon. they wondered, pa 18.
*wundun.iri<Awounds:Tufaieribnsjii 14*
wunedon. we dwelt: too^ntcn, p22ii.
wuncn. inf. p^7t^
wunian. to dwell : toc^nni, P3111.
wunien. id. P257A.
wunie. tubj, pre$. habitet, 1 1 146.
wuxiiende. dwelling: »o^ntb, 8551
wunigenne. supwie id. 109a. [pjS/-
wunode.(iipett, 688, 7S5.B87,9S9.p87.
wununge. retidence, 1037.
wurdoxL &cti sunt : tonrbetl, 655, 794i
*wurdun. id, pi 14. [866, lOOi.

wurthen. id. P264I.
wurUcipe « wurSsdpe. pomp, p26^
wwa, imperative, fiat, P306.
wui^e. id. p$Sl twice,
wurVe. worthy: dignus, pi 73, 185.
wuriSen'^weoffSaa. becomt, be, pio^l,
wur^ful. dignified, p%i im,
touf^fuUc, wors^pful, 675.
wuW$fulre. more eetf-oueriaioinf, pa a li.
wurtnioe. majestically, 167.
wur^minte. honor (token of), 654.
vmr^minten, to honor, P30<.
wur^oden. colerent, 2.
wta^on = wurdon. 1 1 29. [p3 1,187.
wui^scipe. worship, 785, 855, 979i>009,
*Wu8an. R. Ouse, 905.
wyd. with, p264m.
WyhtlsBging. in genealogy, 755.
Wylisce. Welsh, ^234.
Wyliscean. 1097.
•wynsum. pleasant, 975.
wyroean. to work, make, paaam.

GLOSSARIAL INDEX

457

wyrtdt, iuiU, retinue, 755.

•wyrbta (mid-), co-operator^ 945.

wymde. refusedf denied, pi 80m.

•wymdon. reftised, declined, pii2l.

wyrrestan. wont, 1086.

wyrs. adv. worse, 1043.

wyne. adj. worse, 100 1.

wyrsode. U grew worse, pug.

Wyrtgeom. Vortigem, pI3^

•Wyrtgeome. 449.

Wytlesmcre. Whittleseamere, pii^t,

Xpen (=»Cri8ten). (XPiar..) Christian,
XpenA.def.td.[ - Cristena),pii3. IJP223.
Xpenan. d. pi. id. Christianis, pi 23^
Xpendom. int«r€9te of Christianity.p 1 87.
Xpendome.ci. td.Xtn po/i^y, 1 102. jai 7 a.
•Xpescyrican. Christ-church (Cant.),
Xpescyrcean. id. 1048. P193. [1031.
Xpescyrce. id. 1067.
Xpesmaesse. Christmas, p2 28.
Xpesmaessan. 1091.
XpesNudom. Divine Service, piogb.
XPiit ( = Crist). 6Xpi(rr6s, p26^t, 265 m.
Xpisten. adj. Christian, pi6sm.
Xpistien. a Danish bishop, 1070.
XpoB. XPurr6s: Christus, 1154.

Ybemian. Ireland, |>3 A. [148.

yfeL damage, evil, 993, 994, ioog.pgs»
yfele. adv. evilly, 1083.
yfeles. gen. mischief: UbU^, 1001,1002,
yfelnesse. vrickedneM, p22^t. [pa30.
♦Yffing. in NH. pedigree, 560.
ylca. the tame, 'ilk,' 1058, 1075.

ylcan. gen, or dot. def. 1083. pa39.

ylce. 1 117.

ylces. P245.

yld (seo). the arietocracy, 1004.

yldast ( —yldest). 1075.

ylde. / hesit€Ue, shrink from, p2^6.

yldest. chief , foremost, 1087m.

yldesta. def. id. p22it.

yldestan. 978, 1012, 1015. pi65^

•ylecan ( — ylcan). 942. [7 7 7, 885.

jinh.about,iLfi^l'.atendof9tdyto6y7S$y

ymbe. about, 937, 1009.

ymbsoton. t?iey besieged, 491, 885,

ymbe ssetan. id. pi4^h. [pi o(d.

ymbutan. round about ^ 877.

Ymma (^Ifgiue — ). the queen, 105 2.

^Ypwinesfleot. landing-place of Hen-

yre.uron, **ire"(Devon),ioi2.[gist,pi2.

yrf cwabn. murrainy 986.

yrfe. cattlCf 910, loio.

3rrfenuma. h^r, P236.

Yric. NH. king, 954.

earl of NHumberland, pi 54.

Yrice. id. X017.

Yrlande. Ireland, pi 80, 183.

Yrling. a Norwegian chief, pi 71.

Yseran. Gesoriacnm, Boulogne, pi82,

*Ysopa (hold). 905.

yst. storm: sestus, 877. [? yeast]

*Yttingaforda. Ifford (Hants), conj.

*yiStL. waves, pi 26. [Gibs., 906.

ywel. evil, p264m.

yuele. 1127.

Yware. churchwarden Petcrboro*. 1070.

*ywed (set-), shewn, manifested, pia6.

THE END

3^

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